BIOLOGY 

LIBRARY 

G 


A  Manual  of  Determinative 


Bacteriology 


BY 

FREDERICK   D.    CHESTER 

Bacteriologist  of  the  Delaware  College  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and 

Director  of  the  Laboratory  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  Delaware  ; 

Member  of  the  Society  of  American  Bacteriologists;  of  the  Society 

for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science,  and  of  the 

American  Public  Health  Association. 


THE    MACMILLAN    COMPANY 

LONDON:   MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  LTD. 
IQOI 

All  rights  reserved 


.  .    .    ' 

•\  ;:•';:•: 


C5 


COPYRIGHT,  1901, 
BY  THE  MACMILLAN   COMPANY. 


UortoooB  19rrsa 

!  J.  S.  Cashing  «c  Co.  -  Berwick  *  Smith 
Norwood  Maw.  U-S.A. 


s 


PREFACE 

PRELIMINARY  to  studies  on  the  bacterial  flora  of  cultivated 
soils,  the  writer  undertook  an  arrangement  of  the  several  hun- 
dred species  of  bacteria  already  described,  with  the  view  of 
identifying  the  forms  isolated,  or  at  least  of  determining  whether 
they  were  new  to  science.  The  labor  involved  in  this  arrange- 
ment has  been  so  great  that  it  was  decided  to  embody  the 
results  in  the  present  form  that  others  might  have  the  advan- 
tage of  them.  The  writer  does  not  claim  that  the  system  of 
arrangement  is  perfect  or  not  open  to  criticism.  The  best  use 
only  could  be  made  of  the  facts  and  material  available.  The 
present  tables  serve,  therefore,  only  for  purposes  of  identifica- 
tion, and  not  necessarily  for  those  of  classification. 

For  this  reason  the  present  book  has  been  termed  a  'Manual 
of  Determinative,  rather  than  one  of  Systematic,  Bacteriology. 

To  the  student  working  in  the  laboratory  the  determination 
of  unknown  bacteria  has  been  almost  impossible,  except  with 
the  expenditure  of  an  amount  of  labor  which  was  impracticable. 
With  the  use  of  the  present  manual  it  is  believed  that  the 
teacher  can  place  a  given  culture  in  the  hands  of  his  pupil  and 
expect  him  to  determine  it,  as  is  done  with  other  organic  forms. 
It  is  therefore  hoped  that  the  present  work  will  serve  a  useful 
purpose  as  a  laboratory  manual. 

The  chapter  on  morphology  has  been  appended  in  order  to 
make  clearer  the  system  of  classification  into  orders  and 
genera. 


vi  PREFACE 

The  chapter  on  terminology  was  necessary  in  order  to  make 
more  intelligible  the  description  of  species. 

The  work  does  not  claim  to  be  a  text-book  on  bacteriology, 
but  aims  only  to  supplement  the  latter. 

It  is  evident  that  bacterial  forms  cannot  be  too  carefully 
studied ;  the  student  is  therefore  urged  to  make  use  of  the 
scheme  for  the  study  of  species  as  given  in  Chapter  III. 

FREDERICK  D.  CHESTER. 

DELAWARE  COLLEGE, 
AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION, 
NEWARK,  DELAWARE, 
December,  1900. 


CHAPTER    I 

THE  MORPHOLOGY  OF  BACTERIA 

I.   THE    STRUCTURE   OF   THE    BACTERIAL   CELL 

BACTERIA  are  unicellular  organisms  of  the  simplest  type.  A 
bacterial  cell  consists  of  a  central  body  which  stains  readily  with 
the  basic  analine  colors  and  other  nuclear  stains.  This  central 
body  is  surrounded  by  a  capsule  of  variable  form  and  thickness, 
but  which  in  the  majority  of  cases  is  thin  and  symmetrical. 
Such  a  typical  cell  is  shown  in  Fig.  I,  B. 

A.   The  Central  Body 

The  central  body  is  generally  homogeneous  in  structure,  and 
is  only  in  rare  cases  granulated.  By  special  staining  methods 
the  protoplasm  may  show  a  number  of  deeply  colored  bodies 
known  as  metachromatic  granules.  These  were  formerly  con- 
sidered by  certain  authors  as  the  initial  elements  of  spores,  and 
by  others  as  nuclei.  They  are  now  regarded  simply  as  denser 
aggregations  of  protoplasmic  molecules  which  possess  special 
staining  properties.  They  are  illustrated  in  Fig.  I,  B-E. 

According  to  Migula,  in  Bacillus  oxalaticus,  the  central  body 
may  show  the  formation  of  vacuoles,  Fig.  I,  B.  Vacuoles  are, 
however,  of  phenomenal  occurrence,  and  in  the  majority  of 
bacteria  the  central  protoplasm  is  homogeneous  and  dense.  In 
certain  species,  however,  the  protoplasm  may*show  unequal 
staining  properties,  giving  the  bacillus  a  beaded  appearance 
with  intervening  unstained  or  feebly  stained  spaces ;  or  again, 
the  protoplasm  may  be  aggregated  at  the  poles,  with  a  com- 
paratively clear  central  portion. 


BACTERIOLOGY 


In  tubercle  bacilli  this  beaded  appearance  is  common,  and 
the  unstained  spaces  are  considered  by  A.  Coppen  Jones  to  be 

of  the  nature  of  vacuoles. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  this 
is  correct ;  on  the  contrary, 
it  is  more  probable  that 
the  beaded  structure  rep- 
resents a  fragmentation  of 
the  protoplasm,  which  is 
a  phase  in  all  cellular  de- 
generation. 

According   to    Biitschli, 
in  Bact.  lineola,  the  central 

FIG.  i.  —  Showing  structure  of  bacterial  cell.  . 

..     .         D..    ...  .    ,  body  is  surrounded  by  an 

A.  Bact,  hneola  after  Butschh,  a  capsule,  b  proto- 
plasmic layer,  c  nuclear  body.     B.  Bact.oxyla-      envelope       of       protoplasm 
ticum  after  Migula,  a  capsule,  b  central   body, 

c  vacuole,  d  metachromatic  granules.  C-D.  Corresponding  to  the  CytO- 
plasmolysis  of  bacterial  cell.  E.  bacilli,  show-  Dlasm  Qf  ofher  cells  If 
ing  metachromatic  granules. 

such  a  cytoplasmic  layer 

exists  in  other  species  of  bacteria,  it  is  too  thin  to  be  differen- 
tiated from  the  outer  capsule.  Whether  the  central  body  is  a 
true  nucleus  or  not  cannot  be  positively  decided,  but  there  is  no 
good  reason  to  believe  that  it  is. 

That  the  central  body  is  a  distinct  structure  from  the  outer 
capsule  is  demonstrated  by  the  phenomenon  of  plasmolysis. 
Thus  when  bacteria  are  placed  in  a  2.5  per  cent  potassium 
nitrate  or  a  I  per  cent  sodium  chloride  solution,  the  central 
body  contracts,  and  separates  itself  in  places  from  the  capsule, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  i,  D. 

The  bacterial  plasma  in  certain  species  may  show  the  pres- 
ence of  granular  bodies,  as  in  B.  butyricus,  Vibrio  bugula,  and 
Bact.  Pasteurianum,  which  stain  bluish  or  violet-black  with 
iodine ;  the  so-called  granulose  reaction.  The  exact  nature  of 
granulose  is  not  known.  It  may  be  identical  with  starch,  or,  at 
any  rate,  is  a  closely  related  carbohydrate. 


THE  MORPHOLOGY  OF  BACTERIA  3 

In  the  sulphur  bacteria  the  cell  plasma  may  contain  certain 
glistening,  strongly  refracting  granules  which  are  soluble  in 
bisulphide  of  carbon,  alcohol,  xylol,  and  the  alkalies.  They 
consist  of  pure  sulphur,  and  are  products  of  the  reduction  of 
sulphur  compounds  found  in  the  waters  in  which  they  abound. 

Again,  in  certain  bacteria  the  cell  plasma  may  be  tinged  with 
color,  either  green  by  a  chlorophyl-like  substance,  as  in  Bact. 
viride,  and  B.  virens,  Van  Tieghem,  and  Bact.  chlorinum,  Engel- 
mann ;  or  by  a  violet-brown  pigment  known  as  bacteriopurpurin, 
as  in  Chromatium  Okenii,  Rhabdochromatium  fusiforme,  and 
other  species  described  by  Winogradsky. 

B.   The  Capsule 

The  capsule  consists  of  an  inner  tougher  portion  immediately 
surrounding  the  central  body,  and  which  gradually  passes  into  a 
thinner  and  more  watery  outer  portion  which  is  uncolored  by 
ordinary  staining  methods. 

This  outer  portion  of  the  capsule  is  furthermore  so  delicate 
in  structure  that  it  is  easily  destroyed  or  altered.  Thus  in  the 
drying  of  films  upon  cover-glasses  it  shrinks  to  a  fraction  of  its 
original  thickness,  or  when  in  contact  with  water  is  subject  to 
dissolution.  Its  failure  to  stain  with  the  ordinary  colors  has 
caused  it  to  be  overlooked  by  most  bacteriologists.  It  is  well 
known  that  if  bacteria  are  stained  with  aqueous  analine  dyes, 
only  the  central  body  is  colored,  and  perhaps  a  portion  of  the 
denser  part  of  the  capsule.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  same 
bacteria  are  stained  by  Lowit's  method  (see  p.  6),  it  will  be 
noted  that  the  bacilli  are  as  a  rule  larger  and  plumper,  show- 
ing that  a  greater,  portion  of  the  organism  has  been  colored. 
If,  again,  such  deeply  stained  preparations  are  partially  decol- 
orized with  acid  alcohol,  the  stain  in  the  wall  will  be  sufficiently 
removed  to  demonstrate  it  as  distinct  from  the  central  body. 
This  is  shown  in  Fig.  2,  E-F. 

The   usual    method  of  incorporating  upon  the  cover-glass  a 


4  BACTERIOLOGY 

small  portion  of  an  agar  culture  with  a  drop  of  water  is  faulty, 
inasmuch  as  there  is  always  danger  of  the  water  dissolving  a 
portion  of  the  capsule.  The  better  method  is  to  touch  the  edge 
of  a  square  cover-glass  to  a  portion  of  an  agar  culture ;  and 
then  draw  this  contaminated  edge  over  the  surface  of  a  second 
cover-glass,  thus  forming  a  thin  film  which  dries  instantly.  The 
cover-glass  is  then  at  once  immersed  in  a  4  per  cent  forma- 
line solution  to  fix  the  film.  The  latter  can  then  be  stained  by 
Lowit's  method,  which  the  author  has  found  preferable  to  that 


FIG.  2.  —  Showing  capsules  and  formation  of  fcoogloea. 

A.  Streptococcus  mesenterioides  after  Zopf.  B.  Streptococcus  capsulatus  after  Binaghi.. 
C.  Bact.  anthracis  after  Babes.  D.  capsule  bacillus,  Babes.  E.  a  bacillus  simulating 
typhoid,  Babes.  FF.  B.  typhosus  after  Babes  and  Lowit.  G.  Bact.  Pasteurianum  after 
Hansen. 

of  LofHer  (see  p.  6).  The  form  of  the  enveloping  capsule 
varies  in  different  species :  in  Fig.  2,  E,  it  is  rather  thick  and 
symmetrical  with  the  central  body ;  at  F,  of  the  same  figure,  the 
capsule  shows  a  number  of  angular  processes  to  which  individual 
flagella  are  attached.  The  thickness  of  the  capsule  is  governed 
in  certain  cases  by  the  chemical  properties  of  the  medium  in 
which  the  organism  grows.  Thus  Bact.  pneumonia  when  found 
in  the  body  fluids  shows  a  much  thicker  capsule  than  when 
grown  on  ordinary  culture  media.  In  certain  species,  as  Strep- 


THE   MORPHOLOGY  OF   BACTERIA  5 

tococcus  mesenterioides,  the  capsules  become  enormously  swollen 
by  the  imbibition  of  water.  The  capsules  of  adjacent  individuals 
also  coalesce,  forming  a  common  gelatinous  envelope  surround- 
ing a  number  of  individuals,  as  in  A  and  D,  Fig.  2.  When 
these  individuals  are  arranged  in  chains  we  have  forms,  as 


FlG.  3.  —  Showing  false  branching. 

A.  in  Cladothrix  dichotoma  after  Fischer.  B.  a  fungus  filament.  C.  Mycobact.  tuberculosis 
after  A.  Coppen  Jones.  D.  Mycobact.  influenza  after  Grassberger.  E.  bacteroid  bodies 
of  leguminous  root  tubercles  after  Beijerinck.  F.  an  infecting  filament  of  the  latter 
after  Atkinson. 

in  B,  C,  and  G,  of  the  same  figure.  In  certain  of  the  higher  bac- 
teria, as  in  Cladothrix  dichotoma,  Fig.  3,  A,  we  have  chains  of  in- 
dividuals surrounded  by  a  capsule,  which  at  first  sight  is  identical 
with  that  in  Bact.  Pasteurianum,  Fig.  2,  G,  but  in  Cladothrix  the 
capsule  is  firmer  and  of  the  nature  of  a  membrane  or  sheath. 

C.    The  Flagella 

Certain  genera  of  bacteria  are  provided  with  hairlike  processes 
known  as  flagella.  They  are  simply  filamentous  extensions  of 
the  capsule,  and  proceed  from  the  latter  and  not  from  the  central 
body.  They  vary  in  thickness  from  extremely  delicate  hairs, 
scarcely  discernible  with  the  highest  powers  of  the  microscope, 


6  BACTERIOLOGY 

to  thick  sturdy  filaments.  They  are  of  uniform  thickness,  or 
may  show  slight  nodular  swellings,  as  in  E-F,  Fig.  2.  They 
may  be  continuous  or  branched.  It  is  to  the  lashing  movement 
of  these  organs  that  the  bacterium  owes  its  motility.  In  the 
genus  Bacterium  of  Migula  flagella  are  absent,  and  the  organ- 
isms show  no  progressive  motility,  but  as  a  rule  only  a  vibratory 
motion,  the  Brownian  movement.  In  certain  non-flagellated 
forms  a  slow  rotatory  or  squirming  motion  may  result  from  suc- 
cessive dilation  and  contraction  of  the  membrane.  The  flagella 
vary  as  to  their  arrangement ;  and  on  this  is  based  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  genera  Bacillus  and  Pseudomonas.  In  Bacillus  the 
flagella  are  peritrichic  ;  that  is,  they  may  originate  from  any  part 
of  the  capsule,  and  frequently  surround  the  organism,  as  in  F, 
Fig.  2.  In  Pseudomonas  the  flagella  are  polar  or  bipolar ;  that 
is,  a  single  flagellum  may  arise  from  one  or  both  poles  of  the  rod, 
as  in  E,  Fig.  2.  Fischer  distinguishes  two  types  of  polar  flagella, 
i.e.  monotric/iic,  where  they  occur  singly  as  in  Pseudomonas, 
and  lopkotrichiC)  where  they  occur  in  tufts  of  two  or  more,  as  in 
Spirillum. 

D.    The  Staining  of  Flagella 

This  is  a  matter  requiring  the  greatest  skill,  and  but  few 
bacteriologists  are  uniformly  successful.  Certain  precautions 
are  essential  to  good  results.  In  the  first  place  the  cover-glasses 
must  be  absolutely  clean  and  free  from  every  trace  of  grease.  If 
an  oese  of  water  be  placed  on  a  cover-glass  it  should  spread 
evenly  over  the  entire  surface,  and  remain  so ;  otherwise  it  is 
not  in  a  suitable  condition.  Four  or  five  of  these  should  be 
placed  in  a  row  on  a  piece  of  black  paper  or  tile,  and  on  each  an 
oese-full  of  water  should  be  deposited.  A  twenty-four  hour 
agar  culture  should  be  ready  at  hand.  With  a  platinum  wire, 
remove  a  very  small  portion  of  the  pure  culture  without  touching 
the  underlying  medium.  With  a  single  circular  motion,  no 
more,  since  too  much  manipulation  is  apt  to  injure  the  delicate 
flagella,  mix  the  culture  with  the  water  on  the  first  cover-glass, 


THE   MORPHOLOGY    OF    BACTERIA  7 

which  at  the  same  time  serves  to  spread  the  water.  There  should 
be  a  faint,  only  barely  perceptible  cloudiness.  Then  with  an 
oese  made  of  delicate  platinum  wire  transfer  an  oese-full  from 
the  first  cover-glass  to  the  second,  and  with  a  single  circular 
movement  spread  the  drop  as  before  into  a  thin  layer.  In  the 
same  manner  transfer  from  the  second  to  the  third  cover-glass, 
and  so  again  to  the  fourth.  On  the  third  and  fourth  cover- 
glasses  the  bacteria  will  be  sufficiently  scattered  and  few  in 
number  to  remain  separated.  The  thin  watery  films  dry  quickly 
in  the  air.  They  are  then  fixed,  and  this  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant operations,  since  most  manipulators  overheat  in  fixing. 
To  do  this,  hold  the  two  opposite  edges  of  the  cover-glass  between 
the  thumb  and  forefinger,  and  pass  once  through  the  flame  so 
rapidly  that  the  fingers  feel  no  pain.  The  films  are  then  ready 
for  the  mordant,  which  in  Lowit's  method  is  prepared  as  follows  : 
Dissolve  5  g.  of  tannic  acid  in  20  c.c.  of  water,  and  filter  twice ; 
to  10  cc.  of  this  add  5  cc.  of  a  saturated  solution  of  copper 
sulphate,  and  i  cc.  of  a  saturated  alcoholic  solution  of  fuchsin. 
Filter  the  mixture  twice.  The  necessary  quantity  of  the  mor- 
dant is  then  placed  upon  the  films  and  allowed  to  act  for  2—3 
minutes  in  the  cold.  The  films  then  are  very  thoroughly  washed 
in  water,  and  are  ready  for  staining.  The  stain  is  the  ordinary 
analine  water  gentian  violet  or  fuchsin.  The  staining  is  done 
cold  for  3-5  minutes.  The  films  are  then  thoroughly  washed 
in  water,  or  for  a  few  seconds  in  50  per  cent  alcohol.  They  are 
then  mounted  and  examined  as  usual.  One  important  point  is 
that  all  the  solutions  should  be  fresh  and  carefully  filtered. 
This  applies  as  well  to  the  tannic  acid  solution.  The  copper 
sulphate  solution  is  of  course  durable. 

2.   THE   FORMS   OF   BACTERIA 

Bacteria  present  a  great  variety  of  forms.  There  are,  how- 
ever, certain  morphologic  types  to  which  the  majority  of  them 
conform.  The  most  common  of  these  are  cocci  or  spherical  bac- 


8 


BACTERIOLOGY 


teria,  Fig.  4,  a;  rods,  in  which  the  length  exceeds  the  diameter, 
Fig.  4,  b-d;  filaments,  greatly  elongated  rods,  Fig.  4,  e ;  commas 
or  curved  rods,  Fig.  4,/;  spirals  or  serpentine  forms,  Fig.  ^,g,  h,  t. 
Rods  may  be  still  further  divided  into  ovals,  in  which  the 
length  scarcely  exceeds  the  diameter,  Fig.  4,  b ;  short  rods,  in 
which  the  length  is  2-4  times  the  diameter,  Fig.  4,  c ;  and  long 
rods,  in  which  the  length  is  4-8  times  the  diameter,  Fig.  4,  d. 


«• 


FIG.  4.  —  Showing  forms  and  grouping  of  bacteria. 

•a  cocci,  b  ovals,  c  short  rods,  d  long  rods,  e  filaments,  f  commas,  g  short  spiral,  ht  long 
spiral,  i  clostridium  forms,  k  cuneate  forms,  s  clavate  forms,  m  capitate  forms,  n  strep- 
tobacilli,  o  streptococci,  s  diplococci,  q  staphylococci,  r  tetrads,/  streptospirilli,  w  sarcina. 

Spirals  may  also  be  divided  in  short  spirals,  the  wave  spiral, 
Fig.  4,  g ;  and  long  spirals,  which  are  multiples  of  the  former, 
Fig.  4,  //  and  /. 

Special  forms  may  also  be  noted  which  commonly  appear 
during  sporulation  and  as  involution  forms.  These  are :  clos- 
tridium forms,  or  rods  swollen  in  the  centre  and  attenuated  at 
both  ends,  Fig.  4,  i ;  cuneate  forms,  wedge-shaped,  enlarged 
at  one  end  and  gradually  tapering  toward  the  other,  Fig.  4,  k ; 
•clavate  forms,  as  in  Fig.  4,  s ;  and  capitate  forms,  as  in  Fig.  4,  k. 


THE   MORPHOLOGY   OF   BACTERIA 


3.    THE   ARRANGEMENT   OF   BACTERIA 


9 


Bacteria  may  occur  singly  or  be  aggregated  into  groups.  A 
unilateral  arrangement  of  individual  cells  is  called  a  chain. 
Chains  of  cocci  are  called  streptococci,  Fig.  4,  o ;  chains  of  ba- 
cilli, streptobacilliy  Fig.  4,  n;  and  chains  of  spirals,  streptospi- 
rillij  Fig.  4,  /.  Bacteria  may  be  arranged  in  twos.  Thus  cocci 
in  twos  are  diplococci,  and  bacilli  in  twos  diplobacilli. 

Cocci  in  irregular  groups  are  designated  as  staphylococci,  Fig. 
4,  q ;  in  fours  as  tetracocci ;  in  larger  rectangular  plates  as  meris- 
mopedia;  and  in  cubical  packets  as  sarcina,  Fig.  4,  w. 


4.  THE  VEGETATING  GROWTH  OF  BACTERIA 

In  the  ordinary  vegetative  growth  of  bacteria  multiplication  is 
by  fission.     The  exact  process  of  cell  division  for  the  bacteria 
is  not  known,  but  is  probably  similar  to  that  of  the  lower  fila- 
mentous  algae,    as   illus- 
trated    by     Strasburger 
in    Cladophora,    Fig.    5. 
Here,  as  seen  at  (a),  a          *,  ^ 
narrow  ring  of  cellulose          \Vj 
forms  upon  the  cell  wall, 
which  gradually  extends 
inward     until    it    closes 
in  the  centre,  a  process 
which     is    nearly    com- 
pleted  at  (£).      Bacteria 
multiply  in  geometric  ra- 
tio, and  under  optimum 

conditions  of  temperature  and  nutrition  a  single  cell  of  B.  sub- 
tilis  will  divide  in  30  minutes,  and  of  the  cholera  Microspira  in  20 
minutes.  At  this  rate  a  single  cholera  organism  will  in  24  hours 
produce  a  billion  trillion  individuals.  In  certain  coccoid  and  rod- 
shaped  bacteria  division  may  take  place  in  only  one  direction 


FIG.  5.  —  Showing  cell  division  in  Cladophora  ft  acia 
after  Strasburger. 


10  BACTERIOLOGY 

of  space,  forming  chains  when  the  individuals  remain  adherent  or 
single  individuals  when  they  become  separated.  In  others,  as  in 
certain  Coccaceae,  division  may  take  place  first  in  one  direction, 
forming  two  adherent  hemispheres,  as  in  the  gonococci,  followed 
by  a  subsequent  division  of  the  two  hemispheres  in  a  direction  at 
right  angles  to  the  first,  resulting  in  groups  of  four,  tetracocci, 
or  in  larger  quadrangular  plates  as  in  Merismopedia.  In  Sarcina 
division  takes  place  at  right  angles  to  one  another,  forming 
cubical  packets,  as  in  Fig.  4,  w.  In  the  Bacteriaceae  proper  the 
organisms  are  unicellular  and  unbranched.  The  union  of  indi- 
viduals into  groups,  chains,  or  zoogloea,  even  when  there  is  appa- 
rent branching,  as  in  Fig.  2,  G,  offers  no  morphologic  difficulties, 
inasmuch  as  each  individual  in  the  group  is  biologically  distinct. 
In  the  Mycobacteriaceae  the  cellular  protoplasm,  on  the  other 
hand,  may  show  true  dichotomous  branching,  as  seen  in  tubercle, 
diphtheria,  and  in  influenza  bacilli  (see  Fig.  3,  c,  d,  e,  /).  Here 
again  the  branching  is  quite  distinct  from  the  false  branching 
of  Cladothrix,  inasmuch  as  in  the  former  the  protoplasm  in  the 
body  and  in  its  branches  is  continuous,  while  in  Cladothrix, 
Fig.  3,  a,  this  continuity  is  absent.  On  the  contrary,  we  have  a 
chain  of  individuals,  one  of  which  is  thrust  to  one  side  and  out 
of  line  with  the  others,  and  which  continues  to  elongate  and 
divide  in  the  new  direction,  thus  producing  a  false  branching. 
Furthermore,  in  the  Mycobacteriaceae  the  individual  organisms, 
whether  simple,  either  rods  or  filaments,  or  branched,  are  con- 
tinuous or  unicellular.  In  the  vegetating  body  of  the  true 
fungi,  -which  are  most  closely  allied  to  the  Mycobacteriaceae, 
while  there  is  the  same  character  of  branching,  the  filaments 
are  longer  and  generally  divided  by  septae.  The  higher  Lepto- 
thrix  and  the  lowest  Hypomycetes  are,  however,  so  closely 
related  that  it  is  difficult  to  draw  a  hard  and  sharp  line  be- 
tween the  two  groups. 


THE   MORPHOLOGY   OF   BACTERIA  II 

5.    THE   FORMATION   OF   ENDOSPORES 

Under  unfavorable  conditions  of  environment,  as  deficiency  of 
food  supply,  unfavorable  temperature  or  drying,  bacterial  cells 
may  produce  within  their  substance  strongly  refracting,  roundish, 
or  oval  bodies  known  as  endospores.  The  formation  of  endo- 
spores  in  Bact.  anthracis  consists  in  a  contraction  of  the  cellular 
protoplasm  which  collects  as  a  naked  body  toward  one  pole  of  the 
rod,  Fig.  6,  H.  This  naked  mass  continues  to  contract  through  loss 
,  of  water  of  imbibition,  and  becomes  more  strongly  refracting  and 


1234 

FIG.  6.  —  Showing  methods  of  spore  germination. 

Polar  germination  of  B.  butyricus  after  Prazmowski.  B.  Equatorial  germination  of 
B.  subtilis  after  Prazmowski.  C-D.  Equatorial  germination  of  B.  tumescens  (c)  and 
of  Bact.  carotorum  after  A.  Koch.  E-F.  Polar  germination  of  Bact.  sessile  after  L. 
Klein.  H.  Germination  by  absorption  of  B.  anthracis  after  De  Bary.  G.  Endo- 
germination  in  Spirillum  endoparagogicum  after  Sorokin.  I-K.  Spore  formation  in 
Bact.  anthracis  after  Migula. 

symmetrically  oval  in  form.  Here  it  becomes  invested  with  a 
capsule,  where  it  remains  enclosed  in  the  empty  cell  until  by 
the  dissolution  of  the  latter  it  is  set  free.  In  B.  subtilis  the 
cell  plasma  becomes  granulated,  and  later  a  number  of  minute 
strongly  refracting  granules  appear,  which  collect  and  aggregate 
themselves  at  one  pole.  These  by  their  coalescence  produce  a 
dense  mass  which  by  later  investing  itself  with  a  membrane 
becomes  a  mature  spore.  A  spore  consists  of  a  central  highly 


12  BACTERIOLOGY 

refracting,  nearly  water  free,  protoplasm,  surrounded  by  a  thick 
tough  membrane,  which,  according  to  Burchard,  is  composed  of 
two  layers,  an  inner  darker  and  denser  portion  and  an  outer 
bright  delicate  layer.  The  membrane  is  not  equally  thick 
throughout,  but  in  the  greater  number  of  species,  according  to 
Migula,  is  thinnest  at  the  poles,  although  in  a  number  of  species 
the  polar  portions  of  the  membrane  are  thickened,  and  the  equa- 
torial portions  thin.  Since  in  germination  the  thinner  portions 
constitute  the  locus  minoris  resistentice,  the  structure  of  the  spore 
wall  will  determine  the  character  of  the  germination,  as  will  be 
explained  in  the  next  paragraph. 

Spore  Germination.     Under  favorable  conditions  of  environ- 
ment spores  germinate  and  develop  into  vegetative  forms.     The 
method  of  germination  varies  in  different  species  and  groups  of 
species,  a  point  which  is  likely  to  have  considerable  taxonomic 
value.     The  first  requisite  of  spore  germination  is  the  presence 
of  moisture.      It  has  been  stated  that  the  protoplasm  of  the 
spores  is  nearly  or  quite  water  free,  but  it  is  a  common  property 
of  all  protoplasm  to  absorb  water,  which  causes   it  to  swell. 
Thus  the  first  process  in  spore  germination  is  the  enlargement 
of  the  spore  to  double  its  former  dimensions.     The  tension  thus    j 
produced  causes  the  rupture  of  the  wall  of  the  spore  at  its  thin-    [ 
nest  portion,  be  this  at  one  or  both  poles  or  at  the  equator.    ! 
With  the  rupture  of  the  wall  comes  the  protrusion  of  its  contents 
in  the  form  of  what  may  be  called  the  germinal  rod. 

The  methods  of   spore  germination   may  be    designated  as 

follows :  — 

1.  Polar  germination. 

2.  Equatorial  germination. 

3 .  Germination  by  absorption . 

4.  Endo-germination. 

Polar   germination    has   been    illustrated    by    Prazmowski   in 
Clostridium  butyricnm,  and  by  Klein  in  Bact.  sessile.     Here  the 


THE  MORPHOLOGY  OF  BACTERIA          13 

spore  swells  and  becomes  less  strongly  refracting ;  then  one  end 
of  the  spore  ruptures  and  an  opening  forms,  as  if  by  absorption 
of  the  spore  membrane  at  this  point,  and  the  germ  rod  emerges. 
The  latter  then  elongates,  and  the  membrane  either  remains 
attached  to  the  rod  or  is  cast  off.  The  process  is  shown  in 
Fig.  6,  A  and  E,  and  the  figures  1-4  show  the  successive  stages. 
In  Bact.  sessile,  as  shown  at  F  in  the  same  figure,  the  germinal 
rod  proceeds  from  both  poles  of  the  spore.  This  may  be  desig- 
nated bipolar,  as  distinguished  from  unipolar  germination  in 
the  former  species.  Equatorial  germination  is  illustrated  in  B. 
subtilis  by  Prazmowski,  and  in  B.  tumescens  and  in  B.  carota- 
rum  after  A.  Koch.  Here  the  process  is  as  before,  except  that 
the  germinal  rod  emerges  in  a  direction  at  right  angles,  or  ob- 
liquely to  the  longer  axis,  or  in  a  generally  equatorial  direction, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  6,  B,  C,  and  D.  Germination  by  absorption  is 
illustrated  in  B.  leptosporus  by  Klein,  and  in  Bact.  anthracis  by 
De  Bary.  In  the  former  species  the  spores  are  long,  strongly 
refracting,  and  surrounded  by  a  wide  capsule.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  germination  the  spore  thickens,  then  elongates,  and  be- 
comes darker  at  the  poles ;  the  membrane  gradually  disappears 
by  absorption  and  the  spore  passes  into  a  vegetating  rod.  A 
similar  process  has  been  noted  in  Bact.  anthracis,  see  Fig.  6,  H, 
i,  2,  3,  4.  Endo-germination.  According  to  Sorokin,  Spirillum 
endoparagogicum  shows  a  unique  method  of  germination.  Here 
the  spores  germinate  within  the  body  of  the  parent  cell,  as  seen 
in  Fig.  6,  G.  The  germinal  rod  then  becomes  detached,  leaving 
the  empty  capsule  within  the  parent. 

The  Study  of  Spore  Germination.  Students  should  endeavor 
to  study  the  method  of  spore  germination  in  all  species  which 
they  are  led  to  investigate.  A  satisfactory  method  is  to  intro- 
duce a  quantity  of  spores  into  a  small  portion  of  bouillon,  and  then 
make  cover-glass  preparations  of  the  latter  at  intervals  of  30 
minutes,  using -Loffler's  alkaline  methylene  blue,  without  heat, 
as  a  stain. 


14  BACTERIOLOGY 

6.    THE   FORMATION   OF   GONIDIA 

In  the  higher  bacteria,  as  in  Mycobacteriaceae,  the  cells  or  fila- 
ments may  undergo  multiple  segmentation,  resulting  in  the 
formation  of  numerous  short  rods  or  coccoid  forms,  which  par- 
take of  the  nature  of  gonidia. 

They  may  be  termed  resting  bodies,  inasmuch  as  they  lie  dor- 
mant for  a  greater  or  less  period  until  a  favorable  environment 
causes  them  to  elongate  and  produce  the  original  vegetative  form 
from  which  they  sprang.  Certain  bacteriologists  have  considered 
many  of  these  so-called  gonidia  as  degeneration  forms ;  but  it  is 
more  likely  that  they  are  distinct  morphologic  elements,  inas- 
much as  degenerative  elements  could  not  be  expected  to  produce 
new  vegetative  cells.  Thus,  if  one  has  ever  searched  in  old 
tuberculous  lesions  for  the  presence  of  tubercle  bacilli,  one  must 
have  been  struck  with  the  complete  absence  of  typical  bacilli ; 
and  yet  it  is  well  known  that  such  tuberculous  matter  when 
injected  into  guinea  pigs  will  produce  tuberculosis.  The  only 
explanation  is  that  these  granular  particles  are  resting  bodies  of 
the  nature  of  gonidia,  which  are  capable  of  reproducing  the 
species.  The  great  resistance  of  diphtheria  germs  to  unfavor- 
able conditions,  as  drying,  conditions  which  rapidly  destroy  the 
vegetative  cell,  makes  it  likely  that  the  granular  segments  which 
they  often  produce  are  of  the  nature  of  gonidia.  According  to 
A.  Coppen  Jones,  tubercle  bacilli  produce  gonidia.  These 
stain  more  deeply  than  the  vegetating  portions,  and  more 
strongly  resist  the  decolorizing  action  of  acid.  They  are  shown 
in  Fig.  7,  E.  In  Streptothrix  we  have  frequent  instances  of  the 
formation  of  gonidia.  In  Streptothrix  bovis  the  filaments  or 
chains  of  filaments  which  are  enclosed  in  a  common  capsule 
undergo  multiple  segmentation,  producing  coccoid  bodies  which 
at  first  remain  enclosed  within  the  sheath,  and  finally  escape 
from  the  dissolution  of  the  latter  as  seen  in  Fig.  7,  A.  In 
Streptothrix  chromogena,  the  branched  filaments  show  multiple 


THE   MORPHOLOGY   OF   BACTERIA  15 

constrictions  and  become  elongated  Monilia-like  forms ;  later, 
the  roundish  gonidia  become  abstricted,  and  separate  from  the 
parent  chain  as  seen  in  Fig.  7,  B.  In  Cladothrix  dichotoma, 
multiple  segmentation  occurs  within  the  sheath,  and  oval 
gonidia  are  produced  which  escape  from  one  pole  of  a  fila- 
ment, either  as  motile  swarm  spores,  or  as  simple  non-motile 


FIG.  7. —  Showing  formation  of  gonidia. 

A.  Streptothrix  bovis  after  Lehmann-Newmann.  B.  Streptothrix  chromogena  after  Mace. 
C-D.  Crenothrix  Kiihniana  after  Zopf ;  c  microgonidia,  «?  macrogonidia.  E.  Gonidial 
bodies  in  Mycobact.  tuberculosis  after  A.  Coppen  Jones. 

bodies  as  seen  in  Fig.  3,  A.  In  Crenothrix  Kiihniana,  the  pro- 
cess is  the  same  as  in  the  preceding,  except  that  there  are  two 
classes  of  gonidia,  the  larger  macrogonidia,  as  in  Fig.  7,  D,  and 
the  smaller  microgonidia,  as  in  Fig.  7,  C.  Gonidia  germinate 
by  the  simple  elongation  of  the  cell,  which  by  continued  growth 
develops  into  a  vegetative  filament. 


CHAPTER    II 

THE   STUDY   OF   THE   CULTURAL   CHARACTERS   AND 
BIOCHEMICAL   FUNCTIONS   OF   BACTERIA 

IT  is  important  that  students  shall  study  any  new  or  old  bac- 
terial forms  over  a  sufficiently  long  period  to  fully  establish  their 
characters.  To  publish  a  description  of  a  bacterium  after  a  study 
of  one  or  two  generations  is  the  height  of  superficiality.  An 
organism  should  be  observed  over  a  considerable  period  of  time, 
at  least  until  its  characters  become  fixed  and  constant.  Forms 
freshly  isolated  from  a  natural  habitat,  as  soil  or  water,  fre- 
quently show  certain  modifications  of  their  characters  after  suc- 
cessive cultivation  on  artificial  media ;  so  much  so,  that  a 
description  of  a  species  in  its -early  generations  may  differ  rather 
widely  from  those  of  far  later  periods.  Eventually  the  organism, 
conforming  to  its  new  environment,  will  establish  characters 
which  are  reasonably  constant.  These  variations,  should  they 
occur,  need  to  be  embodied  in  a  description,  or  such  a  sufficient 
range  given  to  the  descriptive  characters  as  to  include  said  cul- 
tural variations.  It  is  a  familiar  fact  that  slight  differences  in 
the  condition  of  the  medium  will  modify  the  macroscopic  char- 
acters of  a  growth.  Thus,  in  milk  cultures,  it  may  take  very 
little  to  disturb  the  balance  between  an  unchanged  appearance  of 
the  medium  and  the  formation  of  a  coagulum.  Indol  formation 
may  also  become  an  uncertain  factor  in  the  biochemistry  of  an 
organism.  Gelatin  colonies  in  their  microscopic  characters  are 
open  to  wide  variations,  so  much  so  that  it  is  a  question  whether 
they  have  any  great  value  in  species  differentiation.  In  fact, 
even  the  macroscopic  appearance  of  a  gelatin  colony  may  be 

16 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        17 

modified  by  rapidity  of  growth,  a  slowly  growing  organism  form- 
ing a  convex  growth  of  small  diameter,  which  becomes  flatter 
and  more  spreading  with  a  more  rapid  development.  Again,  it 
is  important  to  decide  as  to  those  characters  which  shall  possess 
the  greatest  taxonomic  value.  The  more  profound  chemical 
changes  induced  in  media  probably  have  more  value  than  the 
microscopic  appearances  of  growths.  Among  these  are.  lique- 
faction or  non-liquefaction  of  gelatin,  proteolytic  action,  the 
fermentation  of  carbohydrates,  diastatic  action,  the  reduction  of 
nitrates  to  nitrites,  the  formation  of  volatile  and  fixed  organic 
acids,  together  with  the  fermentation  of  definite  carbohydrates 
in  the  culture  media ;  in  the  case  of  the  production  of  lactic 
acid,  whether  the  latter  is  optically  inactive,  or  active,  and  if  the 
latter,  whether  right  or  left  handed  in  its  action  on  the  polar- 
ized ray.  These  and  other  investigations  on  the  biochemistry 
of  bacterial  species  should  demand  greater  attention.  It  means 
that  the  bacteriologist  must  familiarize  himself  with  chemical 
methods,  since  in  the  future  the  study  of  the  chemical  functions 
of  bacteria  will  form  a  most  important  factor  in  species  differen- 
tiation. 

i.  THE  TERMINOLOGY   OF   DESCRIPTIVE  BACTERIOLOGY 

An  important  desideratum  in  descriptive  bacteriology  is  the 
adoption  of  a  system  of  terminology.  Many  of  the  descriptions 
of  cultural  characters  are  unnecessarily  verbose.  A  few  well- 
defined  terms  will  suffice  to  express  as  much  as  several  sentences 
of  descriptive  matter,  and  with  greater  exactness.  Some  exam- 
ples will  suffice.  A  description  of  Bact.  mycoides  reads  :  "  In 
gelatin  stick  cultures  an  outgrowth  of  branching  filaments  occurs 
along  the  line  of  puncture,  looking  like  a  small  fir  tree  turned 
upside  down."  One  term,  arborescent,  will  express  the  phe- 
nomenon without  this  unnecessary  verbosity,  understanding  an 
arborescent  growth  to  be  one  typically  represented  by  this  species. 
Furthermore,  the  term  arborescent  is  sufficiently  elastic,  and  yet 


1 8  BACTERIOLOGY 

sufficiently  definite,  to  fit  this  and  other  related  structures,  for  it 
is  a  question  whether  every  bacteriologist  can  always  see  a  fir 
tree  turned  upside  down  as  he  looks  at  a  gelatin  stab  culture  of 
Bact.  mycoides.  Fliigge  compares  the  growth  in  gelatin  stab  of 
the  bacillus  of  the  mouse  septicaemia  "  to  the  brush  bristles 
used  for  cleaning  test  tubes."  Such  methods  of  description 
may  be  realistic  and  wonderfully  exact,  but  it  would  be  better  to 
have  a  term,  as  villous,  to  express  this  particular  type  of  struc- 
ture whenever  it  occurs.  Such  terms  would  also  possess  a 
certain  elasticity  of  meaning,  more  generally  applicable  to 
different  cultures  of  the  same  organism  than  comparisons  to  fir 
trees  and  test  tube  brushes.  Furthermore,  the  appearance, 
especially  under  the  microscope,  of  colonies  and  growths  is  sub- 
ject to  such  minor  variations,  to  say  the  least,  that  the  very  exact 
and  detailed  descriptions  which  we  often  read  possess  no  value 
except  as  a  perfect  word  picture  of  the  particular  colonies  or 
what  not,  which  the  writer  may  happen  to  have  observed  at 
some  particular  time ;  and  while  these  exact  descriptions  are 
useful  in  laboratory  notes,  with  the  view  of  eventually  drawing 
up  a  final  average  description,  they  are  misleading  to  others, 
who  look  for  exact  duplicates  in  their  observations.  A  recent 
description  of  the  gelatin  colonies  of  Bact.  mycoides  reads :  "After 
twenty-four  hours  the  colonies  appear  as  hazy,  ill-defined  spots, 
with  small,  indistinct,  slightly  denser  centres.  On  close  in- 
spection, they  are  seen  to  consist  of  a  loose  felt-work.  The  gela- 
tin is  liquefied  in  a  short  time.  Under  a  low  power,  a  network 
is  seen; formed  of  very  long,  hair-like  filaments,  which  are  some- 
times straight  and  sometimes  delicately  undulating,  running  in 
all  directions  and  crossing  one  another  at  all  angles.  Toward 
the  centre  of  the  spot  the  network  is  somewhat  denser,  and 
here  a  dark,  well-defined  nucleus  may  be  found.  If  the  colonies 
are  few  in  number,  they  may  very  soon  attain  a  diameter  of  a 
centimetre  or  more."  This  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  verbosity 
•often  found  in  bacterial  descriptions.  The  author  had  in  mind 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        19 

a  certain  picture  which  he  was  anxious  to  paint  as  accurately  as 
possible ;  but,  with  no  system  of  terminology  at  hand,  he  found 
it  necessary  to  write  a  whole  composition.  All  that  there  is  in 
this  description  can  be  expressed  briefly  as  follows :  Gelatin 
colonies,  24  hours,  macroscopically,  thin,  emarginate,  filamentous, 
approaching  I  cm.  or  more  in  diameter.  Gelatin  rapidly  lique- 
fied. Microscopically,  centres  dense,  floccose;  borders  filament- 
ous. Here  the  simple  terms  floccose  and  filamentous,  each  hav- 
ing definite  meaning,  express  what  was  embodied  in  several 
sentences  of  descriptive  matter.  These  illustrations  might  be 
multiplied  indefinitely,  but  it  will  be  sufficient  to  append  a  series 
of  tables  proposing  certain  terms  which  may  be  useful  in 
descriptive  bacteriology. 

CHARACTERS    OF   BACTERIAL   CULTURES 

I.    Gelatin  Stab  Cultures. 

A.  Non-liquefying. 
Line  of  puncture. 

Filiform,  uniform  growth,  without  special  characters.     Fig.  8,  I  B. 

Nodose,  consisting  of  closely  aggregated  colonies. 

Beaded,  consisting  of  loosely  placed  or  disjointed  colonies.     Fig.  8, 

2  B. 

Papillate,  beset  with  papillate  extensions. 
Echinate,  beset  with  acicular  extensions.     Fig.  8,  3  B. 
Villous,  beset  with  short,  undivided,  hair-like  extensions.      Fig.  8, 

SB. 

Plumose,  a  delicate  feathery  growth. 
Arborescent,  branched  or  tree-like,  beset  with  branched  hair-like 

extensions.     Fig.  8,  4  B. 

B.  Liquefying. 

Crateriform,  a  saucer-shaped  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin.     Fig.  9,  i . 
Saccate,  shape  of  an  elongated  sack,  tubular,  cylindrical.    Fig.  9,  3. 
Infundibuliform,  shape  of  a  funnel,  conical.     Fig.  9,  4. 
Napiform,  shape  of  a  turnip.     Fig.  9,  2. 
Fusiform,  outline  of  a  parsnip,  narrow  at  either  end,  broadest 

below  the  surface. 
Stratiform,  liquefaction  extending  to  the  walls  of  the  tube  and 

downward  horizontally.     Fig.  9,  5. 


20 


BACTERIOLOGY 


II.    Stoke  Culture  (see  plate  cultural  characters). 
III.    Plate  Cultures,  colonies. 
A.    Form. 

Punctiformj  dimensions  too  slight  for  defining  form  by  naked  eye,, 

minute,  raised,  semi-spherical. 
Round,  of  a  more  or  less  circular  outline. 
Irregular. 
Elliptical. 
Fusiform,  spindle-shaped,  tapering  at  each  end. 


1 


FIG.  8.  —  Showing  characters  of  gelatin  stab  cultures. 

A.  Characters  of  surface  elevation  :  i  flat,  2  raised,  3  convex,  4  pulvinate,  5  capitate,  6  um- 
bilicate,  7  umbonate.  B.  Characters  of  growth  in  depth  :  i  filiform,  2  beaded,  3  tuber- 
culate-ecinulate,  4  arborescent,  5  villous. 

Cochleate,  spiral  or  twisted  like  a  snail  shell.     Fig.  10,  A. 

Ameboid,  very  irregular,  streaming.     Fig.  10.  B. 

Mycelioid,  a  filamentous  colony,  with  the  radiate  character  of  a 

mould.     Fig.  1 1,  D. 
Filamentous,  an  irregular  mass  of  loosely  woven  filaments.     Fig. 

11,  E. 
Floccose,  of  a  dense  woolly  structure. 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA 


21 


Rhizoid,  of  an  irregular  branched,  root-like  character,  as  in  Bad. 

mycoides.     Fig.  10,  C. 
Conglomerate,  an  aggregate  of  colonies  of  similar  size  and  form. 

Fig.  12,  A. 
Toruloid,  an  aggregate  of  colonies,  like  the  budding  of  the  yeast 

plant.     Fig.  12,  B. 
Rosulate,  shaped  like  a  rosette. 
B.    Surface  Elevation. 

i.   General  character  of  surface  as  a  whole. 

Flat,  thin,  leafy,  spreading  over  the  surface.     Fig.  8,  A  I. 


FIG.  9.  —  Showing  types  of  liquefaction  in  gelatin  stab  cultures, 
i  crateriform,  2  napiform,  3  saccate,  4  infundibuliform,  5  stratiform. 

Effused,  spread  over  the  surface  as  a  thin,  veilly  layer,  more  delicate 
than  the  preceding. 

Raised,  growth  thick,  with  abrupt  terraced  edges.     Fig.  8,  A  2. 

Convex,  surface  the  segment  of  a  circle,  but  very  flatly  convex. 
Fig.  8,  A  3. 

Pulvinate,  surface  the  segment  of  a  circle,  but  decidedly  convex. 
Fig.  8,  A  4. 

Capitate,  surface  hemispherical.     Fig.  8,  A  5. 
2.    Detailed  characters  of  surface. 

Smooth,  surface  even,  without  any  of  the  following  distinctive  char- 
acters. 


22  BACTERIOLOGY 

Alveolate,  marked  by  depressions  separated  by  thin  walls,  so  as  to 

resemble  a  honeycomb.     Fig.  12,  C. 
Punctate,  dotted  with  punctures  like  pin-pricks. 
Bullate,  like  a  blistered   surface,  rising   in  convex  prominences,. 

rather  coarse. 


FIG.  io.  —  Types  of  colonies. 
A.  Cochleate.     B.   Ameboid.     C.   Rhizoid.    F.  Curled  structure. 

Vesicular ',  more  or  less  covered  with  minute  vesicles  due  to>  gass 

formation  more  minute  than  bullate. 
Verrucose,  wart-like,  bearing  wart-like  prominences. 
Squamose,  scaly,  covered  with  scales. 
Echinate,  beset  with  pointed  prominences. 
Papillate,  beset  with  nipple  or  mamma-like  processes. 


FIG.  ii.  —  Types  of  colonies. 
D.   Mycelioid.     E.   Filamentous. 

Rugose,  short,  irregular  folds,  due  to  shrinkage  of  surface  growth. 

Corrugated,  in  long  folds,  due  to  shrinkage. 

Contoured,  an  irregular  but  smoothly  undulating  surface,  like  the- 

surface  of  a  relief  map. 
Rimmose,  abounding  in  chinks,  clefts,  or  cracks. 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        23 

C.~  Internal  structure  of  colony  (microscopic). 

1.  Refraction  weak,  outline  and  surface  of  relief  not  strongly  defined. 

2.  Refraction  strong,  outline  and  surface  of  relief  strongly  defined.; 

dense,  not  filamentous  colonies. 
General. 

Amorphous,  without  definite  structure  as  below  specified. 
Hyaline,  clear  and  colorless. 

Homogeneous,  structure  uniform  throughout  all  parts  of  the  colony.. 
Homochromous,  colony  uniform  throughout. 
Granulations  or  Blotchings. 
Finely  granular. 
Coarsely  granular. 
Grumose,  coarser  than  the  preceding,  a  clotted  appearance,  particles 

in  clustered  grains.     Fig.  12,  D. 
Moruloid,  having  the  character  of  a  morula,  segmented,  by  which. 

the  colony  is  divided  in  more  or  less  regular  segments.     Fig.  12, 

E. 
Clouded,  having  a  pale  ground,  with  ill-defined  patches  of  a  deeper 

tint.     Fig.  12,  F. 
Colony  Marking  or  Striping. 
Reticulate,  in  the  form  of  a  network,  like  the  veins  of  a  leaf.     Fig. 

12,  G. 
Areolate,  divided  into  rather  irregular,  or  angular,  spaces  by  more 

or  less  definite  boundaries. 

Gyrose,  marked  by  wavy  lines,  indefinitely  placed.     Fig.  12,  I. 
Marmorated,  showing  faint,  irregular  stripes,  or  traversed  by  vein- 
like  markings,  as  in  marble.     Fig.  12,  H. 
Rivulose,  marked  by  lines,  like  the  rivers  of  a  map. 
Rimmose,  showing  chinks,  cracks,  or  clefts. 
Filamentous  Colonies. 

Filamentous,  as  already  defined.     Fig.  H,  E. 

Floccose,  composed  of  filaments,  densely  placed. 

Curled,  filaments  in  parallel  strands,  like  locks  or  ringlets,  as  in 

agar  colonies  of  B.  anthracis.     Fig.  10,  F. 
D.   Edges  of  colonies. 

Entire,  without  toothing  or  division.     Fig.  13,  a. 
Undulate,  wavy.     Fig.  13,  b. 

Repand,  like  the  border  of  an  open  umbrella.     Fig.  13,  c. 
Erose,  as  if  gnawed,  irregularly  toothed.     Fig.  13,  /. 
Lobate.     Fig.  13,  d. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

Lobulate,  minutely  lobate.     Fig.  13,  d. 
Auriculate,  with  ear-like  lobes.     Fig.  13,  e. 
Lacerate,  irregularly  cleft,  as  if  torn.     Fig.  I3,/. 


FIG.  12.  —  Structure  of  colonies. 

A.   Conglomerate  colony.     B.   Toruloid  colony.     C.  Alveolate  structure.     D.  Grumose  in 
centre.    E.   Moruloid.     F.  Clouded.     G.  Reticulate.     H.  Marmorated.     I.  Gyrose. 

Fimbriate,  fringed.     Fig.  13,  g. 

Ciliate,  hair-like  extensions,  radiately  placed.     Fig.  13,  h. 

Tufted. 

Filamentous,  as  already  defined . 

Curled,  as  already  defined. 


.  FIG.  13.  —  Showing  characters  of  borders  of  colonies. 

a  entire,  b  undulate,  c  repand,  d  lobate-lobulate,  e  auriculate,  /  lacerate,  g  fimbriate, 

h  ciliate,  i  erose. 

E.    Optical  characters  (after  Shuttleworth) 
Transparent,  transmitting  light. 
Vitreous,  transparent  and  colorless. 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        25 

Oleaginous,  transparent  and  yellow ;  olive  to  linseed-oil  colored. 

Resinous,  transparent  and  brown ;  varnish  or  resin  colored. 

Translucent,  faintly  transparent. 

Porcelaneous,  translucent  and  white. 

Opalescent,  translucent,  grayish  white   by  reflected   light,  smoky 

brown  by  transmitted  light. 

Nacreous,  translucent,  grayish  white,  with  pearly  lustre. 
Sebaceous,  translucent,  yellowish  or  grayish  white. 
Butyrous,  translucent,  and  yellow. 
Ceraceous,  translucent,  and  wax-colored. 
Opaque. 

Cretaceous,  opaque  and  white,  chalky. 
Dull,  without  lustre. 
Glistening,  shining. 
Fluorescent. 
Iridescent. 

2.    CULTURE  MEDIA 
The  Reaction  of  Media 

The  reaction  of  media  is  a  question  of  primary  importance, 
since  variations  in  their  titre  will  often  produce  marked  differ- 
ences in  the  micro  and  macro  characters  of  a  growth.  Hence  it 
is  important  to  work*  with  media  whose  reaction  is  accurately 
known  and  uniformly  the  same.  Phenolphthalein  has  been 
generally  found  to  be  the  best  indicator.  A  medium  which  is 
alkaline  to  litmus  may  be  acid  to  phenolphthalein,  showing  that 
there  are  present  in  such  media  substances  possessing  an  acid 
character  which  the  litmus  fails  to  indicate.  "'  These  substances 
are  weak  organic  acids  and  organic  compounds,  theoretically 
amphoteric,  but  in  which  an  acid  character  predominates.  Fur- 
thermore, the  dibasic  phosphates  (Na2HPO4),  present  in  con- 
siderable quantities  in  culture  media,  react  alkaline  to  litmus, 
but  neutral  to  phenolphthalein.  Hence,  if  the  acid  phosphates 
are  to  be  entirely  neutralized,  the  medium  must  be  made  more 
than  neutral  to  litmus.  Exact  neutralization  can  therefore  only 
be  determined  with  phenolphthalein.  For  the  titration  of  media, 


26  BACTERIOLOGY 

one-tenth  normal  sodium  hydrate  and  hydrochloric  acid  solu- 
tions should  be  available;  also,  a  0.5  per  cent  solution  of  phenol- 
phthalein  in  50  per  cent  alcohol.  Care  should  be  taken  to 
prevent  the  absorption  of  carbon  dioxide  by  the  soda  solution, 
by  arranging  that  all  air  which  comes  in  contact  with  the  latter, 
either  in  the  stock  bottle  or  in  the  burette,  shall  first  pass 
through  a  strong  solution  of  sodium  or  barium  hydrate.  The 
arrangement  of  the  apparatus  is  described  in  any  work  on 
chemical  analysis.  The  medium  which  has  been  previously 
boiled  for  at  least  several  minutes  to  expel  carbon  dioxide  is 
brought  to  the  desired  volume  with  water,  and  thoroughly  mixed. 
Media  are  commonly  warm  or  hot  when  measured,  hence  it 
must  be  remembered  that  true  volumes  cannot  be  thus 
obtained ;  for  instance,  a  litre  measured  at,  say  80°  C.,  would 
be  only  973  cc.  if  measured  at  20°  C.,  the  temperature  at  which 
litre  flasks  are  calibrated.  Since  many  media  cannot  be  cooled 
to  20°  C.  because  of  solidification,  as  in  the  case  of  agar  or 
gelatin,  it  is  a  better  plan  to  determine  measures  of  volume  by 
weight.  For  this,  place  a  clean  dry  saucepan,  in  which  the 
medium  is  to  be  prepared,  upon  one  side  of  a  trip  scale,  and 
counterbalance  its  weight  exactly.  The  weight  of  a  litre  of 
bouillon,  gelatin,  or  agar,  having  been  determined  once  for  all, 
the  necessary  weights  added  to  the  weight  of  the  pan  will  give  the 
amount  which  the  pan  and  its  contents  must  balance  when 
the  volume  is  exactly  one  litre.  A  portion  of  the  medium 
brought  to  the  exact  volume  is  then  taken  and  cooled  to  room 
temperature  (20°  C.),  or  to  a  point  a  few  degrees  above 
solidification,  and  10  cc.  withdrawn,  placed  in  a  small  beaker, 
50  cc.  of  distilled  water  and  I  cc.  of  the  phenolphthalein  solution 

N 
added.     If  ,the  medium  is  acid,  the  —  NaOH  solution  is  then 

run  in  cautiously  until  a  pale  but  decided  pink  color  is  obtained. 
The  number  of  cubic  centimetres  of  the  solution  used,  multiplied 
by  ten,  will  give  the  number  of  cubic  centimetres  of  normal 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        27 

sodium  hydrate  per  litre  necessary  to  effect  complete  neutraliza- 
tion. The  question  as  to  what  is  the  best  reaction  of  media  for 
general  work  is  not  an  easy  one  to  settle,  and  one  on  which 
bacteriologists  differ.  Reactions  are  now  commonly  expressed 
by  plus  or  minus  signs,  the  former  representing  an  acid  and  the 
latter  an  alkaline  condition,  the  number  following  the  sign 
representing  the  percentage  of  normal  acid  or  alkali  present  in 
the  medium.  Thus  +  1.5  would  indicate  that  the  medium  con- 
tained 1.5  parts  per  100  or  1.5  per  cent  of  free  normal  acid, 
while  —  1.5  would  indicate  that  the  medium  contained  an 
equivalent  quantity  of  free  alkali.  The  committee  of  the 
American  Public  Health  Association,  in  1898,  adopted  a  medium 
whose  titre  was  +  1.5  as  the  best  for  general  work.  This  re- 
action may  be  adopted  if  suitable,  but  it  has  been  found  by  the 
writer  that  many  bacteria  completely  failed  to  grow  in  media  of 
this  reaction.  This  is  especially  true  of  a  large  number  of  soil 
bacteria,  which  almost  invariably  require  a  neutral  or  slightly 
alkaline  medium.  I  would  therefore  recommend  a  medium 
whose  reaction  is  0.5  per  cent  acid  to  phenolphthalein  as  one  of 
more  general  applicability.  It  cannot  be  too  strongly  impressed 
upon  the  reader  that  whatever  the  reaction,  its  measure  should  be 
stated  in  all  descriptions  of  cultural  characters.  To  obtain  uniform 
results  it  is  important  that  media  should  not  only  have  identical 
reactions,  but  that  they  should  be  prepared  according  to  a  fixed 
and  uniform  rule.  The  method  here  presented  is  that  of  the 
Laboratory  Committee  of  the  American  Public  Health  Associa- 
tion. In  the  following  formula  it  is  noticed  that  Liebig's  meat 
extract  is  recommended  instead  of  fresh  meat  infusion,  not  only 
because  it  adds  simplicity  to  the  preparation  of  media,  but 
because  media  of  more  uniform  composition  can  be  obtained. 
Furthermore,  I  have  found  the  meat  extract  quite  free  from 
muscle  sugar,  so  objectionable  when  fresh  meat  infusions  are 
used. 


28  BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon 

In  1000  cc.  of  distilled  water  dissolve  in  the  cold,  Witte's 
peptone,  10  g.  ;  common  salt,  5  g.  ;  and  5  g.  of  Lie- 
big's  extract  of  beef.  When  the  ingredients  are  in  solution, 
titrate,  using  phenolphthalein  as  an  indicator.  Make  neutral  to 
phenolphthalein  with  sodium  hydrate.  Boil  for  15  minutes, 
using  a  rose  burner  so  that  the  flame  does  not  impinge  against 
the  bottom  of  the  dish  ;  restore  to  the  original  volume  1000  cc. ; 
titrate  with  phenolphthalein  ;  adjust  reaction  to  the  final  point 
desired ;  boil  5  minutes  ;  restore  to  original  volume ;  filter,  tube, 
and  sterilize. 

Nutrient  Gelatin 

In  1000  cc.  of  distilled  water  dissolve  the  ingredients  used  for 
bouillon.  When  the  ingredients  are  in  solution,  add  100  g.  of 
the  best  sheet  gelatin,  and  warm  until  the  latter  is  completely  dis- 
solved. Titrate ;  make  neutral  to  phenolphthalein  with  sodium 
hydrate.  Add  the  beaten  whites  of  two  eggs,  and  boil  for  15 
minutes  with  frequent  stirring,  when  the  medium  should  be 
perfectly  clear.  Restore  to  original  volume;  titrate;  adjust 
reaction  to  final  point  desired.  Boil  for  5  minutes ;  restore  to 
original  volume ;  filter,  tube,  and  sterilize.  • 

Nutrient  Agar 

Boil  15  g.  of  shred  agar  in  500  cc.  of  distilled  water 
for  half  an  hour,  or  until  the  agar  is  completely  dissolved ; 
restore  to  original  volume,  cool  and  solidify.  This  constitutes 
the  so-called  agar  jelly.  In  500  cc.  of  distilled  water  dis- 
solve 10  g.  of  Witte's  peptone,  5  g.  of  common  salt,  and  5  g. 
of  Liebig's  extract.  When  ingredients  are  in  solution,  titrate, 
and  make  neutral  to  phenolphthalein  with  sodium  hydrate.  Add 
the  500  cc.  of  agar  jelly  previously  prepared,  breaking  the  lat- 
ter into  small  fragments.  Boil  for  5  minutes  to  dissolve  the  agar; 
cool  to  65°  C.  Add  the  beaten  whites  of  two  eggs ;  boil  for 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA       29 

10  minutes  longer,  when  the  medium  should  be  perfectly  clear. 
Restore  to  original  volume.  Titrate  with  phenolphthalein ; 
adjust  reaction  to  final  point  desired.  Boil  for  5  minutes; 
restore  to  original  volume.  Filter,  tube,  and  sterilize.  In  filter- 
ing agar  or  gelatin  make  a  folded  filter,  and  wet  previous  to 
filtration  with  distilled  water.  If  the  latter  media  are  perfectly 
limpid  they  will  rapidly  run  through  the  paper,  and  a  hot  water 
funnel  is  unnecessary.  Often  the  latter  portion  of  the  agar  will 
run  through  slowly.  This  can  be  hastened  by  placing  the  entire 
filtering  apparatus  in  an  autoclave  with  some  pounds'  steam 
pressure.  In  this  case  the  funnel  should  be  covered  with  a 
glass  plate,  to  prevent  condensed  steam  being  added  to  the 

medium. 

Milk 

It  is  absolutely  important  where  milk  is  used  as  a  culture 
medium  that  it  should  be  perfectly  fresh.  In  stale  milk 
certain  fermentative  changes  have  already  taken  place  which 
render  it  unsuitable.  It  should  be  as  free  from  fat  as  possible 
by  running  it  through  a  centrifugal  separator.  The  resulting 
skimmed  milk  is  then  immediately  tubed  and  sterilized.  Milk 
is  best  sterilized  at  100°  C.  for.  several  days,  as  higher  tempera- 
tures are  liable  to  discolor  the  medium.  If  the  milk  be  acid  in 
reaction,  it  should  first  be  made  exactly  neutral  to  litmus  paper 
before  it  is  placed  in  the  tubes,  using  the  necessary  quantity  of 

normal  NaOH. 

Litmus  Milk 

Litmus  milk  is  prepared  from  plain  milk  after  the  latter 
is  sterilized,  by  adding  sufficient  sterilized  litmus  solution  to 
give  the  medium  a  pale  blue  color.  It  is  then  distributed 
under  aseptic  conditions  to  sterile  tubes.  The  best  kind  of 
vessel  for  holding  the  litmus  milk  is  the  well-known  Lister 
flask,  with  a  side  tube  placed  just  below  the  neck  from 
which  the  medium  can  be  poured  with  slight  risk  of  con- 
tamination. 


30  BACTERIOLOGY 

Saccharin  Bouillon 

Certain  bacteria  produce  chemical  changes  in  bouillon  con- 
taining glucose,  lactose,  and  saccharose,  consisting  either  in  the 
production  of  the  gaseous  products  of  fermentation,  or  of 
organic  acids,  or  both.  They  are  prepared  by  adding  to  ordi- 
nary bouillon  i  per  cent  by  weight  of  one  or  the  other  of  these 
sugars.  In  the  preparation  of  lactose  and  saccharose  bouillon 
the  original  bouillon  must  be  free  from  muscle  sugar.  This  can 
easily  be  tested  by  inoculating  a  fermentation  tube,  containing 
the  plain  bouillon,  with  a  gas-producing  organism  like  B.  coli. 
If  no  gas  is  produced,  the  medium  is  free  from  muscle  sugar. 

Potato 

The  potatoes  are  cut  into  cylinders  with  a  brass  cork 
borer  of  the  proper  size  for  the  tubes,  and  a  couple  of  inches 
in  length,  and  then  cut  across  diagonally  at  an  angle  of  about 
30  degrees.  The  pieces  are  then  washed  in  running  water  for 
12  to  1 8  hours,  placed  in  tubes,  and  sterilized. 

For  the  preparation  of  other  and  special  media,  see  various 
text-books  on  Bacteriology. 

3.     THE   STAINING   OF   BACTERIA 

In  the  examination  of  the  staining  properties  of  bacteria,  the 
following  solutions  will  be  necessary  :  — 

1.  Standard  alcoholic  solutions  of  the  anilin  colors,  notably 
fuchsih  and  gentian  violet,  made  by  dissolving  10  g.  of  the  dry 
color  in  icocc.  of  95  per  cent  alcohol,  and  filtering. 

2.  Standard  aqueous  solutions  of  f  uchsin  and  gentian  violet, 
composed  of  10  cc.  of  distilled  water  and  I  cc.  of  the  standard 
alcoholic  solution.     These  solutions  should  be  made  fresh. 

3.  Lb'ffler's  alkaline  methylene  blue  solution.     To   100  cc.  of 
distilled  water  add  I  cc.  of  a  I  per  cent  caustic  potash  solution, 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        31 

and  then  30  cc.  of  a  saturated  alcoholic  solution  of  methylene 
blue.     Filter. 

4.  Ehrlictis  anilin-water  fuchsin  or  gentian  violet.    To  10-15 
cc.    of   distilled    water   add    an    excess   of   anilin    oil.      Shake 
vigorously   for  several  minutes  and  filter.      To   10  cc.  of  the 
filtrate  add  I  cc.  of  the  standard  alcoholic  solution  (i)  and  filter 
again. 

5.  Ziehl 's  carbol-fuchsin  solution.     To   10  cc.  of  a  5  per  cent 
carbolic  acid  solution  add  I  cc.  of  the  standard  alcoholic  solution 
(i),  and  filter. 

6.  Gabbefs  methylene  blue  solution.     To  75  cc.  of  water  add 
cautiously  25  cc.  of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  ;  when  cool,  add 
2  g.  of  methylene  blue,  with  frequent  stirring  until  dissolved, 
and  filter. 

7.  Grant  s  mixture.     Dissolve  2    g.  of  potassium    iodide  in 
300  cc.   of  distilled   water,   and  add  i  g.  of  iodide.     Allow  the 
mixture  to  stand  with  occasional  stirring  until  the  iodine  is  dis- 
solved.    Filter  and  keep  in  a  bottle  protected  from  the  light. 

Gram's  Method  of  Staining 

1.  Cover  film  with  anilin   gentian    violet  solution  (4)  for   30 
seconds,  cold. 

2.  Wash  film  in  running  water. 

3.  Immerse  in  Gram's  mixture  (7)  for  30  seconds. 

4.  Immerse  in  95  per  cent  alcohol  until  decolorized. 

5.  Wash  in  water,  and  mount. 

Certain  bacteria  stain  by  Gram's  method,  others  are  decolor- 
ized.    This  should  be  noted  in  each  species  under  observation. 

Capsule  Staining,  Welch's  Method 

1.  Cover-slip  preparations,  made  without  water,  see  p.  4. 

2.  Flood  film  with  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  at  once  allow  to 
drain  off. 


32  BACTERIOLOGY 

3.  Add  anilin  water   gentian    violet  solution   (4)  repeatedly 
until  the  acid  is  removed. 

4.  Wash  briskly  in  a  2  per  cent  solution  of  common  salt. 

5.  Mount  in  salt  solution  and  examine. 

For  further  directions  on  the  staining  of  bacteria  see  p.  6. 

Spore  Staining,  Abbot's  Method 

1.  Stain    cover-flass    preparation   with    Loffler's  methylene 
blue  (3),  heating  repeatedly  until  staining  solution  boils,  but  not 
continuously,  for  one  minute. 

2.  Wash  in  water. 

3.  Wash  in  95  per  cent  alcohol  containing  0.2-0.3  per  cent 
of  hydrochloric  acid. 

4.  Wash  in  water. 

5.  Stain  8-10  seconds,  with  anilin-water  fuchsin  (4). 

6.  Wash  in  water  and  mount. 

Ehrlich's  Method  for  Tubercle  Bacilli 

1.  Stain  cover-glass  films,  5-10  minutes,  cold,  with  Ehrlich's 
anilin  water  fuchsin,  or  gentian  violet  (4). 

2.  Wash  in  water. 

3.  Decolorize   in  20   per  cent   nitric    acid,   one-half   to   one 
minute. 

4.  Wash  in  70  per  cent  alcohol  until  no  more  color  is  given 
off ;  dry,  and  mount. 

Ziehl-Neelsen-Gabbet  Method  for  Tubercle  Bacilli 

1.  Stain  cover-glass  films,  5-10  minutes,  cold,  with   Ziehl's 
carbol-fuchsin  (5). 

2.  Decolorize  for  one  minute  with  Gabbet's  methylene  blue 
solution  (6). 

4.    Wash  in  water  ;  dry,  and  mpunt. 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        33 

Lbwit's  Method  of  staining  Flagella  and  the  Capsules  of  Bacteria 

See  p.  6. 

All  bacteria  should  be  studied  as  to  their  ability  — 

1.  To  stain  with  standard  aqueous   solutions   of  fuchsin  or 
gentian  violet  (2) ; 

2.  With  Loffler's  methylene  blue  (3). 

3.  If  not  stained  by  either  of  the  preceding,  try  anilin-water 
fuchsin  or  gentian  violet  (4),  and  Ziehl's  carbol-fuchsin  (5). 

4.  Whether  stained  or  decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

5.  Whether  stained  or  decolorized  by  Ehrlich's  or  the  Ziehl- 
Neelsen  method  as  used  for  tubercle  bacilli. 

4.    STUDY    OF    THE   CHEMICAL   FUNCTIONS   OF   BACTERIA 

{The  Production  of  Indol  and  Phenol 
Indol  and  phenol  are  products  of  putrefaction,  and  are  fre- 
quently   produced    in  bacterial    cultures.      Their    presence    or 
absence  is  therefore  of  value  in  species  differentiation. 

Indol  production.  Inoculate  several  tubes,  each  containing 
10  cc.  of  bouillon  free  from  glucose,  and  test  for  the  presence  of 
indol  after  5  and  10  days'  growth.  To  10  cc.  of  the  culture  add 
10  drops  of  chemically  pure  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and 
then  i  cc.  of  a  .02  per  cent  solution  of  sodium  nitrite.  If  a  pink 
color  develops  within  10  minutes,  indol  is  present.  In  record- 
ing the  production  of  indol  it  is  necessary  to  state  the  age  of  the 
culture,  since  indol  may  be  produced  in  10  days  and  not  in  5  days. 
The  reaction  may  appear  almost  immediately  after  adding  the 
reagents,  or  a  faint  reaction  may  appear  after  long  standing ; 
hence  the  necessity  of  a  time  limit  for  the  reaction  to  manifest 
itself.  Again,  the  reaction  should  be  allowed  to  develop  at  room 
temperature,  since  a  culture  which  may  show  no  reaction  in  the 
cold  may  give  one  when  heated. 

Phenol  production.  A  100  cc.  Erlenmeyer  flask  is  connected 
with  a  condenser,  and  50  cc.  of  a  bouillon  culture  of  the  organ- 


34 


BACTERIOLOGY 


ism  in  question  introduced,  to  which  is  added  5  cc.  of  concen- 
trated hydrochloric  acid.  About  15  cc.  are  distilled,  and  the 
distillate  divided  into  three  portions,  to  be  tested  as  follows  : 
i.  To  one  portion  is  added  a  few  drops  of  Millon's  reagent,  and 
the  mixture  heated  to  boiling;  the  development  of  a  red  color 
indicates  the  presence  of  phenol.  2.  To  another  portion  add  a 
few  drops  of  strong  bromine  water ;  a  turbidity  develops  in  the 
presence  of  phenol.  3.  To  the  third  portion  add  a  few  drops  of 
.a  very  dilute  solution  of  ferric  chloride  ;  a  violet  color  develops 
in  the  presence  of  phenol. 

In  recording  the  development  of  phenol  in  cultures,  the  age 
of  the  culture  and  temperature  of  growth  should  be  stated. 
When  indol  and  phenol  occur  together  in  the  same  culture,  their 
separation  is  advisable  before  applying  the  tests.  For  this,  the 
method  as  proposed  by  Hoppe-Seyler  can  be  used.  Distil  200  cc. 
of  the  culture  with  50  cc.  of  concentrated  HC1  until  50-70  cc. 
passes  over.  The  distillate  will  contain  both  indol  and  phenol. 
Render  the  distillate  strongly  alkaline  with  caustic  potash  and 
distil ;  the  indol  will  be  found  in  the  distillate,  the  phenol  in  the 
residue.  When  the  residue  is  cold,  saturate  with  carbon  dioxide, 
and  distil ;  the  phenol  will  pass  over  into  the  distillate. 

The  Reduction  of  Nitrates  to  Nitrites 

For  the  study  of  the  reduction  of  nitrates  to  nitrites  a  special 
medium  is  desirable,  composed  of  Witte's  peptone  10  g.,  nitrate  of 
soda  .02  g.,  and  water  1000  cc.  It  is  important  to  have  the 
medium  originally  free  from  nitrites,  and  since  distilled  water 
frequently  contains  considerable  quantities  of  nitrous  acid,  it  is 
better  to  use  well  or  spring  water,  which  gives  no  reaction  for 
nitrites.  Furthermore,  nitrous  acid  is  present  in  the  atmosphere, 
some  of  which  will  be  absorbed  by  the  culture  during  its  growth. 
Hence  it  is  necessary  to  have  blank,  un-inoculated  tubes  kept 
under  the  same  conditions  as  those  inoculated,  which  shall  also 
be  tested  for  nitrites.  For  the  test  two  solutions  are  necessary. 


CULTURAL   CHARACTERS    OF    BACTERIA  35 

I.    Naphthylamine i.o  g. 

Distilled  water  .     '. 100  cc. 

II.    Sulphanilic  acid 0.5  g. 

Dilute  acetic  acid 150  cc. 

These  solutions  are  kept  separate  in  glass-stoppered  bottles. 
Three  cubic  centimetres  of  each  of  solution  I  and  II  are  placed 
in  a  test-tube,  and  mixed.  Two  cubic  centimetres  of  this  mixture 
are  added  to  the  cultures,  and  the  same  quantity  to  the  blank 
tube.  The  tubes  should  be  of  the  same  capacity,  and  the  fluid 
should  be  of  the  same  height  in  both.  The  tubes  are  then 
allowed  to  stand  for  half  an  hour,  keeping  them  closed  with 
rubber  stoppers.  If  a  slight  pink  color  develops  in  the  blank 
tube,  it  may  be  due  to  nitrous  acid  originally  present  or  absorbed. 
If  appreciable  amounts  of  nitrates  have  been  reduced  to  nitrites, 
the  pink  color  in  the  culture  tubes  will  be  deeper,  and  pro- 
portionate to  the  quantity  of  nitrites  present.  The  absence  of 
nitrites  may  not  indicate  non-reduction  of  nitrates  to  nitrites, 
since  the  nitrites  previously  formed  may  have  already  been 
reduced  to  free  nitrogen,  or  to  ammonia.  In  that  case  the  nitrates 
will  have  disappeared.  To  test  the  presence  or  absence  of 
nitrates,  evaporate  10  cc.  of  the  culture  to  dryness,  and  add  to 
the  residue  i  cc.  of  phenolsulphonic  acid,  composed  of  concen- 
trated sulphuric  acid  74  cc.,  water  6  cc.,  and  phenol  12  g.  Dilute 
with  water,  and  transfer  to  a  Nessler  jar.  Add  enough  concen- 
trated caustic  soda  solution  to  make  alkaline,  and  make  up  to 
50  cc.  If  nitrates  are  present,  the  contents  of  the  jar  become 
a  decided  yellow.  Since  bouillon  alone,  when  treated  in  this 
way,  will  give  a  slight  yellow  color,  it  is  important,  in  case  only 
a  faint  reaction  for  nitrates  is  obtained,  to  have  a  blank  test 
made  with  a  simple  bouillon,  and  compare  the  color  tints.  A 
marked  excess  of  color  with  the  culture  shows  the  presence  of 
nitrates. 


36  BACTERIOLOGY 

Ammonia  Production 

The  cultures  are  made  in  bouillon  in  Erlenmeyer  flasks.  A 
200  cc.  flask  is  connected  with  a  condenser,  in  which  100  cc.  of 
the  culture  is  placed,  together  with  2  g.  of  calcined  magnesia. 
Fifty  cubic  centimetres  of  distillate  are  collected  in  a  Nessler  jar, 
and  i  cc.  of  Nessler  reagent  added.  If  ammonia  is  present,  the 
distillate  assumes  a  yellow  color,  whose  depth  of  shade  is  pro- 
portionate to  the  amount. 

Since  bouillon  alone,  when  distilled  in  the  presence  of  mag- 
nesia, will  with  Nessler's  reagent  give  a  reaction  for  ammonia, 
an  equal  quantity  of  plain  bouillon  should  be  distilled  over 
at  the  same  time,  and  its  depth  of  color,  when  treated  with 
Nessler's  reagent,  compared  with  the  distillate  from  the  culture. 
Certain  bacteria  produce  ammonia  in  bouillon  cultures,  others 
do  not.  This  chemical  function  is  therefore  likely  to  possess- 
value  in  differential  diagnosis. 

Acid  Production  in  Saccharine  Bouillon 

In  bouillon  containing  glucose,  lactose,  and  saccharose,  acids 
may  or  may  not  be  generated.  The  writer's  method  is  to  grow 
the  organism  for  5  days  in  2  per  cent  glucose  bouillon.  Ten 

cubic  centimetres  are  taken,  50  cc.  of  water  added,   and  the 

N 
mixture  titrated  with  —  NaOH,  using  phenolphthalein  as  an 

indicator.  The  original  titre  of  the  medium  being  known,  the 
amount  of  acid  produced  in  the  culture  can  be  estimated.  The 
results  are  expressed  in  cubic  centimetres  of  normal  soda  per 
100  cc.  of  culture. 

The  products  of  the  growth  of  bacteria  in  saccharine  media 
may  include  the  following  :  ethyl  alcohol,  aldehyde,  acetone,, 
formic,  acetic,  propionic,  butyric,  and  lactic  acids.  For  the  study 
of  these  products  the  following  system  of  analysis  is  proposed. 

In  a  litre  flask  place  500  cc.  of  bouillon,  containing  2  per 
cent  of  glucose  or  lactose.  Sterilize,  and  add  10  g.  of  sterile 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        37 

calcium  carbonate.  The  flask  is  then  inoculated  with  the 
culture,  and  allowed  to  incubate  at  the  optimum  temperature 
for  10  days.  The  culture  is  then  filtered  to  remove  undissolved 
calcium  carbonate.  The  filtrate  is  then  made  slightly  acid 
with  HC1,  and  then  slightly  alkaline  with  Na2CO3.  The  pre- 
cipitated CaCO3  is  filtered  off.  The  filtrate  is  then  introduced 
into  a  retort  of  the  proper  size,  and  distilled.  The  distillate, 
50  cc.  of  which  should  be  collected,  may  contain  alcohol,  acetone, 
or  aldehyde.  To  test  the  presence  of  these  bodies,  add  to  10  cc. 
of  the  distillate  5  or  6  drops  of  a  10  per  cent  solution  of  caustic 
potash,  and  warm  the  liquid  to  about  50°  C.  A  solution  of 
iodide  of  potassium,  saturated  with  free  iodine,  is  added  drop  by 
drop,  until  the  liquid  becomes  a  permanent  yellowish  brown 
color.  It  is. then  carefully  decolorized  by  adding,  drop  by  drop, 
the  caustic  potash  solution.  If  any  of  the  preceding  bodies  are 
present,  iodoform  is  gradually  deposited  at  the  bottom  of  the 
tube  as  yellow  crystals. 

For  the  separate  detection  of  alcohol,  aceton,  and  aldehyde, 
consult  Allen's  "  Commercial  Organic  Analysis,"  Vol.  I. 

The  residue  in  the  retort  will  contain  the  volatile  and  fixed 
organic  acids.  To  separate  the  volatile  acids,  the  contents  of  the 
retort  is  made  strongly  acid  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  as  much 
distilled  over  as  is  consistent  with  the  safety  of  the  retort.  The 
distillate  may  contain  acetic,  formic,  propionic,  and  butyric  acids. 

The  quantity  of  the  volatile  acids  is  determined  by  titration. 
The  preceding  distillate  is  made  alkaline  with  baryta  water, 
and  the  solution  evaporated  to  dryness.  Then  add  20  cc.  of 
absolute  alcohol,  and  let  stand  for  1-2  hours,  with  frequent 
stirring.  Filter,  and  wash  with  alcohol.  The  residue  will 
contain  barium  formate  and  acetate,  and  the  filtrate  mainly 
barium  propionate  and  butyrate,  and  a  little  formate  and 
acetate.  Evaporate  the  filtrate  to  dryness ;  dissolve  in  1 50  cc. 
of  water ;  saturate  with  calcium  chloride,  and  distil  off  the  pure 
Mtyric  acid.  Dissolve  the  residue  on  the  filter  in  hot  water ; 


38  BACTERIOLOGY 

evaporate  to  a  small  volume,  and  test  for  formic  and  acetic  acids 
as  follows  :  — 

To  a  small  portion  of  the  test  add  a  few  drops  of  ferric 
chloride  solution,  and  then,  drop  by  drop,  dilute  ammonia 
water,  nearly  to  saturation. 

A  red  color  shows  the  presence  of  acetic  or  formic  acid, 
Mercurous  nitrate  throws  down  formic  and  acetic  acids  as  a 
white  precipitate.  With  silver  nitrate  acetic  acid  salts  are 
thrown  down  in  the  cold  as  a  white  precipitate,  while  the  corre- 
sponding formic  acid  salts  are  precipitated  only  in  concentrated 
solution,  and  upon  boiling.  A  solution  of  formic  acid  salt 
heated  with  mercuric  chloride  gives  a  precipitate  of  mercurous 
chloride  and  a  metallic  mirror  after  a  long  time,  while  acetic 
acid  salts  give  no  precipitate  with  mercuric  chloride. 

To  a  small  portion  of  the  distillate  containing  butyric  acid, 
add  a  small  quantity  of  alcohol  and  several  drops  of  strong 
sulphuric  acid.  If  butyric  acid  be  present,  the  fragrant  odor  of 
pineapple  is  evolved  on  heating. 

The  residue  in  the  retort  after  the  distillation  of  the  volatile 
acids  may  contain  lactic,  oxalic,  succinic,  or  glycocholic  acid. 

Evaporate  the  residue  to  a  syrupy  consistency,  and  extract 
with  ether  by  agitation  in  a  separatory  funnel.  The  ether 
dissolves  the  fixed  organic  acids.  Distil  off  the  ether  until  the 
residue  has  a  syrupy  consistency  ;  add  water,  and  boil  with  an 
excess  of  oxide  of  zinc.  Filter.  The  filtrate  contains  zinc  lactate 
in  solution,  the  residue  zinc  oxalate  and  succinate.  Evaporate 
the  filtrate  to  dryness.  The  residue  is  nearly  pure  zinc  lactate. 

Nencki  showed  that  different  bacteria  produce  different 
isomeric  forms  of  lactic  acid,  whose  zinc  salts  behave  differently 
in  the  polariscope.  One,  the  inactive  acid,  has  no  effect  upon  the 
polarized  ray  ;  another,  the  solution  of  whose  zinc  salt  rotates  the 
polarized  ray  to  the  left,  is  termed  right-handed  acid;  and  a  third 
whose  zinc  salt  rotates  the  ray  to  the  right  is  termed  left-handed  acid. 

Thus,  when  lactic  acid  is  present,  it  is  important  to  determine 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA 


39 


the  influence  of  a  solution  of  its  zinc  salt  upon  the  polarized  ray. 
The  residue  of  zinc  salt  is  accordingly  dissolved  in  only  enough 
water  to  fill  the  shorter  tube  of  the  polariscope,  and  its  action 
upon  the  polarized  ray  determined  in  the  usual  manner. 

The  system  of  analysis  for  the  organic  acids  is  given  in  outline 
in  the  following  diagram:  — 

CULTURE  MADE  IN  A  ONE-LITRE  FLASK  CONTAINING  500  cc.  OF  2  PER  CENT 
GLUCOSE  BOUILLON  AND  10  GR.  OF  STERILE  CaCO3. 

Filter  and  wash  with  cold  water. 


r 

Residue,  carbonate 
and  succinate 
of  lime. 

Filtrate. 

Make  slightly  acid  with  HC1,  and  then  slightly  alkaline  with  Na2CO3. 
Filter  and  wash. 

r 

Residue, 
CaC03. 

1 
Filtrate. 

Distil. 

r 

Distillate. 
Alcohol, 
Aceton, 
Aldehyde. 

1 
Residue,  volatile  and  fixed  organic  acids. 

1 
Make  acid  with  H2SO4  and  distil. 

r                        ~~i 

Distillate,  volatile  acids. 
Acetic, 
Formic, 
Propionic, 
Butyric. 

Titrate  a  portion. 
Remainder  saturate  with  baryta 

water  to  alkaline  reaction. 
Evaporate  to  dryness.  and  add 

10  parts  of  absolute  alcohol. 
Let  stand,  with  frequent  stirring, 
for  i  to  2  hours.     Filter  and 
wash  with  alcohol. 


Residue, 
lactic,  oxalic,  succinic, 

glycocholic  acids. 
Evaporate  to  syrupy  consist- 
ency and  extract  with  ether. 
Evaporate  off  ether  to  syrupy 
consistency;  add  water,  and 
boil  with  ZnO.     Filter. 


I 

Filtrate,  zinc  lactate, 
nearly  pure.  Evap- 
orate to  dryness. 
Take  up  in  hot 
water  =  solution  of 
pure  zinc  lactate. 


Residue, 

zinc 
oxalate 

and 
succinate. 


Residue,  barium  for- 
mate and  acetate. 
Evaporate  off  all  al- 
cohol, and  test  for 
formic  and  acetic 
acids. 


Filtrate,  mainly  barium  propionate 
and  butyrate,  and  a  little  formate 
and  acetate.  Evaporate  to  dry- 
ness  ;  dissolve  in  150  cc.  water. 
Saturate  with  CaCl2  and  distil 
off  pure  butyric  acid. 


40  BACTERIOLOGY 

The  Production  of  Proteolytic  Enzymes 

Certain  bacteria  produce  enzymes  which  have  the  power  of 
converting  proteids  into  propeptones  and  peptones.  Such  a  pro- 
cess takes  place  in  the  liquefaction  of  gelatin  and  blood  serum, 
and  in  the  peptonization  of  milk.  To  study  the  process,  use  as  a 
culture  medium  either  blood  serum  or  milk  which  has  been 
freed  of  its  fat  by  passing  through  an  unglazed  porcelain  filter. 
Since  serum  is  a  more  difficult  material  to  obtain  in  an  aseptic 
condition,  milk  will  serve  as  a  better  medium.  This  should  be 
perfectly  fresh.  The  porcelain  filter  should  be  sterilized  for 
one-half  an  hour  in  an  autoclave  under  a  pressure  of  5-10 
pounds.  The  milk  serum  or  filtrate  can  thus  be  obtained  per- 
fectly aseptic.  Fifty  cubic  centimetres  of  this  serum  placed  in 
a  sterile  flask  is  then  inoculated  with  a  culture  and  kept  at  the 
optimum  temperature  for  10  days.  To  40  cc.  of  the  culture  add 
60  g.  of  ammonium  sulphate,  and  warm  to  50°  C.  for  one-half  an 
hour.  This  will  precipitate  all  the  proteid  bodies  except  the 
peptones.  Filter ;  the  filtrate  will  contain  the  peptones  and 
propeptones.  To  test  their  presence  add  to  a  portion  of  the 
filtrate  enough  caustic  potash  solution  to  make  strongly  alkaline, 
and  then  a  few  drops  of  a  I  per  cent  solution  of  copper  sulphate. 
A  violet  color  indicates  the  presence  of  peptones. 

The  Production  of  Diastatic  Ferments 

Certain  bacteria  produce  enzymes  which  have  the  property  of 
converting  starch  into  sugar.  To  test  their  presence,  the  follow- 
ing method  is  recommended  :  Inoculate  a  few  tubes  of  bouillon, 
free  from  sugar,  with  the  organism  to  be  tested,  and  incubate 
for  10  days.  Prepare  a  thin  starch  paste,  to  which  is  added 
2  per  cent  of  thymol.  The  latter  must  be  free  from  sugar. 
Mix  equal  parts  of  the  broth  culture  and  the  above  paste,  and 
place  in  a  thermostat  for  6-8  hours.  Filter,  and  test  filtrate 
with  Fehling's  solution  for  sugar. 


CULTURAL  CHARACTERS  OF  BACTERIA        41 

The  Production  of  Invertin  Ferments 

A  certain  few  bacteria,  according  to  Fermi,  produce  enzymes 
which  have  the  power  of  converting  cane  sugar  into  glucose. 

To  a  2  per  cent  solution  of  cane  sugar,  to  which  has  been 
added  2  per  cent  of  carbolic  acid,  add  an  equal  quantity  of  a 
10  days'  old  culture  of  the  organism,  and  allow  the  mixture  to 
stand  for  several  hours.  It  is  then  tested  with  Fehling's  solution 
for  the  presence  of  glucose. 

SCHEME   FOR   THE    STUDY    OF    BACTERIA 
Morphology 

On  agar,  grown  .  .  .  days  at  .  .  .  °  C.  (standard  24  hours). 

In  bouillon,  grown  .   .  .  days  at  .   .   .  °  C. 

Cocci;  single,  staphlococci,  diplococci,  streptococci,  tetracocci,  sarcina. 

Bacilli;  ovals,  short  rods,  long  rods,  single,  diplobacilli,  streptobacilli, 
filaments. 

Spirilli ;  commas,  short  spirals,  long  spirals. 

Size ;  breadth  .  .  .  /x,  extreme  length  from  ...  /u,  to  ...  /x,  average 
length  .  .  .  fji. 

Stain  with  standard  watery  fuchsin,  easily  or  with  difficulty,  uniformly  or 
irregularly.  Record  size  as  above.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  Stain  by 
Lb'wit's  method,  and  record  size  as  above.  Note  capsule,  form  and  size. 
Make  drawings.  Note  presence  or  absence  of  flagetla ;  length,  structure, 
arrangement,  numbers  ;  monotrichic,  lophotrichic,  peritrichic. 

Motilily ;  sluggish,  active,  rotatory,  progressive. 

Spores,  presence  or  absence ;  form,  size,  location,  effect  on  mother  cell ; 
clostridium,  clavate,  or  capitate  forms.  Stain  by  Abbot's  method.  Heat 
a  small  portion  of  an  old  agar  or  potato  culture,  suspended  in  bouillon, 
for  10  minutes  at  80°  C.,  and  determine  vitality. 

Spore  germination  ;  polar,  equatorial,  by  absorption. 

Pleomorphism  on  media  of  different  reaction,  and  of  different  kind. 

Relative  growth  at  20°  and  37°  C.     Thermal  death  point  in  ...  minutes. 

Optimum  temperature  .  .  .  °  C.     Growth  limits,  maximum  and  minimum. 

Relative  growth  in  -f  r.5,  —1.5,  and  o  bouillon. 

Gelatin  Colonies 

Deep  colonies  ;  form,  edges,  size,  color,  internal  structure. 
Surface  colonies  ;  form,  surface  elevation,  internal  structure,   edges,  optical 
characters. 


42  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  Colonies 
Characters  as  before. 

Stroke  Cultures  on  Agar,  Gelatin,  Blood  Serum,  Potato 

(See  II,  p.  20.) 

Bouillon 

Reaction  of  medium.     Liquid  remains  clear,  or  becomes  opalescent  or  turbid. 

Surface  growth,  presence  or  absence;  membranous,  coriaceous,  farinaceous, 

gelatinous.     Deposit,  granular,  flocculent,  viscid,  coherent.     Odor. 

Milk 

Coagulated  or  not  coagulated  in  .  .  .  days  at  .  .  .  °C.  Curd  hard  or  soft,  in 
one  mass  or  in  fragments  ;  presence  or  absence  of  gas.  Whey,  presence 
or  absence,  clear  or  turbid.  If  not  coagulated,  does  or  does  not  curdle 
on  boiling. 

Change  of  consistency  or  color ;  presence  or  absence  of  peptones. 

Reaction  in  ...  days  at  .  .  .  °  C. 

Litmus  Milk 
Changes  in  color,  at  daily  intervals  of  observation. 

Chemical  Relations 

Fermentation    tubes  containing  glucose,   lactose,   and   saccharose   bouillon. 

Relative  growth  in  both  arms.     Presence  or  absence  of  gas.     Amount  of 

gas,  measured  daily.     Total  gas  formed,  in  mm.  of  tube  length.    Amount 

after  absorption  with  NaOH.     The  H  CO2  ratio. 
Neutral  bouillon  containing  2  per  cent  of  glucose.     Determine  titre  at  end  of 

5  days  at  .  .  .  °  C. 

Neutral  bouillon  containing  2  per  cent  of  lactose.     Determination  as  before. 
Neutral  bouillon  free  from  muscle  sugar  and  containing  0.05  per  cent  of 

nitrate  of  soda.     Determine  titre  at  end  of  5  days  at  .  .  .  °  C.     Test  for 

ammonia.      Presence  of   nitrites,  indol,  phenol,  diastatic,  and  invertin 

ferments. 
In  neutral  bouillon  containing  2  per  cent  of  glucose,  and  an  excess  of  CaCO^ 

incubated  for  two  weeks ;  make  analysis  of  organic  acids  in  accordance 

with  scheme  proposed  on  p.  39. 

Pathogenesis 
Inoculation  of  fresh  bouillon  cultures  into  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 


CHAPTER    III 
THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  BACTERIA 

i.     THE  POSITION  OF  BACTERIA  IN  THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF 
ORGANIC  FORMS 

BACTERIA  occupy  a  unique  place  in  the  classification  of  organic 
forms.  The  early  view  that  bacteria  were  animal  structures  is 
no  longer  seriously  held,  since  their  relation  to  plant  forms  is  so 
much  closer  as  to  leave  no  further  doubt  as  to  their  claim  to  a 
position  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Their  evident  relationship 
to  both  plants  and  animals  places  them,  however,  on  the  border 
between  certain  forms  clearly  on  one  side  or  the  other.  In 
certain  respects  bacteria  are  related  to  the  Flagellata.  Here 
the  organism  consists  of  a  protoplasmic  body  surrounded  by  a 
thin  cuticle,  and  provided  with  elongated  appendages  or  flagella. 
The  protoplasm  contains  a  nucleus  and  a  pulsating  vacuole. 
The  organism  multiplies  by  the  fission  of  the  parent  and  by  the 
endogenous  formation  of  resting  bodies  or  cysts.  The  main 
difference  between  the  Flagellata  and  the  bacteria  lies  in  the 
character  of  the  membrane.  In  the  former  it  is  continuous  with 
the  plasma,  differing  only  in  its  physical  structure ;  while  in  the 
bacteria  the  capsule,  as  seen  in  the  phenomena  of  plasmolysis, 
is  a  distinct  structure,  separable  from  the  central  body. 

In  the  Flagellata,  furthermore,  the  flagella  are  definite  in 
number  in  the  different  species,  while  in  the  bacteria  their  num- 
ber is  variable,  especially  when  peritrichic.  The  Flagellata  also 
contain  a  distinct  nucleus  and  vacuole,  which  is  not  certainly 
the  case  in  any  of  the  bacteria.  There  is,  therefore,  little  reason 

43 


44  BACTERIOLOGY 

to  believe  that  there  is  any  more  than  a  remote,  or  at  least 
superficial,  relationship  between  bacteria  and  their  animal  con- 
geners, the  Flagellata.  Bacteria  are  closely  related  to  the 
lower  fission  algae,  the  Cyanophycece.  The  Cyanophyceae  con- 
sist of  a  homogeneous  colorless  central  body,  which,  according 
to  Hegler,  has  the  structure  of  a  true  nucleus  and  shows  indirect 
karyokinetic  division.  Surrounding  the  nucleus  is  a  colored 
peripheral  layer  which  contains  a  blue-green  pigment,  pliycochrome, 
consisting  of  true  chlorophyl  and  phycocyanin,  or  a  modification 
thereof.  Within  the  latter  colored  peripheral  layer  are  small 
granular  bodies,  cyanophycin  grains.  Vacuoles  also  occasionally 
occur  within  the  cells.  The  cell  wall  consists  of  cellulose,  and 
in  certain  cases  may  undergo  a  mucilaginous  modification  of  its 
outer  layer.  Endogenous  spores  are  not  found,  but  certain  cells 
have  their  walls  thickened,  producing  resting  bodies  or  arthro- 
s*pores.  The  Cyanophyceae  are  not  progressively  motile,  but 
show  only  a  slow  vibratory  or  rotatory  motion  due  to  an  undu- 
lating membrane.  Flagella  are  not  known.  From  the  above 
description  it  is  seen  that  the  Cyanophycece  are  distinctly  higher 
structures  than  the  bacteria,  in  possessing  a  distinct  nucleus, 
and  in  the  function  of  carbon  assimilation.  The  greatest 
morphologic  difference  lies  in  the  character  of  the  cell  wall, 
which,  in  the  Cyanophyceae,  is  composed  of  cellulose  and  in  the 
bacteria  of  a  proteid  body.  On  the  other  hand,  certain  pigmented 
bacteria  approach  closely  to  some  of  the  lower  Cyanophyceae ; 
thus,  Bact.  viride,  B.  virens  Van  Tieghem,  and  Bact.  chlorinum 
Englemann  are  tinted  a  faint  green  by  a  substance  which,  with 
some  doubts,  may  be  regarded  as  chorophyl.  Another  class  of 
bacteria  studied  by  Winogradsky  contains  a  red-violet-brownish 
pigment  known  as  bacteriopurpurin.  This  latter  pigment  is  easily 
soluble  in  absolute  alcohol;  and,  according  to  Butschli,  if 
Chromatium  cells  be  treated  with  the  latter,  the  violet  pigment, 
bacteriopurpurin,  is  removed,  and  there  remains  a  greenish  color 
which  is  due  to  chlorophyl,  or  a  related  body.  Solutions  of 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  45 

bacteriopurpurin,  according  to  Lankester,  show,  when  examined 
with  the  spectroscope,  absorption  bands,  as  in  chlorophyl  and 
other  cell  pigments.  Whether  certain  bacterial  cells  contain 
chlorophyl  or  related  bodies  with  similar  physiologic  relationships 
has  not  been  positively  decided,  but  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  such  is  the  case,  and  that  in  this  is  to  be  found  a  close 
relationship  between  the  bacteria  and  the  lower  Cyanophyceae. 
In  the  highest  filamentous  Schizomycetes  there  exist  close  rela- 
tionships with  the  filamentous  Cyanophyceae.  Thus,  Beggiatoa 
are  morphologically  quite  identical  with  Oscillatoria,  except 
in  the  absence  of  phycocyanin  in  the  former  and  its  presence  in 
the  latter.  In  Beggiatoa  rosea-persicina,  which  contain  bacterio- 
purpurin, the  relationship  to  Oscillatoria  is  still  closer.  Equally 
close  relationship  exists  between  Spirochaeta  and  the  fission 
algae,  Spirulina.  In  the  same  way  Streptothrix  is  related  to 
Lyngbya  or  Chamaesiphon ;  Cladothrix  to  Glaucothrix  or  Toly- 
pothrix.  Crenothrix  and  Phragmidiothrix,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  unique  in  having  no  near  relatives  among  the  Cyanophyceae. 
In  cell-grouping  the  analogy  between  bacteria  and  the  lower 
algae  is  a  striking  one.  Thus  Streptococci,  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  cells,  are  similar  to  Anabaena  ;  Micrococcus  has  its  analogy 
in  Chroococcus,  and  more  especially  in  the  tetrad  arrangement 
of  its  cells.  Micrococcus  tetragenus  has  its  prototype  in  Chroococ- 
cus turgidus.  It  has  been  stated  that  the  cell  membrane  of  bac- 
teria is  a  proteid  body  of  indefinite  composition,  but  that  it  may 
contain  in  certain  cases,  dependent  upon  the  composition  of  the 
medium,  cellulose  or  other  carbohydrate  molecules.  Thus  Brown 
believes  cellulose  to  exist  in  the  membrane  of  Bact.  xylinum. 
From  their  investigations  on  Bact.  aceti,  Nageli  and  Low  con- 
clude that  the  cell  membrane  of  that  species  contains  84  per 
cent  of  ash-free  cellulose.  Similar  observations  on  the  presence 
of  cellulose  within  the  capsule  have  been  made  by  Bovet  on  the 
bacterium  of  Erythema  nodusum,  and  by  Hammerschlag  on 
Mycobact.  tuberculosis.  Thus  it  is  seen  that,  in  the  case  of  cer- 


46  BACTERIOLOGY 

tain  bacteria,  the  cell  membrane  may  approach  in  character  that 
of  the  fission  algae,  thus  making  the  relationship  of  the  two 
groups  closer  than  was  at  first  indicated.  The  relation  between 
bacteria  and  the  lower  fungi,  the  Hypomycetes,  is  quite  marked. 
Between  Bacillus  and  Mycobacterium  it  is  extremely  close,  and 
certain  branched  filamentous  forms  of  the  latter  run  by  indistinct 
transitional  stages  into  very  much  elongated  Streptothrix 
forms,  which  are  indistinguishable  from  certain  Hypomycetes 
(Oidium).  The  cell  wall  of  the  Hypomycetes  is,  according  to 
the  researches  of  Gilson,  composed  of  mycosin,  a  body  related  to 
animal  chitin,  which,  according  to  Nishimura,  is  also  represented 
in  .the  capsules  of  bacteria.  Thus,  in  the  nature  of  the  cell  wall 
the  bacteria  are  more  closely  related  to  the  Hypomycetes  than 
to  the  Cyanophyceae.  The  true  position  of  the  bacteria,  how- 
ever, is  one  intermediate  between  the  two  groups,  and  this 
phylogenetic  relationship  can  best  be  illustrated  in  the  accom- 
panying diagram :  — 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  RELATIONSHIPS  OF  BACTERIA 

Algae. 
Hypomycetes.  Bacteria.  (Cyanophyceae.) 

Streptococcus. 

~r~  n 

Micrococcus. Anabsena. 

Chroococcus. 
Bacterium. 


Bacillus. 

Beggiatoa. 


I  I 

Cladothrix.  Oscillatoria. 

Mycobacterium.  | 

If  Glaucothrix. 
(  Tolypothrix. 

Streptothrix. 

r~  ~~i 

Oidiura.  J  Lyngbya. 

Chamaesiphon. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  47 

2.     THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  SCHIZOMYCETES  IN 

FAMILIES 

In  the  present  work,  the  sytsem  of  classification  as  first 
proposed  by  Migula  in  Engler  and  Prantl's  Die  Naturlichen 
Pflanzenfamilien,  I  I  a,  1896,  has  been  adopted,  with  minor  modi- 
fications. The  synopsis  of  the  families  is  given  in  the  following 
table,  and  of  the  genera  under  the  separate  family  headings. 

SCHIZOMYCETES 

BACTERIA 

Minute,  one-celled,  chlorophyl-free,  colorless,  rarely  violet-red 
or  green  colored,  organisms,  which  divide  in  one,  two,  or  three 
directions  of  space,  and  are  thus  united  into  filamentous,  flat,  or 
cubical  aggregates.  Filamentous  species  often  surrounded  by 
a  common  sheath.  Capsule  or  sheath  composed  in  the  main  of 
proteid  matter.  The  cell  plasma  generally  homogeneous  without 
a  nucleus.  Sexual  reproduction  absent.  In  many  species  rest- 
ing bodies  are  produced  either  endospores  or  gonidia. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES 
.    Cells  unbranched,  or  show  only  a  false  branching  in  Cladothrix. 

A.  Cells  in  their  free  condition  globular,  becoming  slightly  elongated 

before  division.     Cell  division  in  one,  two,  or  three  directions  of 
space.  COCCACEAE,  p.  55. 

B.  Cells  short  or  long,  cylindrical,  straight,  curved,  or  spiral.     Without  a 

sheath  surrounding  the  chains  of  individuals  ;  motile  or  non-motile  ; 
endospores  present  or  absent.  BACTERIACEAE,  p.  117. 

C.  Cells  surrounded  by  a  sheath  and  arranged  in  elongated  filaments. 

CHLAMYDOBACTERIACEAE,  p.  369. 

D.  Cells  not  surrounded  by  a  sheath,  arranged  in  elongated  filaments, 

and  motile  by  means  of  an  undulating  membrane. 

BEGGIATOACEAE,  p.  379. 
II.  Cells  short  or  long,  cylindrical  or  filaments,  often  clavate  ;  cuneate  or  irreg- 
ular in  form.  Without  endospores,  but  with  the  formation  of  gonidia- 
like  bodies  due  to  the  segmentation  of  the  cells.  Without  flagella. 
Division  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  a  rod  or  filament.  Filaments 
not  surrounded  by  a  sheath  as  in  Clamydobacteriaceae.  With  true 
dichotomous  branching.  MYCOBACTERIACEAE,  p.  349. 


48  BACTERIOLOGY 

3.   THE   NOMENCLATURE    OF    SPECIES 

A  matter  requiring  more  careful  attention  is  the  nomenclature 
of  species.  Little  or  no  regard  has,  in  many  instances,  been 
paid  to  the  most  ordinary  rules  of  botanical  nomenclature.  The 
common  rule  is  to  express  a  species  as  a  binomial,  and  yet  in 
bacteriologic  nomenclature  we  find  almost  as  many  trinomials  as 
binomials;  and  quadrinomials  are  not  infrequent.  The  Pneu- 
mococcus,  Frankel's  bacillus,  Diplococcus  pneumonia,  and  Micro- 
coccus  lanceolatus  are  used  indiscriminately,  and  many  think  it 
makes  little  difference  what  the  organism  is  called,  provided  it  is 
understood  what  is  meant.  There  are  certain  rules  governing 
the  naming  of  species,  and  these  should  be  observed.  Each 
bacillus  should  be  given  its  proper  name,  as  determined  by 
these  rules,  and  it  should  become  the  practice  to  use  such  names 
only,  and  not  one  of  its  various  synonyms  indiscriminately.  The 
rules  of  bacteriologic  nomenclature  should  be  those  of  the  Paris 
code  of  1867,  together  with  those  of  the  Botanical  Club  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  adopted 
at  the  recent  Rochester  and  Madison  meetings.  The  writer  has- 
endeavored  to  apply  these  rules  to  all  of  the  better-known 
species  of  bacteria.  This  has  involved  a  careful  study  of  the 
synonymy  of  each  species,  a  rather  laborious  task,  but  the  ful- 
filment of  which,  we  trust,  will  result  in  placing  bacteriologic 
nomenclature  on  a  better  basis.  The  rule  of  priority  must  be 
the  guiding  one  in  the  naming  of  species,  and  custom  or  prefer- 
ence must  yield  to  this  inexorable  law.  Article  59  of  the  Paris 
code  reads,  "  Nobody  is  authorized  to  change  a  name  because  it 
is  badly  chosen  or  disagreeable,  or  another  is  preferable  or  bet- 
ter known,  or  for  any  other  motive,  either  contestable  or  of  little 
import."  This  will  require  us  to  apply  some  new  names  to  a 
number  of  familiar  species.  Thus  Koch's  bacillus.of  mouse  sep- 
ticaemia becomes  Bacterium  insidiosum  (Trevisan)  Migula.  The 
reason  for  this  is  seen  in  the  following  synonymy  of  the  species  r 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  49 

Bacillus  der  Mauseseptikamie  Koch :  Mitteilungen  a.  d.  Kaiserl.      Gesund- 

heitsamte,  I,  1881,  80. 

Bacillus  insidiosus  Trevisan :  Nouv.  gen.  di  Batter,  1885,  10. 
Bacillus  murisepticus  Fliigge  :   Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
Bacillus  murinus  Schrbter:  Die  Pilze  von  Schlessian,  1886. 
Bacterium  murisepticum  Migula :  Engler  u.  Prantl,  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzen- 

familien,  1895. 

The  hog  cholera  bacillus  likewise  becomes  Bacillus  Salmoni 
(Trevisan),  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  is  more  generally 
known  as  Bacillus  stiipestifer  Kruse.  The  reason  for  this  is 
shown  in  the  following  synonymy  :  — 

Bacillus  of  swine  plague  or  swine  fever,  Klein :  Report  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board,  England,  1877-78. 

Hog  Cholera  Bacillus,  Salmon-Smith:  Report  U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.,  1885. 

Bacillus  der  Schweinepest,  Bang-Selander :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  III, 
1888,  361. 

Pasteur ella  Salmoni  Trevisan  :  Genera,  1889,  21. 

Amerikanischen  Schweineseuche,  Frosch :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1890,  235. 

Bacterium  cholerae-suum  Lehmann-Neumann :    Bakt.  Diagnostik,  1896,233. 

Bacillus  suipestifer  Kruse:  FlUgge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  233. 

Attention  has  already  been  called  to  the  frequent  use  of  tri- 
nomials in  the  naming  of  species.  This  is,  of  course,  entirely 
contrary  to  the  most  ordinary  rule  of  botanical  nomenclature. 
A  trinomial,  properly  speaking,  is  an  expression  for  a  varietal 
form.  Thus,  Bacillus  fluorescens-undulatus  (Ravenel),  if  strictly 
interpreted,  would  mean  variety  undulatus,  of  the  species  Ba- 
cillus fluorescent.  The  fact  is,  it  stands  for  nothing  of  the  sort. 
Other  forms  of  a  similar  character  occur,  as  B.  fluorescens-aureus, 
fluoresc  ens-eras  sus,  fliwrescens-immobilis,  fluorescens-liquefaciens, 
fluorescens-longus,  fluorescens-mimitissimus,  fluorescens-nivalis, 
fluorescens  non-liquefaciens,  fltwrescens-putridus,  fluorescens- 
tennis,  and  so  on,  in  a  dozen  or  more  instances.  Bacillus, 
or,  more  properly  speaking,  Pseudomonas  fluorescens-undulata 
(Ravenel),  should  be  changed  to  Pseudomonas  undulata  (Rave- 


•50  BACTERIOLOGY 

nel),  since  it  cannot  be  called  Pseudomonas  fluorescent,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  the  specific  name  fluorescens  is  claimed  by  a  pre- 
viously described  species  of  this  same  genus.  Furthermore, 
Bacillus  (Pseudomonas}  fluorescens-liquefaciens  Flugge  becomes 
Pseudomonas  fluorescens  (Flugge)  Migula,  on  the  ground  that  it 
was  probably  the  first  member  of  the  genus  to  receive  the 
specific  appellation  fluorescens.  In  the  same  way,  Pseudomonas 
fluorescens-capsulata  (Pettier)  becomes  Pseudomonas  capsulata 
(Pottier),  and  Pseudomonas  fluorescens-Schuylkilliensis  (Wright) 
becomes  Pseudomonas  Schuylkilliensis  (Wright).  Should  it, 
however,  be  demonstrated  that  Pseudomonas  Schuylkilliensis 
(Wright)  is  only  a  variety  of  Pseudomonas  fluorescens,  then,  of 
course,  the  original  name  becomes  again  applicable.  Again,  the 
second  term  in  the  trinomial  should  be  retained,  provided  no 
earlier  species  with  the  same  name  is  known.  Thus,  Micrococcus 
cumulatus-tenuis  v.  Besser  becomes  Micrococcus  cumulatus.  In- 
stances such  as  these  might  be  multiplied  indefinitely,  but  the 
few  examples  cited  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  principles  involved. 

4.     THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  BACTERIAL  SPECIES  IN  GROUPS 

In  the  following  pages  the  writer  has  undertaken  to  arrange, 
for  purposes  of  identification,  all  those  forms  of  bacteria  which 
have  been  already  described  with  any  degree  of  detail.  The 
task  has  proved  a  laborious  one,  and  has  occupied  several  years 
of  close  work.  The  final  outcome  has  been  more  or  less  unsatis- 
factory, and  yet  an  entirely  satisfactory  system  of  bacterial  classi- 
fication cannot  be  expected  until  our  knowledge  is  greatly 
extended  beyond  its  present  limits. 

This  much,  however,  has  been  accomplished  in  a  provisional 
way,  i.e.  the  ability  to  cluster  a  considerable  number  of  imper- 
fectly described  forms  around  a  few  reasonably  defined  species, 
and  thus  to  establish  groups  which  may  become  the  basis  of 
future  comparative  studies. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  51 

In  the  majority  of  cases  the  facts  regarding  certain  species 
were  too  few  to  differentiate  between  the  greater  number  of  the 
members  of  these  groups.  In  fact,  it  is  highly  probable  that 
many  of  these  so-called  species  which  are  members  of  any  one 
group  are  not  true  species  at  all,  and  that  at  best  they  are  only 
varieties  of  some  central  group  organism. 

The  conclusion  is  permanent  that  probably  nine-tenths  of  the 
forms  of  bacteria  already  described  might  as  well  be  forgotten 
or  given  a  respectful  burial.  This  will  then  leave  comparatively 
few  well-defined  species  to  form  the  nuclei  of  groups,  in  one 
or  another  of  which  we  shall  be  able  to  place  all  new  and  suffi- 
ciently described  forms. 

The  question  of  what  is  a  species  in  bacteriology  I  shall  not 
undertake  to  settle.  Bacteria  are  so  subject  to  morphologic, 
cultural,  and  pathologic  variations  that  one  form  appears  to 
merge  into  another,  making  distinctions  often  difficult ;  and  yet 
a  typical  form  —  an  ideal  species  —  may  exist. 

Bacillus  coli  and  Bacillus  typhosus  may  present  to  the  mind 
certain  characters  which  we  commonly  attribute  to  these  two 
types.  These  characters  determine  the  species.  Variation  from 
these  characters  may  establish  varieties  of  one  or  the  other  ad 
libitum,  forming  a  chain  of  types  or  races  connecting  the  two 
ideal  species.  Nevertheless,  we  retain  in  mind  the  typical  B. 
coli  and  the  typical  B.  typhosus  as  distinct  identities. 

That  typical  forms  or  species  of  bacteria  do  exist  no  one  can 
deny.  These  typical  forms  furthermore  present  certain  definite 
morphologic,  biologic,  cultural,  and  perhaps  pathogenic  char- 
acters which  establish  the  types,  independent  of  minor  varia- 
tions. 

The  most  marked  of  these  types  we  select  to  become  the 
centres  of  groups,  around  which  are  gathered  all  related  species 
or  varieties.  The  division  of  the  bacteria  into  groups,  so  far 
as  said  grouping  was  possible,  is  outlined  in  the  following 
tables : — 


52  BACTERIOLOGY 

A   PROPOSED   SYNOPSIS   OF   GROUPS   OF   BACTERIA 

Bacterium 

I.  Without  endospores. 

A.   Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

a.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

*  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

f   Obligate  aerobic.    ACETIC  FERMENT  GROUP. 
ff    Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 
Gas  generated  in  lactose  bouillon. 

BACT.  AEROGENES  GROUP. 

Little  or  no  gas  generated  in  lactose  bouillon. 

FRIEDLANDER  GROUP. 
No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 
Milk  coagulated.     FOWL  CHOLERA  GROUP.' 
Milk  not  coagulated.     SWINE  PLAGUE  GROUP. 
**    Stained  by  Gram's  method. 
>  f   Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon.     LACTIC  FERMENT  GROUP. 

b.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

*  Colonies  on  gelatin  ameboid  or  proteus-like. 

BACT.  RADIATUM  GROUP. 
**    Colonies  on  gelatin  round,  not  ameboid. 

BACT.  AMBIGUUM  GROUP. 

II.  Produce  endospores. 

1.  No  growth  at  room  temperature,  or  below  22°-25°  C. 

THERMOPHILLIC  GROUP  ^  4 

2.  Grow  at  room  temperatures. 

a.  Gelatin  liquefied.     ANTHRAX  GROUP. 

b.  Gelatin  not  liquefied.     BACT.  F/ECALIS  GROUP. 

Bacillus 

I.    Without  endospores. 
'  A.   Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

a.  Gelatin  colonies  roundish,  not  distinctly  ameboid. 

*  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

f    Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

Milk  coagulated.     COLON  GROUP. 

Milk  not  coagulated.     HOG  CHOLERA  GROUP. 
No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon.     TYPHOID  GROUP- 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  53 

ff   Stained  by  Gram's  method.     B.  MURIPESTIFER  GROUP. 
**    Gelatin  liquefied. 

f   Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon.     B.  CLOACA  GROUP. 
ff   No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon.     Include  a  large  num- 
ber of  bacteria  not   sufficiently   described    to   arrange   in 
groups. 

b.   Gelatin  colonies  ameboid,  cochleate,  or  otherwise  irregular. 
*   Gelatin  liquefied.     PROTEUS  VULGARIS  GROUP. 
**   Gelatin  not  liquefied.     B.  ZOPFI  GROUP. 
31.    Produce  endospores. 

A.  Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

1.  Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation. 

a.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

*    Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  takes  place  slowly.     Ferment  urea, 
with  strong  production  of  ammonia. 

URO-BACILLUS  GROUP  OF  MIQUEL. 
**    Gelatin  liquefied  rather  quickly, 
f   Potato  cultures  rugose.     POTATO  BACILLUS  GROUP. 
ft    Potato  cultures  not  distinctly  rugose.     B.  SUBTILIS  GROUP. 

b.  Gelatin  not  liquefied.     B.  SOLI  GROUP. 

2.  Rods  spindle-shaped  at  sporulation.     B.  LICHENIFORMIS  GROUP. 

3.  Rods  clavate  at  sporulation.     B.  SUBLANATUS  GROUP. 

B.  Obligate  anaerobic. 

1.  Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation.     MALIGNANT  CEDEMA  GROUP. 

2.  Rods  spindle-shaped  at  sporulation.     CLOSTRIDIUM  GROUP. 

3.  Rods  clavate-capitate  at  sporulation.     TETANUS  GROUP. 


Pseudomonas     Migula 

Cells  colorless,  without  a  red-colored  plasma  and  without  sulphur  granules. 
A.   Grow  in  ordinary  culture  media. 
i.  Without  endospores. 

a.    Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 
*   Without  pigment. 
f   Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

PS.    MONADIFORMIS   GROUP. 

No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

PS.    AMBIGUA    GROUP. 


54  BACTERIOLOGY 

•ft   Gelatine  liquefied. 

Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

PS.  COADUNATA  GROUP-    i 

No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

Ps.  FAIRMONTENSIS  GROUP-   i 

*  Produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 
f    Pigment  yellowish. 

Gelatin  liquefied.     Ps.  OCHRACEA  GROUP. 
Gelatin  not  liquefied.     Ps.  TURCOSA  GROUP. 
ff   Pigment  blue-violet. 

Gelatin  liquefied.     Ps.  JANTHINA  GROUP. 
Gelatin  not  liquefied.     Ps.  BEROLINENSIS  GROUP. 
**   Produce  a  greenish-bluish  fluorescence  in  culture  media, 
f   Gelatin  liquefied.     Ps.  PYOCYANEA  GROUP. 
ft   Gelatin  not  liquefied.     Ps.  SYNCYANEA  GROUP. 
2.  With  endospores,  aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

a.  Non-chromogenic. 

*  Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation.     Ps.  ROSEA  GROUP. 
**   Rods  swollen  at  one  end  at  sporulation. 

Ps.  TROMELSCALAGEL  GROUP. 
'b.    Produce  a  greenish-bluish  fluorescence  in  culture  media. 

*  Gelatin  liquefied.     Ps.  VIRIDESCENS  GROUP. 
**   Gelatin  hot  liquefied.     Ps.  UNDULATA  GROUP. 

B.    Do  not  grow  in  nurient  gelatin  or  other  organic  media. 

NlTROMONAS   GROUP. 

II.   Cell  plasma  with  a  reddish  tint,  also  with  sulphur  granules. 

CHROMATIUM  GROUP. 

Microspira  Migula 

I.    Cultures  show  a  bluish-silvery  phosphorescence. 

PHOSPHORESCENT  GROUP- 
II.    Cultures  not  phosphorescent. 

A,  Gelatin  liquefied. 

1.  Cultures  show  the  nitro-indol  reaction. 

«.   Very  pathogenic  to  pigeons.     MSP.  METSCHNIKOVI  GROUP. 

b.  Not  distinctly  pathogenic  to  pigeons.     CHOLERA  GROUP. 

2.  Nitro-indol  reaction  negative  or  very  weak,  at  least  after  24  hours. 

CHOLERA  NOSTRAS  GROUP. 

B.  Gelatin  not  liquefied  or  only  slightly  so.     MSP.  SAPROPHILA  GROUP. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  55 

Mycobacterium  Lehmann-Neumann 

I.    Stain  with  basic  aniline  dyes,  and  easily  decolorized  by  mineral  acids  when 
stained  with  carbol  fuchsin. 

A.  Grow  well  on  nutrient  gelatin.     Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly  or  merely 

softened. 

1.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.     SWINE  ERYSIPELAS  GROUP. 

2.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method.     GLANDERS  GROUP. 

B,  Little  or  no  growth  in  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin. 

1.  Grow  well  in  nutrient  bouillon  at  body  temperatures. 

a.    Stained  by  Gram's  method.     Rods  cuneate  —  clavate — irregu- 
larly swollen.    DIPHTHERIA  GROUP. 

2.  No  growth  in  nutrient  bouillon  or  on  ordinary  culture  media.     Rods 

slender,  tubercle-like. 

a.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.     LEPROSY  GROUP. 

b.  Do  not  stain  by  Gram's  method.     INFLUENZA  GROUP. 

3.  No  growth  in  nutrient  bouillon  or  on  ordinary  culture  media.     Rods 

variable.     ROOT-TUBERCLE  GROUP. 

I.    Not  stained  with  aqueous  solutions  of  basic  aniline  dyes  ;  not  easily  decol- 
orized by  acids.    TUBERCLE  GROUP. 

COCCACEAE 

Cells  in  their  free  condition  globular,  becoming  slightly  elongated  before 
division.  Cell  division  in  one,  two,  or  three  directions  of  space. 

A.  Cells  without  flagella. 

1.  Division  in  only  one  direction  of  space.     Streptococcus  Billroth, 

P-  55- 

2.  Division  in  two  directions  of  space.     Micrococcus  Hallier,  p.  71. 

3.  Division  in  three  directions  of  space.     Sarcina  Goodsir,  p.  109. 

B.  Cells  with  flagella. 

1.  Division  in  two  directions  of  space.     Planococcus  Migula,  p.  114. 

2.  Division  in  three  directions  of  space.    Planosarcina  Migula,  p.  115. 

STREPTOCOCCUS  (Billroth) 

Untersuch.  iiber  die  Vegetationsformen  von  Coccobacteria  septica,  1874. 
Leuconostoc,  Van  Tieghem :  Traite  de  Botanique,  1883. 

Cells  round  to  slightly  elongated.  In  short  chains  of  only  a  few  elements,  or 
in  long  chains  containing  several  hundred.  Never  in  threes,  tetrads,  or 
irregular  clusters.  Division  in  only  one  direction  of  space.  Non-motile. 
Single  chains  or  cocci  may  be  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 


56  BACTERIOLOGY 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  GENUS  S 

I.   Chains  on  all  culture  media  without  a  thick  gelatinous  envelope,  or  at  most 
only  a  thin  capsule. 

A.  Non-chromogenic ;  no  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

1 .  Do  not  grow  at  room  temperatures,  or  at  best  but  poorly. 

CLASS  I,  p.  56. 

2.  Grow  at  room  temperatures,  and  in  nutrient  gelatine. 

a.  Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  II,  p.  58. 

b.  Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  III,  p.  62. 

B.  Chromogenic ;  produce  a  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar.    CLASS  IV,  p.  68. 
II.    Chains  at  least  when  grown  in  saccharine  media  surrounded  by  a  gelati- 
nous envelope.     See  Nos.  35,  36. 

CLASS  I.     NON-CHROMOGENIC.     DO  NOT  GROW  AT  ROQM  TEMPERA- 
TURES, OR  AT  BEST  BUT  POORLY 
I.    On  the  surface  of  agar  a  scarcely  discernible  growth. 

1.  Str.  giganteus  Lustgarten. 

2.  Str.  enteritis  Hirsh. 

II.   On  the  surface  of  agar  a  visible  growth. 

A.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

3.  Str.  capsulatus  Binaghi. 

4.  Str.  Cappelletti. 

B.  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

5.  Str.  Kirchneri. 

i.   Str.  giganteus  Lustgarten 

$tr'  giganteus-urethrce  Lustgarten. 
Vierteljahresber.  f.  Dermatol.  u.  Syph.,  1887,  918. 

Morphology.  Round,  0.8-1.0,  in  chains,  often  of  many  hundreds  of  elements, 
in  thick  tangled  masses. 

Agar  colonies.  Thin,  flat,  conglobate  ;  easily  overlooked,  iridescent  by  trans- 
mitted light. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  mostly  in  the  water  of  condensation. 

Habitat.     In  the  normal  human  urethra. 

2.  Str.  enteritis  Hirsh 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXII,  1897,  369. 
Morphology.    Similar  to  Str.  involutes  Kurth. 

Agar  colonies.  Macroscopically  no  growth.  Microscopically  the  colonies 
are  small,  brown,  and  coarsely  granular. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  57 

Gelatin  stab.     Very  little  growth  either  in  depth  or  on  the  surface. 

Bouillon.     Without  sugar,  very  slight  growth. 

Glucose  bouillon.      In    12    hours    at    37°  C.   a  general   turbidity;    medium 

rendered  acid.     No  gas  produced. 
Milk.     No  fermentation. 
Pathogenesis :     With  white  mice  results  variable.     One  cc.  of  culture  injected 

intraperitoneally  may  give  a  marked  diarrhoea.     The  organism  in  blood 

and  stools. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  stools  in  cases  of  infant  diarrhoea. 

3.    Str.  capsulatus  Binaghi 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXII,  1897,  273. 

Morphology.  Cocci  in  long  chains.  In  animal  body  with  a  capsule.  Stain 
by  Gram's  method. 

On  gelatin  and  other  media,  no  development. 

Agar  slant.     At  37°  C.,  transparent  dewy  colonies. 

Pathogenesis.  Guinea  pigs  inoculated  subcutaneously  with  purulent  matter 
containing  the  cocci  show  at  point  of  inoculation  a  gelatinous  hemor- 
rhagic  diffuse  oedema.  Spleen,  liver,  and  kidneys  enlarged.  Inocula- 
tions with  cultures  give  negative  results. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  a  case  of  peribronchial  pneumonia,  with  multiple 
abscesses. 

4.   Str.  Cappelletti 

Str.  equi  Capelletti- Vivaldi :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXV,  1899,  251. 
Morphology.     Cocci  round-oval ;   occur  singly,  in  twos  and  in  short  chains. 

Facultative  anaerobic.     Grow  poorly  at  20°  C.,  and  well  at  24°-3O°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  delicate,  yellow,  granular. 
Agar  colonies.     Watery. 

Blood  serum.     A  thin,  grayish  transparent  layer. 

Bouillon  in  24  hours,  37°  C.,  shows  a  sediment  as  gray-white  flocculi. 
Pathogenic.     For  mice  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  pneumonic  exudate,  and  the  spleen  of  three  horses 

which  died  of  an  epidemic  form  of  lymphatic  inflammation,  gourme. 

5.  Str.  Kirchneri 

No  name,  Kirchner:   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1891,  528. 
Morphology.     Similar  to  Str.  lanceolatns,  but  elements  round  and  smaller ; 

with  a  capsule. 
Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 


58  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  colonies.     Small,   grayish  white,  round,  transparent ;    becoming  round 

grayish  plaques. 
Pathogenesis.    Guinea  pigs.    One  cc.  of  culture  inoculated  into  pleural  cavity  is 

followed  by  death  in  24  hours.     Lungs  hyperaemic ;  spleen  not  enlarged  ; 

cocci  in  the  blood.     Rabbits  and  mice  immune. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sputum  in  influenza. 

CLASS  II.    NON-CHROMOGENIC.     GROW  AT   ROOM   TEMPERATURES. 
GELATIN  LIQUEFIED 

I.    Produce  only  a  viscid  softening  of  the  gelatin  after  several  weeks. 

6.  Str.  Brightii  Trevisan. 

II.    Grow  rather  poorly  in  nutrient  gelatin. 

7.  Str.  enteritidis  Escherich. 

8.  Str.  Bonvicini. 

9.  Str.  Fischeli. 

III.  Grow  well  in  nutrient  gelatin,  but  slowly  liquefy  the  medium. 
10.    St.  carnis. 

IV.  Grow  well  in  gelatin  at  room  temperatures,  and  rapidly  liquefy  the  medium . 

A.  Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  takes  place  along  the  line  of  stab  ;  funnel- 

formed  —  cylindrical. 

11.  Str.  coli  Escherich. 

12.  Str.  septic  us  Babes. 

13.  Str.  liquefaciens  Sternberg. 

B.  Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  takes  place  only  on  the  surface  ;  shallow,. 

crateriform. 

14.  Str.  albus  Sternberg. 

15.  Str.  lactis  Sternberg. 

6.   Str.  Brightii  Trevisan 

Streptococcus  bei  Morbus  Brightii,  Mannaberg :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  V,  1889,  93. 
Str.  Brightii,  Trevisan:  Saccardo,  Syllog.  Fungorum,  VIII,  1057. 

Morphology.  Cocci  o.9/x,;  solitary  —  pairs  —  short  chains  of  6-10  elements. 
Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  stab.  A  beaded  growth  along  line  of  stab  ;  after  3-4  weeks  a  funnel 
containing  a  very  viscid  gelatin,  with  brush-like  outgrowths. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  like  Str.  pyogenes. 

Potato.  In  4-5  days  at  37°  C.,  white  colonies,  0.5  mm.,  becoming  a  con- 
fluent slimy  growth. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  acid. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  59 

Pathogenesis .  Dogs  and  rabbits  inoculated  with  0.7-1.0  cc.  of  a  culture  sub- 
cutaneously  show  a  local  abscess.  By  intravenous  injections  there 
result  inflammatory  changes  in  kidneys.  At  the  end  of  3  days  urine 
contains  red  corpuscles,  renal  epithelium,  blood  clots,  and  albumen. 

Habitat.     Isolated  by  Mannaberg  from  urine  in  acute  Bright's  disease. 


7.    Str.  enteritidis  Escherich 

Wiener  klin.  Wochensch.,  1887,  No.  42. 


rirphology.  Diplococci  —  chains  of  8  or  more  elements.  In  cultures  similar 
to  M.  lanceolatus.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  Grow  best  in  glucose 
bouillon,  with  addition  of  human  blood  serum. 

On  agar,  white  colonies.     On  gelatin,  a  feeble  growth,  with  slight  liquefaction. 
Pathogenesis.     Mice  die  in  2-3  days,  with  diarrhoea. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  acute  enteritis,  in  stools,  organs,  and  lymphatics  of 
the  intestines. 

8.   Str.  Bonvicini 

Streptococcus  della  leucemia  nel  cane  e  nel  hue  Bonvicini :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXI, 

1897,  211. 

Morphology.      Diplococci,  and  chains  in   old  cultures;  elements  0.9-1.0 /A. 

Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Agar  colonies.     In  24  hours  at  37°  C.,  colonies  small,  round,  white. 
Gelatin  slant.     In  40  hours,  small  white  colonies. 
Bouillon.     In  24  hours  at  37°  C.,  medium  turbid,  becoming  clear,  with  flocculi 

on  the  walls  of  the  tube. 
Pathogenesis.     Dogs ;  inoculations  cause  some  disturbance  with  swelling  of 

ganglia.     Guinea  pigs  and  mice,  leucaemia.     Rabbits,  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  dog  in  a  case  of  leucaemia. 

9.    Str.  Fischeli 

Micrococcus  No.  2  of  Fischel :  Zeitsch.  f.  Heilkunde,  XII,  1891; 
ref.  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  IX,  611. 

Morphology.     Cocci  1.0-1.2;  in  pairs  and  chains.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.   Milk-white  ;  liquefaction  commences  in  4  days,  and  progresses 

slowly. 

Agar  colonies.     At  37°  C.,  milk-white. 

Potato.    37°  C.,  8  days,  thin,  glistening,  yellowish  white  ;  at  20°  C.,  no  growth. 
Milk.     No  growth. 


60  BACTERIOLOGY 

Pathogenesis.  Dogs  inoculated  intravenously  with  3-4  cc.  of  culture  show 
symptoms  resembling  distemper,  in  other  cases  keratitis,  pyrexia,  catarrhal 
conjunctivitis,  etc. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  blood  in  two  cases  of  influenza. 

10.    Str.  canis 

Ueber  einen  bei  der  bakteriologischen  Fleischbeschau  aufgefundenen  Diplococcus. 

Harrevelt:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXVI,  1899,  121. 
Morphology.     Diplococci,  or  as  chains  of  4  elements,  rather  smaller  than  Str. 

pyogenes.     Stains  with  ordinary  aniline  stains.     Decolorized  by  Gram's 

method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     No  deep  colonies.     Surface  colonies  small,  similar  to  those 

of  Str.  pyogenes,  but  liquefy  the  gelatin  extremely  slowly.     Quite  flat,  dirty 

white,  with  a  brownish  centre,  round-oval,  granular,  with  a  clear  border. 
Gelatin  slant.      On  8  per  cent  gelatin  a  plumose  growth  along  the  line  of 

inoculation.    In  6  days  the  gelatin  is  softened,  and  later  entirely  liquefied. 
Agar  slant.     In  48  hours,  at  36°  C,  a  white  transparent  spreading  layer  with 

an  iridescent  lustre. 

Glycerine  agar  and  blood  serum.     As  on  agar. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  48  hours  spreading  irregularly  over  one-third  of  the  surface, 

flat ;  liquefaction  infundibuliform. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  slimy  sediment. 

Milk.    36°,  3  x  24  hours,  coagulated  ;  coagulum  slimy  ;  little  acid. 
Glucose  and  lactose  bouillon.     No  gas  ;  rendered  acid. 

Starch  paste.     36°  C.,  24  hours,  starch  liquefied;  no  sugar,  no  diastatic  ferment. 
Grows  in  an  acid  medium.     A  slight  growth  in  media  containing  glycerine. 

Young  cultures  have  an  odor  of  cooked  crabs.     Reaction  of  media  without 

sugar  rendered  acid.     H,S  negative.     Indol  and  nitrites  negative. 
Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  rabbits  may  or  may  not  cause  a  fatal  infection, 

with  peritonitis,  inflammation  of  liver,  spleen,  kidneys,  and  lymph  spaces. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  meat. 

ii.    Str.  coli  Escherich 

Sfr.  coli-gracilis  Escherich :  Die  Darmbakterien  des  Sauglings,  Stuttgart,  1886. 
Morphology.  .Cocci,  0.2-0.4  /*?  usually  in  S-shaped  chains  of  6-20  elements. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  round,  becoming  punctiform,  and  lying  in  funnels  of 

liquefied  gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.      Liquefaction  cylindrical ;    sediment  white ;    gelatin  rendered 

acid. 
Agar  slant.     A  scanty  growth. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  6l 

Blood  serum.     Scaly  colonies  ;  medium  not  liquefied. 
Potato.     Thin  white  colonies,  no  growth  on  old  potato. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated ;  rendered  acid  after  some  time. 
Habitat.     Faeces  of  healthy  children  fed  on  a  flesh  diet. 

12.    Str.  septicus  Babes 

Sir.  septicus-liquefaciens  Babes :  Septic  Prozesse  Kindesalters,  1889. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.3-0.4 ;  in  pairs  —  short  chains.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  stab.  Along  line  of  stab,  in  24  hours,  a  thin,  granular  whitish  growth. 
On  the  surface,  growth  depressed,  becoming  funnel-formed.  Liquefied 
gelatin  but  slightly  clouded ;  upon  walls  of  funnel  flat  white  leafy  jagged 
colonies. 

Agar  slant.     Small  white  glistening  transparent  colonies. 

Blood  serum.     A  scarcely  visible  granular  layer. 

Pathogenesis.  Mice  and  rabbits  inoculated  subcutaneously  show  a  local  inflam- 
mation, with  oedema  and  death  in  about  6  days.  Cocci  in  effused  serum, 
in  blood  and  spleen. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  blood  of  a  child  who  died  of  septicaemia. 

13.    Str.  liquefaciens  Sternberg 

Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  613. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round-oval,  0.4-0.6;  solitary  —  pairs  —  short  chains. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  occurs  rapidly  along  the  entire  line  of  puncture, 

and  in  7  days  tube  completely  liquefied. 
Agar  stab.     A  beaded  growth  along  line  of  puncture,  with  but  scanty  growth 

on  the  surface. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  limited,  dry,  white. 
Pathogenesis .     Rabbits  and  guinea  pigs,  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  liver  of  yellow  fever  cadaver,  and  from  contents  of  the 

intestine. 

14.    Str.  albus  Sternberg 

Weisser  Streptococcus  Maschek  :  Jahresber.  der  Oberrealschule  zu  Leitmeritz,  1887. 
St.  albus  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 

Morphology.     Streptococci,  which  show  independent  movements  only  during 

period  of  division  (?). 

Gelatin  colonies.     Flat,  round,  with  white  margins ;  liquefaction  cratejiform. 
Gelatin  stab.     Develop  chiefly  on  the  surface ;    liquefaction  rapid ;   a  white 

sediment. 

Potato.     A  slimy  white  growth. 
Habitat.     Water. 


62  BACTERIOLOGY 

15.    Str.  lactis  (Sternberg) 

Microcoecus  lactis-viscosus  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 
Micrococcus  of  bitter  milk  Conn:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  IX,  1891,  No.  20. 

Morphology.     Cocci  medium-sized,  frequently  in  pairs.     In  agar  colonies  form 

short  chains.     Growth  at  35°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  round,  becoming  liquefied  and  spreading ;  also  thin 

granular. 
Gelatin  stab.      A  shallow  crateriform   liquefaction ;    liquefaction   progresses 

rapidly ;  liquefied  gelatin  viscous. 
Agar  slant.     A  glistening  white  growth. 
Potato.     Glistening  white  discrete  masses. 

Bouillon.     Good  growth  ;  a  thin  film  on  surface ;  the  medium  becomes  viscous. 
Milk.    Rendered  bitter.    In  24  hours,  at  37°  C.,  coagulated  ;  acid,  peptonized ; 

butyric  acid  produced. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cream  which  had  a  bitter  taste. 


CLASS  III.     NON-CHROMOGENIC.     GROW  AT  ROOM  TEMPERATURES. 
GELATIN  NOT  LIQUEFIED 

I.    Streptococci,  at  least  in  the  animal  body,  with  a  capsule. 

PNEUMOCOCCUS  GROUP. 

A.  Elements  frequently  elongated. 

1 6.  Str.  pneumonia;  (Weichselbaum)  Gamaleia. 

B.  Elements  spherical. 

17.  Str.  Weichselbaumii  (Trev.)  L-.  and  N. 
II.   Streptococci  without  a  capsule. 

A.  Cocci  actively  motile. 

1 8.  Str.  sanguinis  Pitfield. 

B.  Cocci  non-motile. 

i .  Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

a.  Gelatin  colonies  floccose-filamentous. 

19.  Str.  mirabilis  Roscoe-Lunt. 

b.  Gelatin  colonies  not  as  above  specified. 

*    In  bouillon,  elements  in  conglomerate  masses,  arranged  in 
chains  ;  free  chains  uncommon. 

20.  Str.  conglomeratus  Kurth. 
**    Streptococci  in  free  chains. 

t    But  little  growth  in  the  depth  of  the  gelatin,  aerobic. 

21.  Str.  acidi-lactici  (Marpmann). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  63 

ff    Growth  in  depth  of  gelatin  in  stab  cultures. 

STREPTOCOCCUS  PYOGENES  GROUP. 
§   Species  pathogenic  to  animals. 

22.  Sir.  pyogenes  Rosenbach. 

23.  Sir.  enteritis  var.  Libmanni.     (See  No.  2.) 
§§   Pathogenic  to  plants. 

24.  Str.  phytophthorus  (Frank). 
§§§   Non-pathogenic  (?)  milk  species. 

25.  Str.  Grotenfeldtii. 

26.  Str.  proteus. 

fff   Growth  in  gelatin   stab   cultures   not  described.      Cultural 
characters  imperfectly  known. 

27.  Str.  agalacticB  Adametz. 

28.  Str.  Weisiilmv. 

29.  Str.  equi  Sand-Jensen. 

1 6.    Str.  pneumonias  (YVeichselbaum)  Gamalei'a 

Microbe  de  la  salive  Pasteur :  Acad.  Med.  Paris,  1881. 
Pneumococcus  Frankel :  Verhandl.  d.  Ill  Congress  f.  inn.  Med.,  1884. 
Diplococcus  pneumonia  Weichselbaum  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  1887,  588. 
Bacillus  salivarius-septicus  Biondi :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  II,  1887,  196. 
Diplococcus  lanceolatus-capsultatus-pneumonicus  Foa-Bord :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IV, 

1888,  Heft.  i. 

Klebsiella  salavaris  Trevisan  :  Gen.,  1889,  26. 
Streptococcus  lanceolatus  Gamalei'a:  Ann.  Inst.  Pasteur,  1888,  440. 

Torphology.     Cocci  in  twos  or  chains  of  4-6  elements ;  round-lenticular ;  in 
body  with  a  capsule.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  macroscopically  small,  round,  white  or 
gray ;  microscopically  round,  entire,  slightly  granular.  Surface  colonies : 
macroscopically  round,  gray,  in  4  days  1-2  mm.;  microscopically  round, 
entire,  finely  granular. 
\gar  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  microscopically  round-lenticular,  entire, 
opaque,  grayish  black,  coarsely  punctate.  Surface  colonies:  macroscopi- 
cally like  gelatin  colonies ;  microscopically  round,  entire,  translucent, 
finely  punctate. 

Glycerin  agar  slant.     A  feeble  growth,  small  grayish  colonies. 

Blood  serum.     Growth  slimy,  transparent. 

Bouillon.     Faintly  turbid. 

Milk.     Coagulation  variable. 

Litmus  milk.     Sometimes  pink  and  coagulated. 


<54  BACTERIOLOGY 

Potato.     No  growth. 

Pathogenesis.     For  pathogenesis  see  various  text-books. 

Habitat.     Pulmonary  exudate  in  croupous  pneumonia ;  frequently  associated 

with   bronchopneumonia,  peri-  and   endocarditis,   pleuritis,   meningitis, 

otitis-media,  etc.     Also  in  saliva  of  healthy  man. 

17.    Str.  Weichselbaumii  (Trev.)  L.  and  N. 

Diplococcus  intracellularis-meningitidis  Weichselbaum :  Fortschritte  d.  Medizin, 

1887,  No.  18. 

Neisseria  Weichselbaumii  Trevisan  :  Gen.,  1889,  32. 
Streptococcus  intracellularis-meningitidis  Lehmann-Neumann  :  Bak.  Diag.,  1896. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  twos,  with  a  capsule.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 
Blood  serum.     In  48  hours  colonies  2-3  mm.,  round,  flat,  convex,  colorle: 

moist,  glistening ;  becoming  confluent. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  round  flat  grayish  translucent  colonies. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid  ;  a  whitish  sediment. 
Potato.     A  scanty  growth,  or  invisible. 
Litmus  milk.     Unchanged. 

In  gelatin.     Only  feeble  growth;  no  liquefaction. 

Pathogenesis.     Mice  and  guinea  pigs  only  feebly  or  doubtfully  affected. 
Habitat.     In  meningeal  exudate  in  an  epidemic  of  cerebrospinal  meningitis. 

VARIETY.  —  Streptococcus  of  Bonome   Sternberg:    Manual  of  Bacteriology, 

1892,  325. 
Not  sufficiently  described  to  distinguish  from  the  above,  except  that  it  does 

not  grow  on  blood  serum,  and  is  more  pathogenic  to  mice  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.      Obtained  by  Bonome  from  the  exudations  in  the  cerebrospinal 

meninges  in  cerebrospinal  meningitis. 


1 8.   Str.  sanguinis  Pitfield 

Str.  sanguinis-canis  Pitfield:  Queen's  Microscopic  Bulletin,  Philadelphia,  1897,  44. 

Morphology.  Cocci  actively  motile,  usually  occur  singly,  but  occasionally  in 
pairs.  On  agar  or  in  bouillon  they  form  long  chains.  Stain  by  Gram's 
method.  Flagella  were  not  stained,  but  were  seen  occasionally.  Growth 
on  media  white. 

Pathogenesis.     Pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits.    In  dogs  a  local  abscess. 

Habitat.     Found  in  blood  of  dogs,  in  healthy  and  diseased  animals. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  65, 

19.  Str.  mirabilis  Roscoe-Lunt 

Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  London,  CLXXXIII,  1892,  648. 

Morphology.     Cocci  forming  very  long  chains  ;  elements  0.4  /A. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  in  4  days,  minute,  gnarled-convoluted  thread- 
like masses.  Surface  colonies:  faint  transparent  expansions,  2  mm. 
Microscopically,  masses  of  fine  long  threads,  filamentous. 

Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface  a  thin  transparent  film,  3-5  mm. 

Agar  slant.     Like  growth  on  gelatin. 

Potato.     Growth  inappreciable. 

Bouillon.  A  fine  sediment  like  masses  of  threads  of  cotton  wool.  Grow  in 
an  atmosphere  of  hydrogen. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sewage. 

20.  Str.  conglomerates  Kurth 

Trans,  gth  International  Med.  Congress,  Berlin,  1891,  335. 

Morphology.  Cocci  in  chains  as  conglomerate  masses.  Differs  from  Str. 
pyogenes  in  that  in  bouillon  cultures  at  37°  C.  there  form  at  the  bottom  of 
the  tube  smooth,  round,  very  firm  white  scales,  or  a  single  white  layer, 
which  is  not  disintegrated  when  the  tube  is  slightly  agitated. 

Pathogenesis .     Very  pathogenic  for  mice. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  scarlet  fever  ;  etiological  relation  undetermined. 

21.   Str.  acidi-lactici  (Marpmann) 

Sphcerococcus  acidi-lactici  Marpmann  :    Erganzungshefte  des   Centralblatt  f.  allgemeine 
Gesundheitspflege,  II,  121. 

Morphology.     Cocci  very  small ;  oval,  in  pairs  or  short  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Porcelain-white,  the  size  of  a  pin's  head. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  but  slight  growth ;  surface  growth  elevated,  white, 

with  dentate  margins,  becoming  in  6  weeks  light  yellow. 
Milk.     Becomes  reddish,  coagulated,  acid. 
Habitat.     Fresh  cow's  milk. 

22.   Str.  erysipelatos  Fehleisen 

Str.  erysipelatos  Fehleisen  :    Aetiol  des  Erysipels,  Berlin,  1883. 

Str.  pyogenes    Rosenbach :    Mikroorganismen  bei    den  Wundinfectionskrankheiten   des- 

Menschen,  Wiesbaden,  1884. 
Str.  puerper alls  Arloing:    Recherches  sur  les  Septicemies,  1884. 

Morphology.     Cocci  about   i.o  /u,.      Chains  best  seen  in  bouillon  cultures. 
Stain  by  Gram's  method.     Optimum  temperature  37°  C. 
F 


6(5  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small,  round,  white,  flat  to  slightly  convex.  Microscopically, 
round,  entire  —  lobed  —  laciniate,  grayish-yellowish,  punctiform  —  finely 
granular. 

Gelatin  stab.  Along  stab  filiform  —  tuberculate ;  on  the  surface  as  in  plate 
cultures. 

Agar  colonies.  As  in  gelatin.  Microscopically  round,  translucent,  grayish 
yellow,  punctiform  —  granular. 

Agar  slant.     Minute  grayish  translucent  colonies. 

Bouillon.     Growth  variable,  turbid,  becoming  clear,  with  sediment. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 

Potato.     Growth  invisible.     Indol  negative.     H2S  slight. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas,  acid. 

Pathogenesis.  Virulence  variable.  Inoculations  of  mice  and  rabbits  cause 
local  suppuration,  septicaemia,  etc. ;  bacilli  in  internal  organs. 

Habitat.  Associated  with  phlegmonous  inflammation  and  suppurative  pro- 
cesses;  septicaemia,  erysipelas,  bronchopneumonia,  puerperal  sep- 
ticaemia, angina,  etc. 

VARIETIES.  —  V.  Lingelsheim,  Zeitsch.  Hygiene,  X,  1891,  331,  makes  the  two 
following  principal  varieties  of  the  species  :  — 

1.  Var.  brevis.     In  bouillon  form  short  chains,  causing  a  turbidity  of  the 

medium.  Growth  on  potato  evident.  Grow  at  a  temperature  of 
io°-i2°  C.  Generally  non-virulent. 

2.  Var.  longus.     In  bouillon  form  long  chains  of  40  and  more  elements,  the 

medium  remaining  clear,  with  a  heavy  slimy  or  flocculent  sediment. 
Growth  on  potato  fails.  Does  not  grow  below  14-16°  C.  Generally 
notably  virulent. 

The  following  forms  are  also  probably  identical  with  one  or  more  of  the 
varieties  of  Str.  pyogenes :  — 

a.  Str.  cadaveris  Sternberg:    Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 

b.  Str.  septicus  Flligge  :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

c.  Str.  of  Mannaberg:   Centralblatt  f.  Klin.  Med.,  1888,  No.  30. 

23.   Str.  enteritis  var.  Libmanii     (See  No.  2) 

Str.  enteritis  of  Libman  :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXII,  1887,  380 

L.  isolated  from  cases  of  enteritis  a  streptococcus  which  he  thinks  identical 

with  Str.  enteritis  Hirsh,  with  additional  characters. 
Morphology.     Cocci  0.7-0.9  p. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  6/ 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  48  hours,  minute  points.  Microscopically  irregular,  dark 
granular  in  centre,  o.i  mm. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep  colonies :  irregular  —  oval,  coarsely  granular,  dark  yel- 
lowish in  centre,  with  a  clear  erose  border.  Surface  colonies :  24  hours, 
minute  points.  Do  not  increase  in  size. 

Potato.     A  moist  glistening  thin  growth  composed  of  small  white  colonies. 

Milk.     In  2-3  days  coagulated,  acid. 

Agar  slant.     A  thick  glistening  layer. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  enteritis. 

24.   Str.  phytophthorus  Frank 

Die  Bakterienkrankheiten  der  Karto/eln  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  Zweite  Abt.,  V.  1899. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.5  /A;  occur  singly,  in  twos,  and  short  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Flat,  roundish,  lobate,  white,  rosette-like,  sunken  in  the 

centre. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  a  rot  and  blight  of  the  potato. 

25.  Str.  Grotenfeltii 

Str.  acidi-lactici,  Grotenfelt:    Fortschritte  d.  Medizin,  VII,  124. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round-ellipsoidal,  0.5-1.0  :  0.3-0.6 /A. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  white. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  in  depth. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  acid  ;  no  gas  ;  lactic  acid. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

26.  Str.  proteus 

Sir.  No.  52  Conn  :   Report  Storr's  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.,  1894,  81. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.3  /x,  forming  chains  which  have  a  tendency  to  arrange 

themselves  in  rings.     Grow  at  35°  C. 
Gelatin   colonies.      Smooth,   raised,   very   white,   becoming    i.o    mm.;    not 

spreading. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  a  good  growth ;  on  the  surface  growth  snow-white, 

raised. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  smooth,  thick,  white,  glistening. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  acid. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  a  slight  sediment. 
Habitat.     Milk. 


68  BACTERIOLOGY 

27.    Str.  agalactiae  Adametz 

Sir.  mastitidis-sporadictz,  Guillebeau;  Landw.  Jahrb.  d.  Schweiz,  Bd.  IV,  1890,  27. 
Str.  mastitis-epidemiccB,  Guill. :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XVIII,  209. 
Str.  agalacticE  Adametz  :  Milch  Zeitung,  1893. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  short-long  chains,  like  Str.  pyogenes. 

Milk.     Yellowish  flocculent  coagulae,  and  often  much  gas.     Glucose  and  milk 

sugar  converted  into  lactic  acid,  CO.,  and  traces  of  volatile  fatty  acids  and 

alcohol. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  mastitis  of  cows  and  goats. 
Str.  of  mastitis  in  cows  Nocard-Mollereau :    Ann.  Inst.  Pasteur  1887,  109.. 

Insufficiently  described  to  distinguish  from  the  above. 

28.  Str.  Weissii  Trevisan 

Attid.  Ace.  Fis.  Med.  Stat.  Mil.,  Ser.  IV,  Vol.  Ill,  119. 
Mikrokokus  der  Lungenseuche  des  Kindes,  Pocls-Nolen  :  Fortschritte  d. 
Medizin,  1886,  217. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round,  0.8-1.0  //,,  singly  and  in  chains  of  six. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  white  ;  like  Friedlander's  bacillus. 

Pathogenesis.     Direct    inoculation  of  cultures  into  the  lungs  of  cattle,  dogs,. 

cats,  rabbits,  and  guinea  pigs  produce  pneumonia,  with  abundant  cocci  in. 

exudate.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  lung  exudate  in  pleuropneumonia  of  cattle. 

29.  Str.  equi  Sand-Jensen 

Streptococcus  der  Druse  der  Pferde  Sand-Jensen :  Archiv  f.  wissen.  u.  prakt.    Thierheil- 

kunde,  XIV,  1887. 
Str.  equi  Sand-Jensen  :  1.  c. 

Morphology.     Like  Str.  pyogenes. 

Pathogenesis.     Mice  inoculated  subcutaneously  show  an  abscess  at  the  point 

of  inoculation,  and  metastatic  suppuration  of  the  lymphatics. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  an  inflammation  of  the  upper  air  passages  of  horsesr 

and  neighboring  lymphatic  spaces. 

CLASS  IV.    CHROMOGENIC  ;    PRODUCE  PIGMENT  ON  GELATIN  OR  AGAR 

I.   Pigment  yellowish. 
A.   Gelatin  liquefied. 

30.    Str.  "vermiformis  Sternberg. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  69 

B.    Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

31.  Sir.  aurantiacus  (Bruyning). 

32.  Sir.  ochroleucus  (Prove)  Trev. 
II.    Pigment  violet. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

33.  Str.fluorescens  (Klamann). 

B.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

34.  Sir.  violaceus  (Schroter)  Trev. 

30.    Str.  vermiformis  Steinberg 

Wurmformiger  Streptococcus  Maschek  :    Jahresber.     Oberrealschule  zu  Leitmeritz,  1887. 
.Str.  vermiformis  Sternberg  :  Manual  Bacteriology,  1892. 

Morphology.     Streptococci,  which  show  slow  vermiform  movements.'    Chains 

resemble  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Yellowish  white,  becoming  liquefied  ;  concentric  structure. 

Microscopically  the  colonies  show  radiate  margins. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  rapid  ;  a  dirty  yellow  sediment. 
Potato.     A  dirty  yellow  growth. 
Habitat.     Water. 

31.    Str.  aurantiacus  (Bruyning) 

Micrococcus  aurantiacus-sorghi  Bruyning :   Archiv.  Neerland  Sci.  Exact,  et 
Nat.,  I,  1898,  297. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round-oval,  0.7-0.9  /x,  which  form  chains. 

Bouillon.     Turbid;  medium  acid. 

Potato.     A  bright  yellow  growth. 

Milk.     Coagulated  in  7  days. 

On  gelatin.     A  yellow  growth. 

Pigment.     Soluble  in  alcohol. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  blighted  sorghum. 

32.    Str.  ochroleucus  (Prove)  Trevisan 

Micrococcus  ochroleucus  Prove:  Cohn,  Beitrage  Biol.,  IV, 409. 
Str.  ochroleucus  Trevisan  :  Gen.,  1889,  31. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.5-0.8 /x ;  solitary — pairs  —  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.      In  24   hours   small,   colorless,   with   elevated  and   wavy 
borders. 


70  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface  growth,  thin,  colorless,  becoming  in  3-4  days 

sulphur-yellow. 

Pigment.     Soluble  in  alcohol.     Old  gelatin  cultures  give  off  a  peculiar  odor. 
Potato.     Growth  scarcely  visible  before  the  fifth  day. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  urine  of  man. 


33.  Str.  fluorescens   (Klamann) 

Diplococcus  fluorescens-fcetidus  Klamann:  Allgemeine  medizin  Centralzeitung,  1887,  1347, 

Morphology.     Cocci  1.4  /A;  diplococci,  chains  of  6-10.     Grow  at  37°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Surface  colonies  round,  gray  brownish,  becoming  a  crateri- 

form    liquefaction,  with  a  brownish   gray  sediment.      The   surrounding 

gelatin  becomes  grassy  green — violet. 
Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface  a  round,  shallow,  crateriform  liquefaction,  with  a 

glistening  iridescent  film,  and  a  greenish  gray  sediment.     Film  on  surface 

violet ;  later  a  saccate  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin. 
Agar  slant.     A  granular  brownish  gray  growth. 

Potato.     A  greenish  growth,  becoming  bluish  green.     Potato  colored  blue. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  posterior  nares  of  man. 

34.    Str.  violaceus   (Schroter)  Trevisan 

Bacteridium  violaceum  Schroter:  Cohn  Beitrage  Biol.,  1870,  122. 
Micrococcus  violaceus  Cohn  :  Beitrage,  1870,  157. 
Streptococcus  violaceus  Trevisan :   Gen.,  1889,  31- 

Morphology.     Cocci  elliptical,  larger  than  B.  prodigiosus ;  in  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Slimy,  raised,  violet. 

Potato.     Slimy  spots,  deep  violet,  becoming  coalescent,  spreading  violet. 
Habitat.     Water. 

SPECIES  WITH  A  THICK  GELATINOUS  ENVELOPE 
35.    Str.  involutus  Kurth 

Mitteilungen  a.  d.  Kaiserl.  Gesundheitsamte,  1893,  439. 
Streptococcus  d.  Maul  und  Klauenseuche. 

In  fluid  blood-serum  growth  in  upper  part  of  medium,  as  a  bright  creamy 

layer,  composed  of  zoogloea  of  streptococci,  with  gelatinous  envelopes. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  Maul  and  Klauenseuche  of  cattle  and  sheep. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION 


36.    Str.  mesenterioides  (Cienkowski)  Migula 

* 

Ascococcus  mesenterioides  Cienkowski :  Arbeit,  d.  Nalurforsch.  Gesellsch.  Univ. 

Charkow,  XII,  1878. 

Leuconostoc  mesenterioides  Van  Tieghem:  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  1878. 
Str.  mesenterioides  Migula :  Engler-Prantl.  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1895. 

Morphology.     In  media  free  from  glucose  or  cane  sugar,  like  Str.  pyogenes. 
In  saccharine  media,  as  thick  white  gelatinous  clumps,  containing  chains. 
•      In  the  latter  gas  production  and  acid. 
Milk.     Coagulated. 
Habitat.     Causes  a  frog-spawn  alteration  of  saccharine  solutions. 


MICROCOCCUS 

Monas  Ehrenberg:  Die  Infusionstierchen  als  volkommene  Organismen,  1838. 
Mikrokokkus  Hallier,  1866-68. 

Micrococcus  Cohn  :  Ueber  Bacterien,  Beitrage  zur  Biol.  der  Pfl.,  I,  2,  1872,  127. 
Ascococcus  Billroth  :  Untersuch.  iiber  die  Vegetationsformen  von  Coccobacteria 

septica,  1874. 

Bacteridium  Schroter:  Die  Pilze,  in  Kryptogamenflora  von  Schlesien,  1886. 
Lampropedia  Schroter :  I.e. 
Hyalococcus  Schroter :  I.e. 
Leucocystis  Schroter :  1.  c. 

Cells  round ;  occur  singly,  in  twos,  threes,  tetrads,  and  in  irregular  groups. 
Division  in  two  directions  of  space.  Non-motile.  Spores  absent,  at  least 
never  certainly  demonstrated. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  GENUS 

I.   Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

A.   Without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 
\j   i.   Do  not  grow  on  ordinary  culture  media,  or,  at  best,  but  very  poorly. 

CLASS  I,  p.  72. 
2.    Grow  on  ordinary  culture  media. 

a.  Grow  best  at  body  temperatures,  and  not  at  20°  C. 

CLASS  II,  p.  73- 

b.  Grow  at  ordinary  room  temperatures,  20°  C. 

*   Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  III,  p.  74. 
**   Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  IV,  p.  82. 


-~2  BACTERIOLOGY 

B.  Doubtfuily  chromogenic;   growth  on  gelatin  or  agar  light  yellow  — 

yellowish  white. 

1.  Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  V,  p.  91. 

2.  Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  VI,  p.  94. 

3.  Do  not  grow  on  gelatin.     No.  61. 

C.  Distinctly  chromogenic  ;  form  a  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

1.  Pigment  yellowish  orange. 

a.  Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  VII,  p.  96. 

b.  Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  VIII,  p.  102. 

2.  Pigment  reddish,  pinkish,  flesh-colored.     CLASS  IX,  p.  105. 

3.  Pigment  bluish  black.     CLASS  X,  p.  108. 


CLASS  I.  WITHOUT  PIGMENT  ON  GELATIN  OR  AGAR.  DO  NOT 
GROW  ON  ORDINARY  CULTURE  MEDIA,  OR,  AT  BEST,  BUT 
VERY  POORLY. 

I.    No  growth  on  ordinary  culture  media. 

1.  M.  gonorrhoea  (Bumm)  Fliigge. 
( II.   Very  feeble  growth  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

2.  M.  catarrhalis  Frosch-Kolle. 

i.    M.  gonorrhoeas  (Bumm)  Fliigge 

Gonococcus  Neisser :  Centralblatt  f.  Med.  Wissensch.,  1879,  No.  28. 

Diplococcus  gonorrhoea  Bumm  :  Der  Mikroorganismen  der  gjonorrh.  Schleimhauterkrank- 

ung,  Wiesbaden,  1885. 
Micrococcus  gonorrhoea  Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.  Coccio  .8-1  .o  :  0.6-0.8  /x ;  in  pairs,  flattened  at  points  of  contact, 
or  in  tetrads.  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method.  Grow  only  in  specially 
prepared  media,  best  in  serum  agar,  one  part  of  human  ascites  fluid  and 
two  parts  of  melted  agar. 

Differential  diagnosis.  Examination  of  pus,  cover-glass  preparations,  shows 
gonococci  within  the  cells,  when  stained  with  alkaline  methyl  blue :  or 
stain  by  Gram's  method,  and  then  with  aqueous  solution  of  Bismarck 
brown. 

Pathogenesis .  Not  pathogenic  for  smaller  laboratory  animals.  Inoculation 
experiments  upon  man  give  positive  results. 

Habitat.  In  gonorrheal  pus,  and  associated  with  lesions  of  subsequent  in- 
fection. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  73 

J  2.    M.  catarrhalis  Frosch-Kolle 

Kokkus  bei  infektioser  Bronchitis  Seifert :  Volkmann's  Klin.  Vortr.,  No.  240. 
Micrococcus  catarrhalis  Frosch-Kolle :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  154. 

Morphology.     Cocci  1.0-2.0  /x,  slightly  oval,  mostly  in  twos,  with  a  clear  space 

between,  like  gonococci. 
Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  slight  growth  along  line  of  stab  ;  medium  not  liquefied. 
Agar  slant.    White  colonies  like  M.  pyogenes  var.  albus.    Grow  best  on  blood 

agar,  as  white  discrete  colonies.    Cultures  on  artificial  media  die  in  3-4  days. 
Pathogenesis .     Inoculations  of  smaller  animals  negative. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  an  infectious  bronchitis  ;  found  in  the  sputum  and 

nasal  secretions.      According   to  Pfeiffer,   perhaps  an   identical  species 

is   found  in  the  purulent  secretions  of  cases  of  bronchopneumonia  in 

children. 

CLASS   II.      WITHOUT    PIGMENT.      GROW    ON    ORDINARY    CULTURE 
MEDIA.     DO   NOT  GROW  AT   20°  C.,    OR   POORLY   IN  NO.  3. 

I.  Gonococcoid  forms. 

3.  M.  bovis  (Babes). 

4.  M.  Demmei. 

II.  Staphlococcus  forms. 

5.  M.  endocarditis  Weichselbaum. 

3.     M.  bovis  (Babes). 

Hcematococcus  bovis  Babes  :  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXV,  1889. 

Morphology.     Gonococcoid-oblong    forms;     isolated   or  united  in    groups. 

Free  cocci  surrounded  by  a  pale  yellowish  shining  aureole.     Decolorized 

by  Gram's  method.     Facultative  anaerobic. 
Gelatin  stab.     Along  the  line  of  stab  a  feeble  growth,  composed  of   small 

white  colonies. 

r  slant.     Small  transparent  colonies. 
Potato.     At  37°  C.,  growth   thin,  spreading,  yellowish,  glistening,  scarcely 

visible. 

Blood  Serum.     Small,  moist,  transparent  colonies. 
Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  rabbits  and  rats  positive,  with  death  in  6-8 

days  ;  spleen  enlarged,  lungs  hyperaemic,  bloody  serum  in  peritoneal  cavity, 

cocci  in  blood.     Guinea  pigs  immune. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  blood  and  organs  of  cattle  in  an  epidemic  malady 

with  haemaglobinuria. 


4.    M.  Demmei 

Diplococcus  of  pemphigus  acuta  Demme :  Verhandl.  des  Vet.  Congress  fur  innere  Med.  in 

Wiesbaden,  1886. 

Morphology.  Cocci  0.8-1.4  ft,  usually  in  pairs  like  gonococcus.  No  capsule  ; 
usually  in  irregular  masses. 

Aerobic.     Minimum  temperature  ±  32°  C. 

Agar  colonies.  In  36-48  hours  at  37°  C.,  round,  raised,  milk-white,  becoming 
rosette-like  forms,  with  outgrowths,  or  moruloid ;  creamy  white. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  creamy  white,  with  clavate  and  stalactite  elevations. 

Potato.     At  37°  C.  a  slow  growth. 

Pathogenesis .  Injections  into  lungs  of  guinea  pigs  cause  emaciation  and  de- 
bility, with  foci  of  bronchopneumonia. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  contents  of  bullae  in  a  case  of  pemphigus. 

5.     M.  endocarditis  Weichselbaum 

M.  endocarditis  rugatus  Weichselbaum  :  Ziegler's  Beitrage,  IV,  1889,  127. 

Morphology.     Similar  to  M.  pyogenes.     Aerobic. 

Agar  Colonies.     Deep  colonies :  irregular,  granular ;  a  large  central,  yellowish 

brown  nucleus,  surrounded  by  a  narrow  grayish  brown  periphery.    Surface 

colonies:   a  small  brown  central   nucleus,  with   a   translucent  granular, 

grayish  brown  periphery,  becoming  wrinkled,  with  a  stearine  lustre,  and 

viscid. 

Potato.     At  37°  C.  a  feeble  growth,  as  small,  dry,  pale  brownish  masses. 
Blood  serum.     Discrete,  confluent,  colorless  colonies. 
Pathogenesis.     Rabbits  inoculated  subcutaneously  in  ear  show  a  tumification 

and  oedema.     With  guinea  pigs,  a  local  suppuration.     Dogs,  inoculated 

intravenously,  endocarditis. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  affected  cardiac  valves  in  fatal  cases  of  ulcerative 

endocarditis. 

CLASS  III.  WITHOUT  PIGMENT.  GROW  ON  ORDINARY  CULTURE 
MEDIA  AND  AT  ROOM  TEMPERATURES,  20°  C.  GELATIN 
LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  proceeds  more  or  less  rapidly. 
A.   Grow  on  potato. 

I.    Growth  on  potato  white. 

a.    Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  takes  place  along  the  entire  length 
of  the  stab  ;  i.e.  infundibuliform  —  cylindrical. 

MICROCOCCUS  PYOGENES  GROUP. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  75 

*  Species  more  or  less  pathogenic. 

6.  M.  pyogenes  var.  albus  Rosenbach. 

7.  M.  mastitis. 

8.  M.  polymyositis  Martinotti. 
**    Saprophytic  species.    , 

•f   Gelatin  colonies  compact ;  border  entire  —  undulate. 

9.  M.  aethebius  (Trev.)  Flugge. 

ft   Gelatin  colonies  with  lacerate-fimbriate  borders. 

10.  M.  coronatus  Flugge. 

f ft   Gelatin  colonies  not  described. 

1 1 .  M.  liquefaciens. 

b.   Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin   takes  place  near  the  surface;   i.e. 
crateriform  becoming  stratiform. 

*  Milk  coagulated. 

12.  M.  simplex  Wrigh t . 

13.  M.  acidi-lactis  Kriiger. 
**    Milk  not  coagulated. 

14.  M.  xanthogenicus  (Freire)  Sternberg. 

2.  Growth  on  potato  yellowish  —  yellowish  brown. 

15.  M.  Freudenreichii  Guillebeau. 

1 6.  M.  radiatus  Flugge. 

3.  No  growth  on  potato. 

17.  M.  dissimilis  Dyar. 
Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  proceeds  very  slowly. 

A.  Liquefaction  takes  place  only  on  the  surface,  crateriform. 

1 .  Gelatin  colonies  very  minute. 

1 8.  M.  ascoformans  Johne. 

2.  Growth  on  gelatin  normal. 

19.  M.  albicans  (Trev.)  Bumm. 

20.  M.  aerogenes  Miller. 

21.  M.fcetidus  Klammen. 

B.  Liquefaction  takes  place  in  depth,  infundibuliform. 

22.  M.  alvi. 

23.  M.  Rheni. 

6.    M.  pyogenes  var.  albus  Rosenbach 

Wundinfectionskrankh.  des  Menschen,  Wiesbaden,  1884. 
Morphology.     Cocci  ±  0.8  /x ;  occur  singly  and  in  clumps. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Deep  colonies:  round-oval,  yellow  to  brown,  entire,  finely 
granular.    Surf  ace  colonies :  round,  irregular,  white,  becoming  1.5  mm.,  and 


76  BACTERIOLOGY 

sunken  in  the  liquefied  gelatin ;  microscopically,  yellowish  —  brownish 
with  a  transparent  border;  slightly  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  begins  in  2-3  days,  becoming  saccate ;  gelatin 
turbid,  with  a  heavy  sediment. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep  colonies :  round-oval,  grayish  yellow,  opaque  with  a  granu- 
lar border.  Surface  colonies :  round,  moist,  glistening,  becoming  several 
millimetres  in  diameter,  white  ;  microscopically,  round,  entire  with  a  trans- 
parent granular  zone,  and  with  a  gray  homogeneous  centre. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  a  delicate  pellicle,  and  a  heavy  white  sediment. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 

Potato.  Growth  limited,  white,  thick  ;  cultures  have  a  pasty  odor ;  H2S  pro- 
duced ;  indol  in  small  amount. 

VARIETIES 

Staphlococcus  epidermis-albus  Welch  :  Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1891,  439. 

Differs  from  No.  6  in  the  following  points  :  Liquefies  gelatin  more  slowly  ;  does 
not  quickly  cause  coagulation  of  milk,  and  is  much  less  virulent  when  in- 
jected into  the  circulation  of  rabbits. 

Habitat.  Common  on  surface  of  body,  and  in  the  deeper  parts  of  the 
epidermis. 

Staphlococcus  pyosepticus  Hdricourt-Richet :  Compt.  rend.  CVII,  1888,  690. 

Probably  a  variety  of  No.  6,  but  more  pathogenic  to  rabbits,  subcutaneous  in- 
oculations causing  extensive  inflammatory  oedema,  with  death  in  12-24 
hours. 

7.    M.  mastitis    . 

Micrococcus  of  Gangrenous  Mastitis  in  Sheep,  Nocard : 
Annales  Inst.  Pasteur  1, 1887,  417. 

Morphology.  Cocci  solitary,  in  pairs  and  irregular  clusters.  Stain  by  Gram's 
method.  Facultative  anaerobic. 

Gelatin  colonies  (surface).  Round,  white;  microscopically,  round,  homo- 
geneous, brown,  surrounded  by  a  translucent  aureole. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform. 

Agar  stab.  A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface  a  thick  white  spreading 
growth. 

Blood  Serum.     Liquefied. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  viscid,  grayish  ;  central  portion  yellowish. 

Pathogenesis .  Sheep  inoculated  subcutaneously  in  the  mammary  gland  show 
inflammatory  oedema  and  death  in  24-48  hours.  Rabbits  by  subcutaneous 
inoculation,  show  a  local  abscess.  Guinea  pigs  immune. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  7? 

^_^J    8.    M.  polymyositis  Martinotti 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXIII,  1898,  877. 

Morphology.     Cocci  solitary,  in  pairs  and  groups.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  36  hours  white  points,  becoming  in  3  days  sunken  in 
the  liquefied  gelatin. 

Agar  colonies.  In  24  hours,  at  37°  C.  Deep  colonies :  convex,  grayish  white, 
with  sharp  thin  edges. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  grayish  white,  becoming  spreading. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  a  white  stripe.  On  the  surface  growth  quite  spread- 
ing. In  three  days  liquefaction  begins  on  the  surface,  becoming  infundi- 
buliform.  Gelatin  turbid,  with  a  white  sediment. 

Bouillon.     In  24  hours,  at  37°  C.,  turbid. 

Potato.     Growth  white-gray,  becoming  deeper-colored. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 

Litmus  milk.     Reddened. 

Pathogenesis .  Rabbits  inoculated  subcutaneously  show  oedema,  redness,  and  a 
gangrenous  condition.  Animals  become  greatly  emaciated,  but  generally 
recover.  Guinea  pigs  immune. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  an  abscess  in  kidneys  in  a  case  of  polymyositis  acuta. 

9.    M.  aethebius  (Trev.)  Fltigge 

M.  urecE-liquefaciens  Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
Sir.  cethebius  Trevisan  :  Gen.  e  Spec.  Batteriaceae,  1889. 

Morphology.     Cocci  i.2-2.o/x  occur  singly  and  in  chains  of  3-10  elements,  or 

in  irregular  groups. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  2  days  small  white  points ;    microscopically,  round,  dark 

gray,  entire,  becoming  yellowish  brown  granular  with  an  undulate  border. 
Gelatin  stab.  Growth  along  needle  track  beaded,  becoming  a  liquefied  funnel. 
Habitat.  Air. 

10.    M.  coronatus  Fltigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.8-1.6  /x;  in  chains  and  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.    White  ;  microscopically,  gray,  coarsely  granular,  with  lacerate- 

fimbriate  borders,  becoming  liquefied  funnels. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  gray-white,  rather  dry,  spreading. 
Bouillon.     Feeble  growth,  turbid.     Indol  negative.     H2S  slight. 
Milk.     In  10  days  gelatinous,  in  14  days  curdled  and  acid. 
Habitat.     Air. 


78  BACTERIOLOGY 

ii.  M.  liquefaciens  v.  Besser 

M.  albus-liquefaciens  v.  Besser:  Beitrage  path.  Anat.,  VI,  1889,  46. 

Morphology.  Cocci  round-elliptical;  in  twos,  clumps,  and  chains.  Facul- 
tative anaerobic. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  saccate  liquefaction. 

Agar  colonies.  Elevated,  glistening,  0.5  mm.  Microscopically,  the  colonies 
show  a  brownish  centre,  with  an  outer  concentric  zoning. 

Potato.     Growth  white,  glistening. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  normal  nasal  mucus. 

12.   M.  simplex  Wright 

Memoirs  National  Academy  of  Sciences  (U.  S.  A.),  VII,  1895,  32. 

Morphology.     Cocci  medium-sized  ;  in  pairs,  tetrads,  and  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  dark  brownish,  granular;  entire  —  irregular 
margins.  Surface  colonies :  in  3  days  round,  glistening,  white,  trans- 
lucent, i.o  mm.  Microscopically,  dense-opaque,  granular ;  later  immersed 
in  a  clear  liquid  and  somewhat  fragmented. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  a  filiform  growth  ;  on  the  surface  liquefaction  crateri- 
form,  becoming  stratiform.  Gelatin  rendered  alkaline. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  milk-white,  glistening,  limited. 

Bouillon.  Turbid,  alkaline,  with  flocculi  on  the  surface  and  a  white  flaky 
sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  feeble,  composed  of  whitish  discrete  colonies. 

Litmus  milk.  In  2  weeks  viscid ;  pink  above,  decolorized  below,  becoming 
coagulated  and  acid. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.    Unchanged.    Indol?    No  nitrites.    Grow  at  36°  C. 

Habitat.     Water. 

13.   M.  acidi-lactis  Kriiger. 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VII,  1890,  495. 

Morphology.      Cocci   oval,    1.0-1.5   AM    i*1    twos   and    tetrads.      Facultative 

anaerobic. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  white,  border  lacerate. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  growth  beaded ;  on  the  surface  growth  round,  white, 

becoming  sunken  in  the  liquefied  gelatin. 
Milk.    Coagulated,  becoming  slimy,  peptonized,  and  has  a  pasty  odor.     Lactic 

acid  produced. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cheesy  butter. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  79 

14.   M.  xanthogenicus  (Freire)  Sternberg 

Cryptococcus  xanthogenicus  Freire. 

Micrococcus  of  Freire  Sternberg :    Manual  of  BaJ^nology,  1892. 

Morphology.  Cocci  0.5-0.8  /x ;  occur  singly,  in  twos  and  in  groups.  Stain  by 
Gram's  method.  <f 

Gelatin  stab.  A  crateriform  liquefaction,  becoming  stratiform,  with  a  milk- 
white  sediment. 

Agar  stab.     In  depth  growth  white-opaque  ;  on  the  surface  soft,  milk-white. 

Potato.     Growth  milk-white,  limited. 

Pathogenesis.  Guinea  pigs,  negative.  According  to  Freire  the  organism  is 
pathogenic  in  summer,  and  for  small  birds. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  cases  of  yellow  fever  and  supposed  by  Freire  to  be 
the  cause  of  the  disease. 


15.   M.  Freudenreichii  Guillebeau 

Schweizer  Archiv.  f.  Thierheilkunde,  XXXIV,  1892,  128. 

Morphology.     Cocci  large,  2.0  //,  and  more  ;  occur  singly,  rarely  in  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     White,  entire,  granular;  liquefied  in  2  days. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  —  yellowish  brown. 

Bouillon.    Turbid,  becoming  clear,  with  a  flocculent  sediment. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  viscid,  acid. 

Habitat.     Milk  and  cheese. 

1 6.   M.  radiatus  Fliigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Cocci  small,  0.8-1.0  /A;    occur  singly,   in  short    chains   and 

clumps. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Large  white ;  in  2  days  slightly  liquefied,  with  a  yellowish 

green  fluorescence.     Microscopically  brownish  yellow,  granular ;  border 

fimbriate  —  ciliate.      Colonies  become  10-15  mm.  in  diameter,  and  show 

a  concentrically  zoned  structure. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  along  line  of  stab  arborescent,  becoming  an  infundi- 

buliform  liquefaction. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown. 
Habitat.     Air  and  water. 


8o  BACTERIOLOGY 


17.   M.  dissimilis  Dyar 

Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  of  Sci.,  VIII,  1895,  353. 

Morphology.     Cocci  i.o/x;  in  masses. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  opaque,  surrounded  by  an  obscure  granular  veil. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  opaque. 

Milk.     Coagulated.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites  after  28  days. 

Litmus  milk.     Color  unchanged. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged.     Gelatin  rapidly  liquefied. 

Habitat.    Air. 

1 8.   M.  ascoformans  Johne 

Berichte  Veterinarwesen  in  K.  Sachsen,  1885,  27. 

M.  botryogenus  Rabe :   Deutsche  Zeitsch.  f.  Thiermedizin,  1886,  137. 

Morphology.     Diplocoeci  and  tetrads,  similar  to  M.  luteus. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Very  minute,  like  granules ;  microscopically  round,  entire,. 

without  special  characters. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  growth  white,  filiform;  on  the  surface  a  slow  crateri- 

form  liquefaction. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish,  with  a  fruity  odor. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  scarcely  visible. 
Pathogenesis .     Guinea  pigs  die  of  septicaemia.     Mice  immune.     Rabe  and 

Kitt  by  inoculations  produced  true  fibroma  in  horses.     Inoculations  of 

sheep  cause  inflammation,  cetlema,  and  necrosis. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  botryomycosis  in  horses. 


19.   M.  albicans  (Trev.)  Bumm 

Gray  white  micrococcus  Bumm  :   Der  Mikroorg.  Schleimhauterkrank.,  1885,  25. 

Neissera  albicans  Trevisan :    Gen.  e  Spec.  Batteriaceae,  1889. 

M.  albicans-amplus  Kruse :   Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  186. 

Morphology.     Diplocoeci  like  gonococcus,  but  larger,  2-2.8  /*,  or  in  groups  of 

3-4  elements. 

Gelatin  colonies^    Grayish  white,  slightly  elevated. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  a  grayish  white  stripe;  on  the  surface  a  grayish 

white  growth ;  after  a  time  a  liquefaction  takes  place  under  the  surface 

growth. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  vaginal  secretions. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  8l 

20.  M.  aerogenes  Miller 

Deutsche  medizinische  Wochenschrift,  1883,  No.  3. 

Morphology.     Cocci  large,  oval. 

Gelatine  colonies.     Round,  smooth. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  a  brownish  yellow  line ;  on  the  surface  a  flat  grayish 

white  button  ;  a  slight  liquefaction  after  some  days. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish  white. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  white. 
Habitat.     Found  in  the  alimentary  canal. 

21.  M.  foetidus  Klamman 

Allg.  med.  Centralzeitung,  1887,  344. 

Morphology.  Cocci  of  irregular  sizes  ;  occur  singly,  in  pairs,  short  chains,  and 
irregular  groups.  Single  diplococci  1.4  /tx.  At  37°  C.  only  slight  growth. 

Gelatin  colonies.     White,  round-oval. 

Gelatin  stab.  Growth  milk-white,  glistening,  with  an  elevated  knobby  surface, 
becoming  concentric  and  brownish.  Liquefaction  occurs  slowly.  Cul- 
tures have  a  disagreeable  odor  of  ozaena. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  irregular,  white,  spreading. 

Potato.  Growth  irregular,  slimy,  pale  reddish  gray,  with  a  knobby  surface. 
Odor  of  ozaena. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  posterior  nares  of  man. 

22.    M.  alvi 

M.  albus  liquefaciens  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 

Morphology.  Cocci  0.8-1.2,  often  oval,  and  3.0  ju,  long;  in  irregular  groups. 
Considerably  larger  than  M.  pyogenes. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Round,  white  ;  after  some  time  a  liquefaction  of  the  surround- 
ing gelatin  takes  place. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  a  feeble  growth,  later  a  funnel  of  liquefaction,  with  a 
scum  on  the  liquefied  gelatin. 

Agar  slant  and  blood  serum.     Growth  white  ;  latter  not  liquefied. 

Potato.  Growth  very  scanty,  thin,  colorless,  becoming  a  collection  of  white 
button-like  masses. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  alvine  discharges  of  healthy  infants. 


.82  BACTERIOLOGY 

23.    M.  Rheni 

Rhine  Water  Micrococcus  Burri :  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XIX,  1893,  *• 

Morphology.  Cocci  variable  0.5-1.25  p ;  scarcely  ever  quite  round,  mostly  flat- 
tened ;  in  tetrads. 

Gelatin  Colonies.  Deep  colonies:  Lenticular,  granular  near  the  periphery, 
Surface  colonies:  In  2-3  days,  white;  microscopically  round;  border 
slightly  irregular,  granular ;  after  7  days  still  small,  when  they  begin  to 
sink  in  the  softened  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  2  days  a  slight  depression,  which  later  resembles  an  air 
bubble,  becoming  in  7  days  a  narrow  funnel,  with  a  white  granular  sedi- 
ment, and  a  surface  scum.  Liquefaction  takes  place  slowly. 

Glycerin  agar  colonies.  Deep  colonies :  Like  gelatin  colonies.  Surface 
colonies:  In  2  days,  white,  glistening,  slightly  convex;  microscopically 
granular.  Growth  viscid. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  not  clearing;  finally  a  granular  white  sediment. 

Milk.     No  appreciable  growth,  and  no  coagulation. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Pathogenesis.     Guinea  pigs,  negative. 

Habitat.     Rhine  water. 

CLASS  IV.  WITHOUT  PIGMENT.  GROW  ON  ORDINARY  CULTURE  MEDIA 
AND  AT  ROOM  TEMPERATURES  20°  C.  GELATIN  NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.  Gelatin  colonies  distinctly  filamentous  or  arborescent. 

24.  M.  viticulosus  Fliigge. 

25.  M.  stellatus  Maschek. 

II.  Gelatin  colonies  compact. 

A.  Cocci  in  tetrads,  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 

26.  M.  tetragenus  Koch-Gaffky. 

27.  M.  Mendozce  (Trevisan)  Mendoza. 

B.  Cocci  morphologically  identical  with  gonococcus. 

28.  M.  tardissimus  (Trev.)  Bumm. 

29.  M.  magnus  (Rosenthal). 

C.  Cocci  united  in  zooglcea  masses. 

30.  M.  candidus  Cohn. 

D.    Cocci  not  as  before  specified,  staphlococci. 
i.   Colonies  concentrically  zoned. 

a.   Growth  on  gelatin  dirty  white,  yellowish  white. 

31.  M.  eczema. 

32.  M.  Sornthalii  Adametz. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA 

b.    Growth  on  gelatin  thin  bluish  gray. 

33.  M.  concentricus  Zimmerman. 
2.    Colonies  not  concentrically  zoned. 

a.  Growth  on  potato  invisible,  or  very  scanty.. 

*  From  animal  habitats,  or  pathogenic. 

34.  M.  cumulatus  v.  Besser. 

35.  M.  salivarius  Biondi. 

36.  M.  beta. 

**   Terrestrial  species  ;  in  water,  milk,  etc. 

37.  M.  aquatilis  Vaughan. 

38.  M.  tenacatis. 

39.  M.  acidi-lactici  (Lindner). 

40.  M.  cerevisce  (Balcke). 

b.  Growth  on  potato  abundant^ 

*  Gelatin  colonies  distinctly  lobed. 

41.  M.  fervidosus  Adametz. 

42.  M.  rosettaceus  (Zimmerman). 
**   Gelatin  colonies  not  distinctly  lobed. 

f   Milk  coagulated. 

43.  M.  ovalis  Escherich. 
ft    Milk  not  coagulated. 

§   Potato  cultures  yellowish-brownish. 

44.  M.  lac t is. 

§§   Potato  cultures  whitish-grayish. 

45.  M.  candicans  Fliigge. 

46.  M.  nivalis. 


24.    M.  viticulosus  Fltigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886,  178. 

Morphology.     Cocci  oval,  1.0-1.2  /A;  occur  as  zobgloea  masses. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies :  Show  a  network  of  hairy  ramifications,  like 
B.  Zopfi,  consisting  of  zoogloea.  Surf  ace  colonies :  Thin,  cloudy,  opaque, 
whitish,  from  which  fine  threads  penetrate  into  the  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.  Along  line  of  puncture  a  villous-feathery  growth ;  on  the  sur- 
face like  surface  colonies. 

Potato.     A  dirty  white  growth. 

Habitat.     Air  and  water. 


84  BACTERIOLOGY 

25.     M.  stellatus  Maschek 

Jahresbericht  der  Oberrealschule  zu  Leitmeritz,  1887. 

Morphology.     Cocci  never  in  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Star-shaped,  due  to  numerous  extensions,  the  ends  of  which 

are  branched. 

Gelatin  stab.     Along  line  of  stab  an  arborescent  growth. 
Potato.     A  brownish  yellow,  slimy  growth. 
Habitat.     Water. 

26.  M.  tetragenus  Koch-Gaffky 

Mitteilungen  a.  d.  Kaiserl.  Gesundheitsamte,  II,  1884,  42. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round-oval,  i.o  p.,  variable;  in  animal  body  as  tetrads, 

the  latter  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 
Aerobic,  only  slight  growth  under  anaerobic  conditions. 
Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies :  Irregular,  entire,  opaque,  granular — moruloid — 

nodular.     Surface  colonies :    Small,  irregular,  entire,  white,  moist,  slightly 

raised.     Microscopically  round,  entire,  becoming  lobed-lacerate,  gray. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  white  beaded  growth  along  line  of  stab ;  on  the  surface  in 

10  days  a  white,  thick  growth. 

Agar  slant.     A  thick,  slimy,  grayish  yellow,  moist,  glistening  growth. 
Bouillon.     Medium  clear,  with  a  sediment. 
Milk.     May  or  may  not  be  coagulated. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  white,  viscid,  limited. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Rendered  acid.     Indol  negative.     H2S  negative. 
Pathogenesis.     Mice  inoculated  subcutaneously  show,  somnolence  in  2  days, 

and  die  in  3-6  days.     Bacilli  in  spleen,  liver,  kidneys,  and  lung.     Guinea 

pigs  show  a  local  abscess  or  septicaemia.     Intraperitoneal   inoculations 

cause  a  purulent  peritonitis. 
Habitat.     Found  in  phthisical  cavities,  and  in  sputum. 

27.  M.  Mendozae  (Trev.)  Mendoza 

M.  tetragenus-mobilis  Mendoza:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VI,  1889,  506. 
Gaffkya  Mendoza  Trevisan  :  Saccardo,  Sylog.  Fungorum,  VIII,  1043. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  tetrads,  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  dirty  white,  finely  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface  a  dirty  white  growth.     Old  cultures  give  off  an. 

odor  of  skatol. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  white. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  85 

28.    M.  tardissimus  (Trev.)  Bumm 

Milk-white  Micrococcus  Bumm  :  Mikroorganismus  der  gon.  Schleimhauterk.,  1885. 
Diplococcus  albicans-tardissimus  Fliigge :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
Neisseria  tardissima  Trevisan :  Gen.  e  spec.  Batteriaceae,  1889. 

Morphology.     Gonococcoid  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  punctiform  ;  microscopically  round,  opaque,  brownish 

gray ;  colonies  in  2  weeks  become  2  mm.  in  diameter. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  grayish  white  beaded  growth  along  the  line  of  inoculation  ; 

on  the  surface,  growth  thin,  white,  stearine-like,  with  dentate  margins. 
Habitat.     Found  in  vaginal  secretions,  especially  those  of  puerperal  women. 


29.     M.  magnus  (Rosenthal) 

Diplococcus  magnus  Rosenthal :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXV,  1899,  I. 

Morphology.     A  diplococcus  with  a  distinct  capsule,  also  gonococcoid-like 

forms.     Non-motile.     Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     After  some  days,  yellowish  white,  convex. 
Glycerin  agar  colonies.      In  24  hours,  convex,  grayish  white,  with  a  fatty 

lustre,  radially  striped  and  concentrically  ringed,  with  a  sharp  indented 

border ;  opalescent. 
Gelatin  stab.     Very  small  colonies  along  line  of  stab,  and  a  small  segmented 

colony  on  the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     In  18  hours  at  37°  C.  a  growth  composed  of  punctiform  colonies. 
Glycerin  agar  slant.    A  scanty  growth  composed  of  minute  colonies,  scarcely 

discernible  to  the  naked  eye. 
Agar  stab.     In  depth  a  slight  growth  ;  on  the  surface  growth  grayish  white, 

segmented  and  radially  striped. 
Gelatin  slant.     As  on  glycerin  agar. 
Bouillon.     In  24  hours,  at  16-18°,  turbid;  little  sediment. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Potato.     An  abundant  growth,  as  orange-yellow  points. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  air. 


30.    M.  candidus  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biologic,  I,  1875,  160. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round,  0.5-0.7  /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Snow-white  ;  margins  irregular,  granular. 


86  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.    A  scanty  growth  along  line  of  stab ;  a  flat,  milky-white  growth 

on  the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     A  milk-white  growth. 
Habitat.     Water. 

31.  M.  eczemae 

Diplococcus  albicans-tardus  Unna :   Tomasoli,  Monatsch.  prakt.  Dermatol,  IX,  1889,  54, 

Morphology.     Oval  diplococci,  often  in  short  chains  or  irregular  groups. 
Gelatin    colonies.     Deep:   oval,    dark    yellow.      Surface:    round,    elevated,. 

grayish  yellow;    in  8  days   2  mm.      Microscopically  granular,  grayish 

yellow. 
Gelatin  stab.     Scanty  growth  in  depth ;  on  the  surface  growth   thin,  waxy., 

yellowish  white. 

Agar  slant.     A  yellowish  gray,  dull  streak. 
Habitat.     Upon  the  surface  of  the  body  in  eczema. 

32.  M.  Sornthalii  Adametz* 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  2d.  abt.,  1895,  4^5- 

Morphology.  Cocci  round-oval,  0.7  /x ;  in  twos,  fours,  clumps,  and  short  chains 
of  6-8  elements. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Surface:  white,  flat,  slimy,  in  8-10  days,  4-5  mm. ;  micro- 
scopically, dirty  —  yellowish  white,  concentric  ;  centre  brownish  opaque  ; 
border  thin  erose. 

Lactose  gelatin  stab.  A  beaded  growth  in  depth ;  on  surface  growth  dirty- 
yellowish  white,  slimy. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  acid  ;  gas. 

TT  _ 

Lactose  bouillon.    Gas  — —  =  —  • 
CO2      3 

Habitat.     Milk,  cheese. 

33.   M.  concentricus  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Trink  u.  Nutzwasser,  Chemnitz,  1890. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.9/11;  in  irregular  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies:  Deep :  round,  light  brown  —  grayish  yellow,  granular,  con- 
centrically zoned.  Surface:  small,  bluish  gray  disks,  becoming  larger 
and  more  irregular,  with  lobate  periphery.  Microscopically,  a  grayish 
brown  irregular-edged  and  lobate  centre,  with  a  lighter  granular  ring  and 
a  whitish  glistening  border. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  8f 

Gelatin  stab.     On  surface  growth  thin  bluish  gray,  concentric. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  spreading,  bluish  gray  —  whitish. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  yellowish  gray,  slimy. 
Habitat.     Water. 

34.   M.  cumulatus  v.  Besser 

M.  cumulatus-tenuis  v.  Besser :  Beitrage  Path.  Anat.,  VI,  347. 

Morphology.     Cocci  large,  oval ;  in  masses. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  growth  white,  beaded  ;  on  the  surface  elevated  slightly,. 

or  flat,  transparent. 
Agar  colonies.     Surface .    elevated,  punctiform,  0.2  mm.,  becoming  5   mm., 

flat  and  transparent;  microscopically,  shows  a  brownish  nucleus  with  a 

grayish  brown  border ;  wrinkled. 
Potato.     Only  a  scanty  growth. 
Bouillon.     Remains  clear,  with  a  sediment. 
Habitat.     Common  in  nasal  mucus  in  man. 

35.  M.  salivarius  Biondi 

M.  salivarius- septic  us  Biondi :    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  II,  1887,  194. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round  —  slightly  oval.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Surface :   round,  grayish  white,  which  may  become  darker. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  beaded,  white. 

Potato.     Growth  scanty. 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits  cause  dea.th  in 

4-6  days.     Cocci  in  organs.     No  inflammatory  reactions  in  tissues. 
Habitat.     Saliva  of  man. 

36.    M.  beta  Foutin 

Coccus  B  Foutin  :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VI,  1890,  372. 

Morphology.     Cocci  large,  round,  i  .o  /x ;  in  twos,  threes,  and  short  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Surface:   6  days,  round,  i.o  mm.,  white,  slightly  raised; 

microscopically,  gray  —  yellowish  gray,  slightly  granular  towards  periphery, 

smooth,  and  sometimes  lobular. 
Gelatin  stab.     The  growth  in  depth  shows  lateral  extensions  ;  surface  colony 

flat. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  smooth,  glistening,  rimmed. 
Potato.     A  thin,  scanty,  almost  transparent,  whitish  growth. 
Pathogenesis.     White  rats  inoculated  intraperitoneally  died  in  5-6  days ;  cocci 

in  blood,  liver,  and  spleen. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  hail. 


88  BACTERIOLOGY 

37.    M.  aquatilis  Vaughan 

M.  aquatilis-invisibilis  Vaughan  :  Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  1892. 

Morphology.     Cocci  oval. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Spreading  irregularly ;  microscopically  deep  brown. 

Gelatin  stab.     Only  a  slight  growth  in  depth ;  on  surface  growth  spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white. 

Potato.     Growth  invisible. 

Pathogenesis .     Negative. 

Habitat.    Water. 

38.    M.  tenacatis 

M.  No.  43  Conn :  Conn.  (Storrs)  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.  Report,  1894,  78. 

Morphology.     Cocci  oval,  0.7-0.9  ju,. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  smooth,  white  ;  slightly  raised. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  a  good  beaded  growth ;    on  surface   colony  raised, 

transparent,  becoming  thick,  white. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  transparent,  tenacious,  yellow. 
Potato.     No  visible  growth. 
Milk.     Unchanged,  becoming  slightly  acid. 
Bouillon.     Turbid ;  dense  yellowish  sediment,  becoming  clear. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

39.    M.  acidi-lactici  (Lindner) 

Pediococcus  acidi-lactici  Lindner:   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  II,  1887,  342. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.6-1.0,  solitary,  pairs,  and  tetrads.      Optimum  temper-'j 
ature  41°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  colorless,  becoming  yellowish  brown. 

Agar  stab.     On  surface  growth  thin,  colorless,  moist,  glistening. 

Potato.     Growth  scanty,  scarcely  visible.      Lactic  acid  is  produced  in  saccha- 
rine media. 

Habitat.     In  mash  from  malt,  and  in  hay  infusions. 

40.   M.  cerevisiae  (Balcke) 

Pasteur:  Etudes  sur  la  biere,  1876 ;   no  name. 

Pediococcus  cerevisice  Balcke :  Wochenschrift  f.  Brauerei,  1884,  183. 

Morphology.     Cocci,  single,  in  twos  and  as  tetrads  ;  involution  forms. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  colorless,  becoming  yellowish  brown. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  a  grayish  stripe;  on  the  surface  growth  white,  leafy, 
spreading. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  89 


Agar  slant.     Growth  moist,  grayish  white,  iridescent,  with  smooth  border. 
Potato.     A  scanty,  scarcely  visible  growth.     Optimum  temperature  25°  C.    In 

hop  beerwort  a  good  growth,  with  a  pellicle,  and  production  of  lactic  acid. 
Habitat.     In  beer,  air  of  breweries,  water.      A  common  cause  of  turbidity  in 

beer. 

41.    M.  fervidosus  Adametz 

Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1888. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.6  /x,  diplococci,  and  in  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  entire,  light  yellow,  strongly  refracting.  Surface: 
5-6  days,  transparent,  yellow,  serrate-lobate ;  later  colonies  show  a 
brownish  granular  centre,  and  a  yellowish,  slightly  folded  border. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  a  beaded  growth  ;  on  surface  growth  round,  thin,  and 
finely  serrate. 

Glycerin  gelatin  stab.     Bubbles  of  gas. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  milk-white,  slimy,  iridescent. 

Potato.     Growth  dirty  white. 

Habitat.     Water. 

42.    M.  rosettaceus  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  Chemnitz,  1899. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round-elliptical,  0.7-1.0  /x;   in  clumps,' like  a  bunch  of 

grapes. 
Gelatin  colonies .     Deep:  round,  entire.     Surface:   grayish  yellow,  glistening, 

drop-like  expansions,  with  irregular  contours. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  but  slight  growth  ;  on  surface  colony  round,  spreading, 

with  rosette-shaped  expansions. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  smooth,  gray,  glistening,  spreading. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  gray. 
Habitat.     Water. 

43.    M.  ovalis  Escherich 

Die  Darmbakterien  des  Sauglings,  1886,  90. 

Morphology.     Cocci  oval,  0.2-0.3  /"•!  sometimes  as  short  rods  with  a  fission 

line. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  not  characteristic. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  a  thin  whitish  growth  ;  on  surface  little  or  no  growth. 
Potato.     Growth  rather  abundant ;  white. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  acid. 
Habitat.     In  menconium  and  fasces  of  milk-fed  infants. 


90  BACTERIOLOGY 

44.  M.  lactis 

M.  No.  44,  Conn  :  I.e.  1894,  79. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round,  very  large,  1.5  /A. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  smooth,  raised,  gray  white. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  on  surface  growth  thin,  transparent, 

and  slightly  spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  dry,  whitish,  iridescent,  tough. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish-brownish. 
Milk.     Unchanged. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

45.    M.  candicans  Fltigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886,  173. 

Morphology.     Cocci  1.0-1.2  //.;  occur  singly  and  in  clumps,  with  generally  a 

septum  in  centre.     Grows  at  37°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Deep:   round-lenticular,  opaque,  dark,  entire.     Surface: 

round,  glistening,  porcelain-white,  slightly  raised    (convex),  thinner   on 

margin.     In  8  days  colonies  2-3  mm. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  growth  white,  filiform  —  beaded;  on  surface  growth 

white,  glistening,  raised. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  limited,  slightly  raised,  greasy. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  with  a  pellicle,  becoming  clear. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated  ;  in  14  days  slightly  acid. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  white,  greasy,  with  wavy  edges. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     I ndol  negative.     Sulphuretted  hydrogen  negative. 
Habitat.     Air,  water,  milk,  urine,  etc. 

46.    M.  nivalis 

M.  No.  47,  Conn  :  I.e.,  1894,  80. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round,  0.4  //,.     Grow  at  35°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  round,  smooth,  raised,  whitish. 

Gelatin  stab.      A  good  growth   in  depth ;    on  surface  growth  thick,  moist, 

slightly  spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  moist,  snow-white,  slightly  spreading. 
Potato.     Growth  very  watery,  spreading,  snow-white. 
Milk.     Unchanged,  becoming  in  3  weeks  slightly  alkaline. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  in  4  weeks  clear. 
Habitat.     From  the  air. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  91 

CLASS  V.      DOUBTFULLY  CHROMOGENIC  ;    i.e.  GROWTH  ON  GELATIN 
OR  AGAR   LIGHT  YELLOW  TO  YELLOWISH   WHITE.      GELATIN 
LIQUEFIED. 
I.    Cocci  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 

47.  M,  Heydenreichii. 

I.    Cocci  not  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 

A.  Gonococcoid  forms. 

48.  M.  hcemorrhagicus  Klein. 

B.  Cocci  only  as  tetrads,  merismopedia  forms. 

49.  M.  expositionis. 

C.  Cocci  in  irregular  groups. 

1.  Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  takes  place  only  at  the  surface  —  crateri- 

form. 

50.  M.  Finlayensis  Sternberg. 

51.  M.  descidens  Fliigge. 

52.  M.  alpha  Foutin. 

53.  M.  tetragenus-pallidus  Dyar. 

2.  Gelatin  liquefied  along  the  length  of  the  needle  track. 

54.  M.  cremoides  Zimmerman. 

47.    M.   Heydenreichii 

M.  of  Briska-button  Heydenreich :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  V,  1888,  163. 

Morphology.     Diplococci  0.8-1.0  p.,  or  tetrads,  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  48  hours  a  grayish  white  beaded  growth  in  depth ;  on  the 
surface  growth  thin,  yellowish  white ;  in  3  days  a  liquefied  funnel. 

Agar  slant.      Growth  grayish  white  —  yellowish,  —  with  a  varnish-like  lustre. 

Potato.     Growth  white,  yellow. 

Pathogenesis .  Inoculations  of  rabbits,  dogs,  chickens,  horses,  and  sheep  pro- 
duce a  skin  affection  identical  with  briska-button. 

Habitat.  Found  by  H.  in  pus  and  serous  fluid  from  tumors  and  ulcers  in 
an  Oriental  skin  affection  —  briska-button. 

48.    M.  haemorrhagicus  E.  Klein 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXXII,  1897,  81. 

Morphology.    Cocci  0.4-0.6  /x,  of  gonococcoid  type.    Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Surface :  24  hours,  small  round  gray  points ;  microscopi- 
cally, with  thick  centres  and  thin  borders.  In  48  hours  the  gelatin  softens, 
and  colonies  are  surrounded;  by  a  zone  of  fluid  gelatin  ;  the  central  colony 
slightly  yellowish. 


92  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  colonies.  In  24  hours,  at  37°  C,  surface  colonies  round,  white,  and 
slightly  raised ;  microscopically,  brown,  granular,  light  yellowish,  thicker 
in  the  middle  and  with  a  narrow  thin  translucent  border,  1-1.5  mm-  ? 
radially  striped. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  flat,  only  slightly  raised ;  white,  becoming  yellowish 
toward  the  centre ;  with  a  thin  border. 

Gelatin  slant.  A  whitish  gray  streak,  becoming  slowly  liquefied,  with  yellow- 
ish pulverent  masses  in  liquid  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.  Growth  in  depth  yellowish  brown,  beaded  ;  on  surface  growth 
white,  flat,  spreading,  becoming  sunken;  later  a  funnel  with  grayish 
white  —  yellowish  sediment. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.     No  gas  ;  a  growth  in  depth. 

Litmus  bouillon.     Reduced. 

Milk.     In  8-9  days  at  37°  C. ;  coagulated. 

Litmus  milk.     In  4  days,  red. 

Potato.     At  37°.  C. ;  growth  grayish-yellowish. 

Blood  serum.     Not  liquefied  ;  growth  yellowish  where  thickest. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  an  erythema  of  the  skin,  simulating  anthrax. 

I  49.    M.  expositionis 

M.  No.  34,  Conn.:  I.e.,  1894,  77. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.4  /x,  with  characteristics  of  merismopedia.      Grow  at 

35°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Surface:  A  liquid  pit,  with  a  nucleus,  and  cloudy  edges. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  Surface  a  slight  growth,  not 

spreading,  rather  thick,  and  does  not  very  thoroughly  liquefy  the  gelatin. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  moist,  with  thin  edges  tinged  with  yellow. 
Potato.     No  visible  growth. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  with  a  tough  yellowish  sediment,  becoming  in  4 

weeks  clear. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

50.    M.  Finlayensis  Sternberg 

Report  on  Etiology  and  Prevention  of  Yellow  Fever,  Washington,  1891,  219. 

Morphology.  -  Cocci  0.5-0.7  /x,  solitary  —  pairs  —  tetrads  —  irregular  masses. 
Gelatin  stab.  A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface  a  crateriform  depres- 
sion, lined  with  a  viscid,  light  yellow  layer  of  cocci. 
Agar  slant.  Growth  light  yellow,  viscid. 
Pathogenesis.  Negative  for  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.  In  cultures  from  liver  and  spleen  of  yellow  fever  cadaver. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  93 

51.    M.  descidens  Fliigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Small  cocci  and  diplococci,  or  in  threes  and  short  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :  2  days,  small,  white-yellowish  ;  microscopically  oval, 
•    yellowish  brown,  granular.     Surface:  4  days,  round-lobular,  5-10  mm., 

light  yellowish-brownish  smooth  slimy  expansions,  not  at  all  elevated; 

finally  colonies  sink  in  a  flat  circular  depression. 
Gelatin  stab.      In  depth  growth  white,  filiform ;  on  surface  growth  yellowish 

brown,  slimy,  becoming  sunken. ' 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown,. thick,  "slimy. 
Habitat.     Air  and  water. 

52.    M.  alpha  Foutin 

Coccus  A  Foutin:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriotogie,  VII,  1890,  372. 

Morphology.    Cocci  round.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  4  days,  elevated  white  disks;  microscopically,  darker  in 

centre  ;  periphery  lighter  and  slightly  granular. 
Gelatin  stab.     But  scanty  growth  in  depth  ;  on  surface  a  yellowish  nailhead  ; 

liquefaction  begins  in  5-6  days,  and  proceeds  slowly.  j 

Agar  slant.     Growth  light  rose-colored,  smooth,  glistening. 
Potato.     Growth  like  B.  typhosus. 
Pathogenesis.     Negative  for  mice  and  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Found  in  hail. 

53.    M.  tetragenus-pallidus  Dyar 

L.c.,  p.  354.    According  to  Dyar,  a  variety  of  M.  tetragenus-vividus t  No.  74. 

54.    M.  cremoides  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  Chemnitz,  1890. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.8  //,,  in  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  entire,  yellowish  —  grayish  brown,  granular. 
Surface:  lobular-denticulate,  concentric,  crateriform ;  the  yellowish  white 
colony  lines  the  bottom  ;  microscopically,  a  brownish  yellow  granular  cen- 
tre, and  a  less  dense  granular  border,  with  radial  extensions. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  3  to  4  days  liquefaction  extends  along  the  line  of  the  needle ; 
on  the  surface,  a  bubble  of  gas  lined  with  a  yellowish  white  growth ;  a 
yellowish  white  sediment  in  the  liquefied  gelatin,  and  a  pellicle  on  the 
surface. 


94 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish  white,  glistening,  granulated. 
Potato.     Growth  raised,  creamy. 
Habitat.     Water. 

CLASS  VI.  DOUBTFULLY  CHROMOGENIC,  i.e.  GROWTH  ON  GELA- 
TIN OR  AGAR  LIGHT  YELLOW  OR  YELLOWISH  WHITE.  GEL- 
ATIN NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.   Cocci  very  large,  1.5-2.0  microns  in  diameter. 

55.  M.  citreus  Sternberg. 
II.    Cocci  smaller  than  the  preceding. 

A.  Growth  in  gelatin  stab  beset  with  radiate  acicular  extensions. 

56.  M.  plumosus  Brautigam. 

B.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  not  as  above  specified. 

1.  Grow  well  in  nutrient  gelatin. 

57.  M.  viridis  (Guttmann). 

2.  Growth  in  gelatin  slight,  colonies  very  small. 

58.  M.  versicolor  Fliigge. 

59.  M.  tardigradus  Fliigge. 

60.  M.  Jongii. 

3.  No  growth  in  gelatin. 

61.  M.  subflavus  v.  Besser. 

55.    M.  citreus  Sternberg 

Cremfarbiger  micrococcus  List :  Adametz,  Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1888. 
M.  citreus  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892;  599. 

Morphology.  Cocci  very  large,  round,  1.5-2.2,  occur  singly,  as  diplococci,  or 
as  chains  of  8  or  more  elements. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Elevated,  irregular,  moist,  glistening,  dirty  yellow — cream- 
colored. 

Gelatin  stab.     Only  a  slight  growth  in  depth. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  light  yellow. 

Potato.     At  37°,  a  yellowish  growth. 

Habitat.    Water. 

56.    M.  plumosus  Brautigam 

Adametz,  Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1888. 

Morphology.     Cocci  round,  0.8  /A,  forming  zob'gloea. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Raised,  lobed,  yellowish  white. 


THE    CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  95 

Gelatin  stab.     The  growth  in  depth  is  beset  with  echinulate-acicular  exten- 
sions ;  on  surface,  growth  slimy,  with  radiating  acicular  outgrowths. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  white,  with  lobular  offshoots. 
Habitat.     Water. 

57.    M.  viridis  (Guttmann) 

Staphlococcus  viridis-flavescens  Guttmann  :  Virchow's  Archiv,  CVI,  1887,  259. 

Morphology.     Cocci  of  irregular  sizes,  solitary,  in  pairs  and  clumps. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Both  deep  and  surface  colonies  grayish  yellow. 
Agar  stab.     At  37°  C,  24  hours,  growth  grayish  yellow. 
Potato.     Growth  at  37°  C.  abundant. 
Habitat.     Water  (?). 

58.    M.  versicolor  Fliigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886,  177. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  twos  and  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  :  round,  entire,  yellowish  gray,  opaque,  granular,  I  mm. 
Surface:  in  4  days  10  mm.,  irregular — quadrangular  —  lobed,  slimy,  glis- 
tening, yellowish  gray,  iridescent,  often  punctiform  in  centre. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  yellowish,  beaded ;  on  the  surface,  like  gelatin  col- 
onies. 

Habitat.     Air. 

59.    M.  tardigradus  Fliigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886,  175. 

Morphology.     Cocci  large,  round,  in  clumps,  with  often  darker  poles. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round-oval,  entire,  dark  olive-green,  0.4-0.6  mm. 
Surface:  slightly  elevated,  smooth,  glistening,  0.5-1.0  mm.;  micro- 
scopically, grayish  yellow,  lighter  toward  the  periphery. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  after  6-8  days,  a  beaded  growth,  composed  of  yel- 
lowish colonies. 

Habitat.     Air. 

60.    M.  Jongii 

Staphlococcus  pyogenes  bovis  Jong :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXV,  1899,  67. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.6-1.0  /A,  variable  in  size,  singly,  and  in  clumps.     Stain 

with  ordinary  colors.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.    In  24-48  hours,  minute,  round-oval,  whitish  yellow  to  yellow ; 

microscopically,  light — dark  brown. 
Gelatin  slant.     Yellow  round  colonies,  or  a  yellow  layer. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  white  —  yellowish  white  round-oval  colonies  ;  on  the 

surface,  a  minute  golden  yellow  growth. 


96  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  slant  and  glycerine  agar  slant.  A  good  growth,  which  at  37°  C.  is  yellow, 
and  at  22°  C.  a  whitish  yellow. 

Blood  serum.     Growth  whitish  yellow. 

Potato.     Growth  glistening,  whitish  yellow. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Bouillon.  Turbid,  stringy  sediment.  Media  first  rendered  alkaline,  then  acid. 
Indol  negative. 

Glucose,  lactose,  and  saccharose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Pathogenesis .  Dogs,  rabbits,  and  guinea  pigs  negative  by  subcutaneous,  intra- 
venous, and  intraperitoneal  injections. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  suppurating  processes  in  cattle. 

6 1.    M.  subflavus  v.  Besser 

M.  tetragenus-subflavus  v.  Besser :  Ziegler's  Beitrage  path.  Anat.,  1889,  331. 

Morphology.      Cocci  round-oval,  medium-sized,  in  tetrads.     Do  not  grow  in 

nutrient  gelatin. 
Agar  colonies.     Flat,  dirty  white,  glistening,  0.5  mm.,  with  wrinkled  margins  ; 

microscopically,  a  small  brown  nucleus,  a  grayish  brown  irregular-striped 

zone,  and  a  wrinkled  outer  margin. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  flat,  spreading,  grayish  white ;    later,  the  color  of  M. 

pyogenes  aureus. 
Potato.     Growth  pale  brown. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  mucus. 

CLASS  VII.  DISTINCTLY  CHROMOGENIC.  FORMS  A  PIGMENT  ON 
GELATIN  OR  AGAR.  PIGMENT  YELLOWISH-ORANGE.  GELATIN 
LIQUEFIED. 

I.   Typical  gonococcoid  forms. 

62.  M.  epidermis. 

H.    Sarcina,  or  typical  tetrad  grouping  of  the  elements. 

63.  M.  albus  (Lindner). 

III.    Staphlococcus  grouping  of  the  elements. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied  along  the  length  of  the  stab,  or  to  a  considerable 

depth. 
I.   Gelatin  rapidly  liquefied. 

64.  M.  pyogenes  var.  aureus  Rosenbach. 

65.  M.  aureus  Dyar.  / 

66.  M.flavus  Flligge. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  97 

2.  Gelatin  liquefied  slowly,  or  imperfectly. 

67.  M.  luteus  Cohn. 

68.  M.  Urugucs. 

B.    Gelatin  liquefied  only  on  the  surface  ;  shallow,  crateriform. 

1 .  Colonies  with  distinct  lobular  projections  from  the  central  body. 

69.  M.  conglomerate  (Bumm)  Fliigge. 

70.  M.flavus  Fliigge. 

2.  Colonies  not  specified  as  before. 

a.  Potato  cultures  salmon-colored  —  brown;  rough  —  rugose. 

71.  M.  rugosus. 

b.  Potato  cultures  yellow,  not  rugose. 

72.  M.  orbicular  is  Ravenel. 

73.  M.  Tommasoli. 

74.  M.  versatilis  Sternberg. 

62.    M.  epidermis 

Diplococcusfiavus-liquefaciens  Unna :  Tommasoli,  Monatshefte  f.  prakt.  Dermatol., 

IX,  56. 

Morphology,     Cocci  0.5-0.8  /x,  like  gonococci^ 

Gelatin  colonies.   Deep :  small,  round,  opaque,  olive-brownish  yellow.   Surface  : 

in  8  days,  very  small,  round,  glistening,  light-grayish  yellow ;"  later,  3  weeks, 

chrome  yellow  —  greenish  yellow,  surrounded  by  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  in  depth,  thin,  yellowish ;  on  surface,  thin,  yellowish 

white,  slimy;  in  3  weeks  3-4  mm. ;  later,  depressed,  due  to  liquefaction; 

in  8  weeks  one-half  of  the  tube  is  liquefied.     Gelatin  yellowish,  with  a 

yellowish  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  slimy,  yellowish  white— greenish  yellow. 
Potato.     Growth  sulphur-yellow. 
Habitat.     From  the  skin  in  eczema. 

63.    M.  albus  (Lindner) 

Pediococcus  albus  Lindner:  Die  Sarcina  Organismen  der  Ga.hr ungsgewerbe,  Berlin,  1888; 
ref.  Hot.  Centralblatt,  1888,  99. 

Morphology.     Cocci  solitary,  in  pairs  and  tetrads,  frequently  in  pseudo-sarcina. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  becoming  liquefied. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  24  hours,  a  deep  channel  of  liquefied  gelatin,  with  a  whitish 

sediment,  becoming  pale  orange. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  broad,  dry  ;  old  cultures  have  an  orange  color. 
Potato.     Growth  dirty  white.     An  acid  reaction  of  the  medium. 
Habitat.     From  water  and  Weiss  beer,  causing  a  slight  acidity  of  the  latter.. 
H 


gg  BACTERIOLOGY 

j 

64.    M.  pyogenes  var.  aureus  Rosenbach 

I.e.,  No.  6. 

Morphology.     Cocci  i.o  /A,  in  irregular  clumps.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round-oval,  granular,  brownish.  Surface:  whitish 
yellow  points,  becoming  more  yellowish ;  not  increasing  in  size,  but  be- 
coming sunken  in  the  liquefied  gelatin.  Microscopically,  round ;  border 
undulate  —  erose  —  lacerate;  punctate,  finely  granular,  translucent. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  saccate,  with  a  yellowish  film  on  the  surface. 
Gelatin  turbid,  with  a  yellowish  sediment. 

Agar  slant.  An  abundant  opaque,  smooth,  moist,  glistening  layer,  becoming 
bright  orange. 

Potato.     Growth  abundant,  orange,  or  rather  scanty. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  clear,  with  abundant  yellowish  sediment. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  acid.     Indol  negative.     H2S,  slight. 
\GIucose  bouillon.     No  gas  ;  acid. 

Pathogenesis .  Virulence  of  cultures  variable.  Rabbits:  Subcutaneous  inocu- 
lations cause  acute  local  inflammation  and  suppuration.  The  cocci  mul- 
tiply in  the  lymph  spaces,  and  may  be  found  within  the  leucocytes,  and 
also  invading  the  capillary  walls ;  usually  the  cocci  confined  to  the  local 
centres  of  suppuration.  Intraperitoneal  injections  cause  suppurative 
peritonitis,  either  local  or  spreading,  resulting  in  death.  Subcutaneous 
inoculations  of  human  subjects  result  in  local  suppuration. 

Habitat.     Widely  distributed ;  in  ulcerative  endocarditis,  osteomyelitis,  and 
a  variety  of  inflammatory  and  suppurative  processes  in  the  body.     For 
.etiological  relations,  see  text-books. 

VARIETIES. 

Staphlococcus  salivarius-pyogenes  Biondi :  Die  path.  Microorg.  des  Speichels, 
Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  II,  1887,  1094. 

Micrococcus  of  Almquist :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  X,  1891,  253. 

In  pemphigus.  Organism  possesses  specific  pathogenic  power.  Almquist,  by 
inoculation  of  his  own  arm,  caused  bullae  like  those  of  phemphigus. 

Staphlococcus  quadrigeminus  Czaplewski :  Centralblatt,  Bakteriologie,  XXV,  1 43. 

In  many  points  similar  to  M.  pyogenes-aureus. 

Diff.  colonies  on  LofBer's  blood  serum  show  in  a  short  time  a  transparency 
and  liquefaction  of  the  medium.  Stain  by  Gram's  method,  but  more  easily 
decolorized.  Grows  more  slowly  in  gelatin,  and  forms  an  air  bubble  in 
gelatin  above  the  funnel  of  liquefaction.  Pigment  like  aureus,  but  with  a 
rose-colored  tinge. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  vaccine  lymph. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  99 

65.   M.  aureus  Dyar 

M,  cremoides-aureus,  Dyar :    I.e. 

Morphology.     Cocci  1.0-1.2  /x;  associated  irregularly. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  light  yellow,  opaque.  Surface:  cups  of  lique- 
fied gelatin  are  quickly  formed,  and  masses  of  opaque  orange  flocculi  form 
a  ring  about  a  clear  central  nucleus. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  liquefaction  along  the  line  of  stab. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  becoming  peptonized. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 

Lactose  litmus.    Reddened. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  limited,  glistening,  orange. 

Glycerine  agar.     Growth  scarcely  chromogenic. 

Nitrates.     Not  reduced. 

According  to  Dyar,  a  variety  of  M.  cremoides  Zim.,  No.  54. 

Habitat.     Air. 

66.  M.  flavus  Fliigge 

M . flavus-liquefaciens  Fliigge:    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Cocci  rather  large,  in  twos,  threes,  and  in  groups. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  oval,  often  lobular.  Surface:  yellowish  brown, 
finely  serrate,  becoming  surrounded  by  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin,  con- 
taining the  central  colony  with  isolated  radial  processes  from  the  latter ; 
colonies  4-6  mm. 

Gelatin  stab.  Growth  in  depth  beaded,  yellowish ;  gelatin  rapidly  liquefied 
with  a  yellowish  flocculent  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  irregular,  intense  yellow. 

Habitat.     From  the  air  and  water. 

67.  M.  luteus  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biologic,  I,  1870. 

Morphology.  Cocci  i  .0-1 .2  /u,,  round,  in  twos  and  fours ;  form  zobgloea.  Grow 
at  37°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round-elliptical,  entire,  granular,  yellowish  gray. 
Surface:  yellowish  —  yellowish  white,  raised,  round-irregular.  In  3  days 
1-2  mm.,  becoming  sunken.  Microscopically,  yellowish  gray  —  gray- 
brown  ;  border  undulate  —  lobed. 

Gelatin  stab.  Growth  in  depth  beaded,  becoming  slowly  liquefied,  cylindrical. 
(According  to  Frankland,  gelatin  not  liquefied.) 

Agar  slant.     Growth  citron-yellow. 


I00  BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon.    Clear;  yellowish  sediment. 

Milk.     In  20  days  partly  coagulated ;  acid. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  citron-yellow,  becoming  wrinkled  (?). 

Habitat.     Air  and  water. 

68.   M.  Uruguae 

M.  No.  40  Conn:   I.e.,  1894,  78. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.9  ft. 

G*/«/*»  colonies.  A  little  pit,  with  a  central  granular  yellowish  nucleus,  and 
an  outer  lobate  rim. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  a  narrow  funnel  or  pit,  which  is  quite  dry.  There  is- 
formed  a  thick  syrup  with  a  yellowish  sediment  and  a  yellowish  scum. 
The  gelatin  never  completely  liquefies  even  after  weeks  of  growth. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  Naples  yellow,  rough,  dry. 

Potato.     Growth  Naples  yellow,  dry,  thick,  mounded. 

Milk.     Coagulated  in  5  days  ;  acid. 

Bouillon.     Remains  clear,  with  a  slight  flaky  scum,  and  a  slight  sediment. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

69.   M.  conglomeratus  (Bumm)  Fliigge 

Diplococcus  citreus-conglomeratus  Bumm  :    Der  Mikroorg.  der  gon.  Schleimhauterkrank- 

ungen  Wiesbaden,  1885,  17. 
M.  citreus-conglomeratus  Fliigge :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.  Gonococcoid  forms,  frequently  in  tetrads,  usually  in  conglomer- 
ate masses. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  lemon-yellow,  with  lobular  projections.  Surface  ~ 
moist  glistening,  becoming  cleft  —  scaly.  .  ,  • 

Gelatin  stab.     A  crateriform  liquefaction,  with  a  yellow  pellicle  on  surface. 

Habitat.     From  gonorrheal  pus,  air,  dust. 

70.   M.  flavus  Fliigge 

M.  flavus-liquefaciens  Fliigge  :    I.e.,  1886.     (See  No.  66.) 

Morphology.     Cocci  large  ;  in  twos  and  in  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.      Deep:    round-oval    with   sometimes   lobular  projections-.. 

Surface:   yellowish    brown,    finely    serrate;    surrounded    by   a    zone   of 

liquefied  gelatin,  with  radial  extensions  from  the  central  nucleus. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  yellowish  colonies ;   on   surface,  yellowish  colonies 

becoming  confluent,  and  later  depressed  by  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  to 

a  depth  of  2  mm. 
Potato.     Growth  deep  yellow. 
Habitat.     Air,  water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  IOI 

71.    M.  rugOSUS 

M.  No.  2  Conn  :   I.e.,  1893,  50. 

Morphology.     Cocci  1.0-1.2  ;  never  form  chains.     Grow  at  37°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     A  slight  pit  of  liquefied  gelatin  becoming  coarsely  granular 

—  fragmental. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  shallow  crateriform,  only  one-fourth  of  the  gelatin 

liquefied  after  several  weeks. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  dry,  raised,  limited,  rugose,  tenacious,  sticky,  Naples  yellow. 
Potato.  Growth,  thick,  dry,  rough  —  rugose,  flesh-colored  —  salmon-brown. 
Milk.  Coagulated,  alkaline;  butyric  acid  and  alcohol;  orange  masses  on 

the  surface. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  no  pellicle,  a  slight  sediment. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

72.   M.  orbicularis  Ravenel 

M.  orbicularis-flavus  Ravenel :    I.e.,  p.  8. 

Morphology.     Cocci  large,  in  irregular  groups.     Slight  growth  at  36°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  irregular,  finely  granular,  yellow.  Surface:  in  3  days 
minute  yellowish  dots;  in  5  days  colonies  i  mm.,  round,  entire,  slightly 
elevated,  becoming  crateriform.  Microscopically,  a  homogeneous  centre, 
with  granular  entire  margins. 

Gelatin  stab.  On  the  surface  a  small  yellowish  button,  becoming  crateriform, 
and  in  7  days  a  stratiform  liquefaction,  with  a  yellowish  flocculent  sediment. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  faint  yellowish,  glistening,  limited,  becoming  canary- 
yellow. 

Potato.  Growth  thin,  moist,  spreading,  colorless,  becoming  thicker  and 
yellow  ;  then  granular,  moist,  glistening. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  whitish  sediment,  becoming  faint  yellow. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid  becomes  slightly  darker  in  2  weeks. 

Litmus  milk.      Unchanged. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  slight. 

Nitrites.      Negative. 

Habitat.     SoilX 

73.   M.  Tommasoli 

Diplococcus  citreus-liquefaciens  Unna:  Tommasoli,  Monatsch.  f.  prakt.  Dermatol.,  IX,  56. 

Morphology.     Cocci  small  oval,  in  twos,  tetrads,  clumps,  and  short  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies .     Deep :  round-oval,  entire,  brownish  yellow.     Surface:  in  4 

days,  round,  flat,  grayish  white ;  in  8  days  1-2  mm. ;  in  2  weeks  lemon - 

yellow,  with  crateriform  liquefaction. 


:    •'.-  >;U  '<;  ..\':*\*.? 
102  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  thin,  glistening,  yellowish ;   in  3  weeks  the 
gelatin  is  liquefied  to  a  depth  of  6  mm. ;  gelatin  opaque,  yellowish. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish  brown. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  yellow. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  skin  of  persons  suffering  from  eczema  suborrhei- 
cum. 

74.   M.  versatilis  Sternberg 

M.  tetragenus-versatilis  Sternberg :    Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 

Morphology.      Cocci  0.5-1.5/1;   in  tetrads  and  irregular  groups.     Stain   by 

GranVs  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  opaque,  light  yellow  —  lemon-yellow.     Liquefaction 

begins  after  several  days,  and  progresses  slowly. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  slight  growth  ;  on  surface,  a  crateriform  liquefaction, 

with  a  yellowish  viscid  sediment. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.      Growth   thick,   viscid,  yellow,   moist,   glistening, 

spreading. 

Pathogenesis.     Rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  excrement  of  mosquitoes  which  had  sucked  the 

blood  of  yellow  fever  patients,  and  from  the  air.  v 

74  a.   M.  tetragenus-vividus  Dyar 

N.  Y.  Acad.  of  Sciences,  VIII,  354. 
Probably  a  variety  of  or  identical  with  the  preceding. 

CLASS    VIII.      DISTINCTLY    CHROMOGENIC.      PIGMENT    YELLOWISH 

ORANGE.     GELATIN  NOT  LIQUEFIED 
I.    Cocci  in  tetragenous  groups. 

75.  M.  varians  (Dyar). 

76.  M.  Vincenzii. 

II.   Cocci  in  Staphlococcus  groupings. 

A.  Growth  on  potato  yellowish. 

1.  Pigment  orange-yellow. 

77.  M.  aurantiacus  (Schroter)  Cohn. 

2.  Pigment  lemon-yellow. 

78.  M.  cereus  Passet. 

3.  Pigment  brownish  yellow. 

79.  M.  orbiculatus  Wright. 

B.  Growth  on  potato  invisible. 

80.  M.  aerius. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  103 

75.    M.  varians  (Dyar) 

Merismopediaflava-varians  Dyar,  I.e.,  p.  346. 

Morphology.     Cocci  i.o  /x,  in  twos  and  tetrads. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :  round-irregular,  opaque,  yellow.     Surface :  opaquer 

dull,  light  yellow  ;  edge  slightly  wavy. 
Lactose  littnus.     Reddened. 
Milk.     Coagulated  only  on  boiling. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  yellow  sediment. 
Glucose  agar.     Growth  bright  yellow,  opaque. 
Potato.     As  before. 
Nitrates.     Reduced. 
Habitat.     Air. 

76.    M.  Vincenzii 

M.  tetragenus-citreus  Vincenzi :  La  Riforma  Med.,  1897,758. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  tetrads.     Do  not  stain  by  GranVs  method.     Facultative 

anaerobic.     Grow  at  37°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies  round,  yellowish  ;  gelatin  liquefied  in  6-12  days. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  beaded  growth ;  on  surface,  gelatin  softened,  not 

fluid. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish. 
Bouillon.     A  citron-yellow  sediment. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated ;  a  citron-yellow  sediment. 
Pathogenesis .     Rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  and  mice,  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  submaxillary  lymphatic  gland  of  a  child. 

77.    M.  aurantiacus  (Schroter)  Cohn 

Bacteridium  aurantiacus  Schroter  :  Beitr.  z.  Biol.,  I,  1870, 119. 
M.  aurantiacus  Cohn :  Beitrage,  I,  1870,  154. 

|  Morphology.    Cocci  round  —  slightly  oval,  i  .3-1.5  fi ;  occur  singly,  in  twos  and 

small  clumps, 
i    Gelatin  colonies.     Surface:  round-oval,  smooth,  glistening,  with  orange-yellow 

centres.     Microscopically,  finely  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  small  yellow  colonies ;  on  the  surface,  a  similar  de- 
velopment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  orange-yellow,  spreading. 

Potato.     Growth  slimy,  yellow  ;  pigment  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  air  and  from  water. 


104  BACTERIOLOGY 

78.    M.  cereus  Passet 

M.  cereus-flavus  Passet:  Fortschritte  d.  Medezin,  III,  1887. 
Tils:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1890,  300. 

Morphology.     Cocci  of  variable  sizes  ;  in  clumps  and  occasionally  in  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Lemon-yellow,  becoming  1-2  mm. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  scanty,  yellow  ;  on  the  surface,  the  growth  re- 
sembles drops  of  stearine  or  wax,  yellow,  with  elevated  margins. 
Potato.     Growth  citron-yellow. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  human  abscess. 


79.    M.  orbiculatus  Wright 

L.c.,  p.  432. 

Morphology.     Cocci  rather  large,  in  pairs,  tetrads,  and  small  clumps.     Grow 

at  36°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Deep:  round,  entire,  opaque,  yellowish.    Surface:  in  5  days 

rounded,  slightly  elevated,  white,  glistening,  i  mm.,  becoming  2-3  mm. ; 

dark  yellow,   pale  margins.     Microscopically,  brownish  yellow — brown, 

dense,  granular. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  brownish  yellow,  glistening,  limited,  rather  thick. 
Agar  slant.      Growth  slight,  composed  of  discrete  and  confluent  colonies ; 

grayish-yellowish. 

Bouillon.     Alkaline,  with  a  yellowish  stringy  sediment. 
Potato.     Growth  yellow,  glistening,  thick,  spreading. 
Litmus  milk.     Not  coagulated  ;  after  several  weeks' slightly  pink. 
Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.     Slowly  decolorized,  alkaline.     Indol,  negative. 
Habitat.     Water. 

80.    M.  aerius 

M.  No.  49  Conn :  I.e.  1894,  81. 

Morphology.     Cocci  i.o.     Slight  growth  at  35°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Not  characteristic. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  slight  growth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  slight  orange  growth. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  dark  orange,  quite  transparent. 

Potato.     Growth  invisible. 

Milk.     Unchanged. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  in  4  weeks  clear. 

Habitat.     Milk. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  IO5 

CLASS     IX.       DISTINCTLY     CHROMOGENIC.       PIGMENT     REDDISH- 
PINKISH  —  FLESH-COLORED 
I.   Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.  Gonococcoid  forms. 

81.  M.  roseus  (Bumm). 

B.  Cocci  in  irregular  groups. 

1.  Grow  only  at  body  temperatures,  37°  C. 

82.  M.  rubes cens. 

2.  Do  not  grow  at  body  temperatures,  37°  C. 

83.  M.  coralinus  Centanni. 
[I.    Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

A.  Very  large  cocci,  3.0-5.0  /x  in  diameter. 

84.  M.  Dantecii. 

B.  Cocci  much  smaller  than  in  A.,  and  of  average  size. 

1 .  Colonies  on  gelatin  remain  very  small. 

85.  M.  lacier  iceus  v.  Dobrzyniecki. 

86.  M.  cinnabareus  Fliigge. 

2.  Colonies  on  gelatin  larger  than  above. 

87.  M.  Kefersteinii. 

88.  M.  carneus  Zimmerman. 

C.  Cocci  very  small. 

89.  M.  cerasinus  Eisenberg. 

81.    M.  roseus  (Bumm) 

Diplococcus  roseus  Bumm  :  Der  Mikroorg.  der  gon.  Schleimhauterkrankungen, 

1885,  25. 

Morphology.     Like  gonococci,  1.0-1.5  //,. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Surface :  slightly  elevated,  pink ;  microscopically  granular, 
irregular. 

Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface  an  abundant  pink  growth  ;   gelatin  slowly  lique- 
fied after  a  long  time. 

Habitat.     Air. 

82.    M.  rubescens 

M.  roseus,  Eisenberg :  Bak.  Diag.,  1891,  408. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.8-1.0  /x,  singly  and  in  irregular  groups.     At  37°  C.  no 

pigment. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  3-4  days,  minute,  pink  ;  liquefaction  progresses  slowly. 


IO6  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  a  good  growth  ;  on  the  surface  growth  colorless,  be- 
coming in  3-4  days  round,  pink,  depressed.  In  3  weeks  one-half  of  the 
gelatin  is  liquefied,  with  a  pink  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  soft,  dark  pink. 

Potato.  In  3-4  days  a  cherry-red  streak  becoming  spreading,  and  darker,  like 
B.  prodigiosus. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sputum  of  an  influenza  patient. 

83.    M.  coralinus  Centanni 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXIII,  1898,  308. 

Morphology.  From  blood-agar  cultures,  rather  large,  round,  in  twos,  threes, 
tetrads,  and  clumps.  Stain  by  Gram1s  method.  Aerobic.  On  media  at 
room  temperatures  grow  slowly;  grow  best  on  Vb'ges  blood-agar.  No 
growth  at  37°  C.  Optimum  temperature  2o°-25°  C. 

Blood-agar  colonies.  In  48  hours  small  points,  becoming  in  6  days  confluent,- 
dark  coral-red  ;  agar  not  stained. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  slight ;  very  small  white  colonies,  becoming  a  delicate, 
layer,  becoming  in  10  days  rose-red. 

Gelatin.  Slight  growth  ;  coral-red  colonies,  with  slow  liquefaction  after  20-25; 
days. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  but  slight  or  no  growth  ;  on  the  surface  a  small  coral- 
red  colony ;  gelatin  liquefied  after  many  days.  Grow  well  on  Capaldi's 
egg-agar.  On  milk  agar  a  soft  white  growth,  becoming  rose-red. 

Bouillon.  Slight  growth  ;  in  15-20  days  medium  a  slight  red — rose-red  ;  clear 
Grow  better  on  addition  of  glucose. 

Milk.  Not  coagulated,  becoming  in  15-20  days  yellowish  red  ;  the  cream  layei 
remains  white. 

Potato.  Slight  growth ;  in  20-30  days  rounded  colonies  of  a  dark  carmine 
color.  Pigment:  Only  slightly  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

Pathogenesis.  Rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  die  in  4-5  days,  with  toxic  symptoms 
and  emaciation ;  at  the  point  of  inoculation  a  slight  infiltration  of  a  red- 
dish color. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  contaminated  plate  culture. 

84.     M.  Dantecii 

Micrococcus  Danteci:   Annales  Pasteur  Institut,  1891,  659. 

Morphology.     Cocci  3.0-5.0  //,,  often  with  a  fission  line. 
Gelatin  colonies.  Surface:    Small,  disk-shaped,  red;  grow  slowly,  ±  I  mm. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  slight   yellowish   growth ;    on   the   surface,  ligl 
red,  becoming  later  deep  red. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  107 

Agar  slant.     Grows  more  rapidly  than  on  gelatin. 
Pathogenesis.     Negative. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  salted  codfish  which  was  covered  with  a  red  pigment 
and  of  an  offensive  odor. 

85.     M.  lactericeus  v.  Dobrzyniecki 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXI,  1897,  834. 

Morphology.    Cocci  under  I  .o  /n,  irregularly  arranged.    Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Surface :  dust-like  points,  bright  rose-colored  ;  microscopi- 
cally, round,  entire,  brownish,  granular. 

Agar  colonies.     As  before. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  slight  beaded  growth ;  on  the  surface,  in  2-3  days, 
a  brick-red  growth. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  moist,  limited,  brick-red. 

Potato.     Growth  brick-red. 

Pathogenesis.     Negative  for  mice  and  rabbits. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  human  mouth. 

86.     M.  cinnabareus  Fltigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Cocci  large,  round,  in  twos,  threes,  and  tetrads. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Feeble  growth ;    in  8  days,  colonies  0.5-1.0  mm.,  raised, 

red,  becoming  vermilion  ;  microscopically,  light  brown,  round,  transparent 

at  their  peripheries. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  beaded  growth ;    on  the   surface,  growth  raised, 

pink-vermilion. 

Potato.     Scanty  growth,  vermilion. 
Habitat.     Air  and  water. 

87.     M.  Kefersteinii 

Micrococcus  of  red  milk  Keferstein :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XXI,  1897,  177. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  staphlococcus  groups.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  4-6  days,  scarcely  visible,  pale  rose-colored,  becoming 

larger,  round,  entire,  concentric;  microscopically,  round,  entire,  granular. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  slight  growth  ;  no  pigment ;  on  the  surface,  as   in 

gelatin  colonies. 

Bouillon.     At  37°  C.  no  growth  ;  in  5-6  days,  a  slight  sediment. 
Pathogenesis.     Mice  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  red  milk. 


108  BACTERIOLOGY 

88.  M.  carneus  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  Chemnitz,  1890. 

Morphology.     Cocci  medium-sized,  ±  0.8  /A;  in  clumps.     At  3O°-33°  C.,  but 

slight  growth. 
Gelatin  colonies.   Deep:  small,  grayish  white.   Surface:  round,  slightly  raised, 

grayish  —  light  red  ;  microscopically,  edges  entire,  homogeneous,  grayish 

red ;  later  a  darker  centre,  with  lighter  concentric  zones. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  in  depth  fine,  white,  granular ;  on  the  surface,  growth 

round-irregular,  thin,  light  red. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  deep  flesh-red,  with  a  play  of  violet. 
Potato.     Growth  spreading,  color  of  red  lead,  glistening,  becoming  dull. 
Habitat.     Water. 

89.  M.  cerasinus  Eisenberg 

Micrococcus   .    .    .    List:  Untersuch.  gesunden   Schafes   vorkommenden   Pilze,   Inaug. 

Diss.  Leipzig,  1885,  17. 
M.  cerasinus-siccus  Eisenberg:  Bak.  Diag.,  1891,  34. 

Morphology.     Cocci  very  small,  0.2-0.3  ^;  occur  singly  and  in  twos.     Grow 

best  at  37°  C. 
Agar  stab.     No  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  dry,  dull,  spreading, 

cherry-red. 
Potato.     Growth  at  37°  C.,  dry,  spreading,  red.     Pigment  insoluble  in  water, 

alcohol,  and  ether ;  not  affected  by  acids  and  alkalies. 
Habitat.     Water. 

CLASS  X.     DISTINCTLY  CHROMOGENIC.     PIGMENT  BLUISH  BLACK 
I.   Gelatin  liquefied. 

90.  M.  fuscus  Adametz. 
II.   Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

91.  M.  cyaneus  (Schroter)  Cohn. 

90.     M.  fuscus  Adametz 

Brauner  Coccus  Maschek :  Bak.  Untersuch.  Leitmeritzer  Trinkwasser,  Jahresber.  Kom- 

nunal-Oberrealschule,  Leitmeritz,  1887,  60. 
M.  fuscus  Adametz :  Die  Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1888. 

Morphology.     Cocci,  elliptical  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round ;  microscopically,  light  brown  —  blackish,  with  fine 
clefts. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  109 

• 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface  the  liquefied  gelatin  is 

sepia-brown,  with  a  pellicle  on  the  surface ;  cultures  have  a  foul  odor. 
Potato.     Growth,  slimy,  brown-black. 
Habitat.     Water. 

91.     M.  cyaneus  (Schroter)  Cohn 

Bacteridium  cyaneum  Schroter:  Cohn,  Beitrage,  I,  1870,  122. 
M.  cyaneus  Cohn  Beitrage,  I,  1870,  156. 

Morphology.     Cocci  elliptical ;  form  zooglcea. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small,  round,  well-defined;  microscopically,  bluish,  sur- 
rounded by  an  irregular  network. 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface  a  slimy  growth. 
Potato.     Slight  growth,  dark  indigo  blue.     Pigment  resembles  litmus  in  color. 
Habitat.     Air  and  water. 

SARCINA  (Goodsir) 

Single  cocci  spherical.  Cells  after  division  remain  united.  Division  in  three 
directions  of  space,  resulting  in  eight-celled  cubes,  the  packets  from  this 
increasing  in  geometric  ratio.  Non-motile  ;  without  flagella.  Endospores 
not  certainly  present  in  any  of  the  species. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  GENUS 

I.  Without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

A.  Potato  cultures  brownish  yellow. 

1.  Sarc.  pulmonum  Hauser. 

B.  Potato  cultures  remain  white  —  grayish  white. 

1.  Gelatin  colonies  microscopically  very  finely  granular.     Liquefaction 

of  the  gelatin  slight. 

2.  Sarc.  alba  Zimmerman. 

2.  Gelatin  colonies  microscopically  rather  coarsely  granular.     Lique- 

faction of  the  gelatin  rapid. 

3.  Sarc.  canescens  Stubenrath. 

II.  On  gelatin  and  agar,  growth  grayish  yellow  —  greenish  yellow  —  chrome- 

yellow. 
A.   Gelatin  colonies  microscopically  very  finely  granular. 

1.  Growth  on  potato. 

4.  Sarc.  flava  De  Bary. 

5.  Sarc.  lactis. 

2.  No  growth  on  potato. 

6.  Sarc.  subflava  Ravenel. 


HO  BACTERIOLOGY 

B.  Gelatin  colonies  microscopically  rather  coarsely  granular ;  form  beau- 

tiful regular  packets. 

1.  Potato  cultures  at  first  dark  gray,  later  yellowish  brown. 

7.  Sarc.  lutescens  Stubenrath. 

2.  Potato  cultures  remain  grayish  yellow. 

8.  Sarc.  equi  Stubenrath. 

C.  Gelatin  colonies  very  coarsely  granular.     Form  very  beautiful,  regular 

packets.     Potato  cultures  from  the  start  citron-yellow. 

9.  Sarc.  lutea  Fliigge. 

III.  On  agar  and  gelatin  the  growth  is  orange-yellow. 

10.   Sarc.  aurantiaca  Fliigge. 

IV.  On  agar  and  gelatin  the  growth  is  brownish  —  brownish  yellow. 

A.  Agar  slant  cultures  smooth  ;  pure  brown. 

n.   Sarc.  cervina  Stubenrath. 

B.  Agar  slant  cultures  rugose,  corrugated,  yellowish  brown,  translucent. 

12.  Sarc.  fusca  Gruber. 

V.  On  gelatin  and  agar  the  growth  is  red. 

A.  Gelatin  and  agar  stab  cultures  rose-red.     Sarcina  forms  observed  only 

in  hay  infusions. 

13.  Sarc.  rosea  Schroter. 

B.  Gelatin  and  agar  slant  cultures,  bright  red.     Sarcina  forms  observed 

only  in  hay  infusions. 

14.  Sarc.  erythrojnyxa  (Overbeck). 

i.     Sarc.  pulmonum  (Mauser) 

Deutsche  Archiv  klin.  Med.,  XLII,  1887. 

Morphology.  Cocci  on  different  media  as  small,  and  not  very  regular  packets. 
Grow  slowly,  even  at  body  temperatures. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  gray,  opaque.  Surface :  small,  round,  puncti- 
form,  yellowish  white ;  microscopically,  round,  entire,  gray,  opaque,  be- 
coming sunken  in  2-3  weeks  ;  central  colony  lacerate. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  the  growth  is  uniform,  beaded,  gray  —  yellowish  gray ; 
on  the  surface,  in  20  days,  growth  2-3  mm.,  gray,  roundish,  lacerate, 
soft,  glistening,  becoming  sunken. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep:  round,  dark,  granular.  Surface:  like  gelatin  colonies, 
but  whiter ;  microscopically,  round,  bright  —  dark  gray,  granular. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  limited,  mealy,  gray-white,  translucent ;  border  undulate. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  granular  sediment. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  III 

Potato.     Slight  growth  ;  in  3-4  weeks,  a  limited  brownish  glistening  streak. 

Pathogenesis .     Negative. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  air  passages  of  man. 

2.    Sarc.  alba  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Trink  u.  Nutzwasser,  1890,  90. 

Growth  on  different  media,  white  —  grayish  white,  generally  very  thin. 

i 

3.     Sarc.  canescens  Stubenrath 

Lehmann-Neumann,  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  143. 
Imperfectly  described.     Form  beautiful,  regular  packets. 

4.     Sarc.  flava  De  Bary 

Morphology.   Packets  not  regular  in  form. 
Potato.     Growth  chrome  yellow,  glistening. 
Gelatin.     Liquefied  or  unchanged. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  stomach  contents. 

5.     Sarc.  lactis 

No.  45  Conn :  I.e.  1894. 

Morphology.     Cocci  0.7  /a.     Grow  at  20°,  and  at  35°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     A  large  sunken  colony,  with  a   nucleus   and   a  granular 

border. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  slight  growth;   on  the  surface,  growth  yellowish, 

dry. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  raised,  slightly  spreading,  bright  yellow. 
Potato.     Growth  of  a  yellowish  tinge. 
Milk.     Unchanged. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  sediment  and  flakes  on  the  sides  of  the  tube. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

6.  Sarc.  subflava  Ravenel 

Memoirs  National  Acad.  Sci.,  VIII,  1896. 

Morphology.     Packets  square,  and  longer  than  broad,  showing  4,  8,  16,  32, 
and  more  elements  on  each  face. 


112  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  36-48  hours,  minute  yellowish  dots,  becoming  yellowish 
granular  entire  disks,  becoming  in  4  days  I  mm.,  pale  yellow  and  slightly 
sunken ;  liquefaction  slow.  Microscopically,  pale  yellow,  entire,  homo- 
geneous ;  later  with  irregular  margins  and  slightly  granular. 

Agar  slant.  A  yellowish  band,  3  mm.  wide,  smooth,  pale  yellow,  with  irregular 
margins. 

Gelatin  stab.  On  the  surface  a  white  irregular  button,  and  a  slow  crateriform 
liquefaction;  in  10  days  a  stratiform  liquefaction  to  a  depth  of  10  mm. 
Liquefied  gelatin  cloudy. 

Potato.     No  growth. 

Bouillon.    Clear,  with  white  flocculi  at  the  bottom,  and  a  pellicle  on  the  surface. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.      Unchanged. 

Litmus  milk.    Unchanged. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.  A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  no  gas.  Indol  negative : 
Growth  at  36°  C. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

7.     Sarc.  lutescens  Stubenrath 

Sarc.  livido-lutescens  Stubenrath :  Lehmann-Neumann,  Bak.  Diag.,  1896. 
Imperfectly  described.     From  stools  in  a  case  of  enteritis. 

8.   Sarc.  equi  Stubenrath 

Like  Sarc.  lutea,  except  as  specified  in  the  synopsis. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  urine  of  horses. 

9.    Sarc.  lutea  Flugge, 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  182. 

Morphology.     On  all  media  typical  packets. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  dark  yellow,  entire,  granular.  Surface :  round 
punctiform,  sulphur-yellow;  after  10-12  days,  sunken.  Microscopically^ 
round,  entire,  yellowish,  granular,  becoming  irregularly  bordered. 

Gelatin, stab.  In  depth,  growth  filiform  —  slightly  beaded;  on  the  surface, 
growth  round-irregular,  moist,  glistening,  raised,  citron-yellow,  becoming 
in  10-12  days  a  liquefied  funnel ;  in  other  cases  no  liquefaction. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep :  like  gelatin  colonies,  but  more  coarsely  granular. 
Surface :  round,  entire,  raised,  moist,  glistening,  sulphur-yellow.  Micro- 
scopically, round,  entire,  granular ;  border  more  transparent. 

Agar  slant.     A  sulphur  —  chrome  yellow  layer  of  a  buttery  consistency. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  much  sediment. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  113: 

Potato.     Growth  raised,  glistening,  limited  ;  surface  rough,  sulphur  —  chrome 

yellow. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Some  acid.     Indol  slight.     H2S  produced. 
Habitat.     Common  in  the  air. 


10.    Sarc.  aurantiaca  Fliigge 

Lindner :   Die  Sarcina  Organismen  des  Garungsgewerbes,  Berlin,  1887. 

Morphology.     Beautiful  packets  on  all  media. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small  round  punctiform,  which  soon  sink  in  the  liquefied 

gelatin  ;  microscopically,  round,  entire,  bright  —  dark  yellow,  amorphous 

or  finely  granular.     Later  a  central  lobate  —  lacerate  colony,  granular, 

within  a  funnel  of  liquefied  gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  36  hours  colony  on  the  surface  sunken   in  the  liquefied 

gelatin,  becoming  a  funnel  of  liquefied  gelatin,  with  a  granular  sediment. 
Igar  colonies.     Roundish,  entire,  moist,  glistening,  slightly  raised,  orange. 

Microscopically,  irregular  —  roundish  ;    centre  greenish  brown  ;    border 

brighter  and  more  yellow. 

igar  slant.     Slightly  raised,  orange-yellow  —  orange-red,  buttery  consistency. 
Bouillon.     A  flocculent  turbidity  with  much  sediment. 
Milk.      Coagulated  and  peptonized. 
Potato.      Growth  yellow-orange,  glistening,  becoming  raised,  red-orange,  dull, 

granular. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Acid  production  slight.     H2S  negative.     Indol  slight. 
Habitat.     Abundant  in  the  air. 
VARIETIES. 

Indt.  from  the  preceding.     Sarc.  aurea  Macd.     Sarc.  aurescens  Gruber. 

ii.    Sarc.  cervina  Stubenrath 

Lehmann-Neumann,  Bak.  Diag.,  1896. 


Gelatin  colonies.  Whitish,  becoming  bright  brown,  moist ;  slowly  surrounded 
by  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin  ;  microscopically,  coarsely  granular,  erose. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  filiform  —  beaded ;  on  the  surface,  colony 
small,  bright  brown,  becoming  slowly  sunken  in  the  liquefied  gelatin. 

Agar  colonies.     Like  gelatin  colonies. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish  white. 

Habitat.     From  stomach  contents  in  carcinoma. 


II4  BACTERIOLOGY 

12.  Sarc.  fusca  Gruber 

Arbeiten  bak.  Inst.  Techn.  Hochschule,  Karlsruhe,  I,  1895. 

The  morphology  and  cultural  characters  like  Sarc.  pulmonum. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  granular  sediment.     Much  acid  produced  in  milk  and 

glucose  bouillon  cultures.     H2S  produced. 
Habitat.     From  stomach  contents. 

13.  Sarc.  rosea  Schroter 

Sarc.  rosea  Menge :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VI,  596. 

According  to   Lehmann   and   Neumann,   identical  with  M.  roseus  Bumm, 
No.  81. 

14.   Sarc.  erythromyxa  (Overbeck) 

M.  erythromyxa  Overbeck :    Nov.  Act.  d.  Leop.  Carol.,  LV,  1891. 
Krai :  Verzeichniss  der  abzugebende  Bak. 

Morphology.    Usually  only  as  cocci,  diplococci,  or  tetrads  ;  only  once  a  Sarcina 

form  in  hay  infusion. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Moist,   grayish,  becoming   carmine-red.      Microscopically, 

not  granular,  border  transparent,  erose. 

Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  glistening,  limited,  intense  red. 
Milk.     A  red  surface  growth,  not  coagulated. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  granular  sediment. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Acid. 

PLANOCOCCUS  (Migula) 

Engler  and  Prantl :   Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,  1895. 

Cocci  spherical,  occur  singly,  in  twos,  tetrads,  or  irregular  groups.     Division  in 
two  directions   of  space.      Cells   freely  motile.      Flagella  usually  one,    I 
attached  to  each  cell. 

A.  Chromogenic ;  pigment  yellow. 

1.  Plaiiococcus  citreus  (Menge)  Migula. 

B.  Chromogenic  ;  pigment  pink  —  rose-colored. 

2.  Planococcus  agilis  (Ali-Cohen). 

C.  Non-chromqgenic. 

3.  Planococcus  tetragenus  (Mendoza). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  1 15 

i.   Planococcus  citreus  (Menge)  Migula 

M.  agilis-citreus  Menge  :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XII,  1892,  49. 
PI.  citreus  Migula,  I.e. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  pairs  or  sometimes  short  chains  or  irregular  groups. 

Each  coccus  has  a  flagellum  which  is  easily  demonstrated  by  Loffler's 

method,  and  is  about  six  times  its  diameter  in  length.    Aerobic.    Gelatin 

not  liquefied.     Form  a  yellow  pigment. 
Gelatin  colonies.      A  diffuse  cloudiness  around  the  colonies,  which  extends 

over  the  plate. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  round,  intense 

yellow. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  pale,  thin,  limited,  becoming  in  three  days  yellow,  more 

spreading,  and  viscid. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  a  yellow  viscid  sediment;  no  scum. 
Potato.     Slight  growth,  becoming  bright  yellow. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated.     Optimum  temperature  20°. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  an  infusion  of  peas  ;  probably  from  the  air. 

2.     Planococcus  agilis  (Ali-Cohen) 

M.  agilis  Ali-Cohen :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VI,  1889,  33. 

Morphology.    Cocci  round  —  slightly  oval,  i.o  /A,  as  diplococci,  short  chains,  or 

in  tetrads.     Stain  by  Gram's  method.     Flagella  demonstrated.    On  media 

a  rose-colored  pigment. 
Gelatin  stab.     For  some  time  a  dry  hollow  funnel;  liquefaction  does   not 

commence  until  after  3-4  weeks. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  pinkish-red. 
Potato.     As  before.     No  growth  at  37°  C. 
According  to  Migula,  I.e.,  this  form  shows  in  hay  infusions  Sarcina  forms, 

and  is  classed  by  the  latter  as  a  Planosarcina. 


3.   Planococcus  tetragenus  (Mendoza) 

M.  tetragenus-mobilis-ventriculi  Mendoza  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VI,  1889,  566. 
From  morphological  and  cultural  characters  indt.  from  M.  tetragenus. 


PLANOSARCINA  (Migula  I.e.) 

Cocci  spherical,  mostly  in  twos  and  tetrads.  Division  in  three  directions  of 
space,  but  rarely  do  the  cells  remain  united  in  packets,  the  latter  usually 
observed  only  in  sugar-free  media ;  cells  freely  motile ;  flagella  long  or 


n6  BACTERIOLOGY 

short,  usually  one  for  each  cell.  In  artificial  cultures,  as  a  rule,  an  active 
motility  of  the  cells  is  not  observed,  and  most  of  the  individuals  are  non- 
motile. 

A.  Chromogenic,  pigment  orange-reddish. 

1.  Planosarcina  mobilis  (Maurea)  Migula. 

2.  Planosarcina  agilis  (Ali-Cohen). 

B.  Non-chromogenic.     Growth  on  agar  and  gelatin  grayish. 

3.  Planosarcina  Samesii. 

1.  Planosarcina  mobilis  (Maurea)  Migula 

Sarcina  mobilis  Maurea:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XI,  1892. 
Planosarcina  mobilis  Migula :    I.e. 

Morphology.     Cocci  1.4  //,,  in  typical  packets,  each  cell  with  1-2  flagella  gener- 
ally about  three  times  the  length  of  the  cell. 

Gelatin.     Liquefied  slowly,  with  formation  of  a  brick-red  pigment.  f 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  orange-  or  brick-red. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 
Potato.     No  growth. 

2.  Planosarcina  agilis  (Ali-Cohen)  Migula 

See  Planococcus  agilis  Ali-Cohen,  No.  2. 

3.    Planosarcina  Samesii 

Eine  be-wegliche  Sarcina  Sames  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  IV,  1898,  664. 

Morphology.     Cocci  in  packets  of  8  elements,  3.0  /A  square.     Stain  by  Gram's 

method.     Actively  motile  ;  flagella  long,  thick,  spiral,  20-50  from  a  single 

packet;  grow  best  in  an  alkaline  medium. 

Alkaline  gelatin  slant  and  alkaline  agar  slant.     A  glistening  grayish  layer. 
Alkaline  gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  abundant,  beaded;    in  10-14  days 

acicular  outgrowths.     On  the  surface,  growth  grayish,  spreading. 
Alkaline  gelatin  colonies.    Deep,  irregular,  dark.     Surface:  in  4-5  days  round, 

gray,  5-10  mm.     On  Zettnow^s  Spirillum  agar  (Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol. 

XIX,  394),  deep  colonies,  oval-irregular,  dark  —  black.      Surface  round, 

granular,  grayish. 
Potato.     No  growth  except  when  made  alkaline  with  Na2Co3,  then  yellowish, 

becoming  brown. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  117 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Litmus  reduced.     Indol  slight. 

Pathogenesis .     Subcutaneous  and  intraperitoneal  injections  into  mice,  white 

rats,  and  guinea  pigs,  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  manure  and  sewage. 

BACTERIACE^: 

'Cells  short  or  long,  cylindrical,  straight.     Without  a  sheath  surrounding  the 

(chains  of  individuals ;  motile  or  non-motile  ;  with  or  without  flagella ; 
endospores  present  or  absent.     No  true  branching. 
A.    Flagella  absent,  endospores  present  or  absent. 

BACTERIUM  Ehrenberg,  p.  117. 
£.    Flagella  present. 

1 .  Flagella  arising  from  any  part  of  the  body,  peritrichic. 

BACILLUS,  Cohn,  p.  199. 

2.  Flagella  attached  to  one  or  both  poles. 

PSEUDOMONAS  Migula,  p.  306. 
BACTERIUM1  Ehrenberg-' 

Char,  emend,  by  Migula. 

Cells  cylindrical,  varying  from  short  ovals  to  longer  rods  and  filaments  ;  with- 
out flagella ;  endospores  present  or  absent,  or,  at  least  in  a  large  number 
of  the  species,  unknown. 

SYNOPSIS    OF  THE    GENUS 

I.   Without  endospores,  or  at  least  their  presence  not  reported. 
A.   Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

i.   Without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

a.  Grow  only  at  the  body  temperature.     CLASS  I,  p.  118. 

b.  Grow  at  room  temperatures,  2o°-22°  C. 
*   Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

f   Decolorized  by  Gram's  method.     CLASS  II,  p.  121. 
ff    Stained  by  Gram's  method.     CLASS  III,  p.  148. 
**   Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  IV,  p.  155. 

1  The  writer  has  provisionally  included  in  this  genus  all  non-motile  Bacteriaceae, 
leaving  it  to  future  investigations  to  determine  whether  any  of  the  forms  which  may 
have  been  wrongly  placed  in  this  genus  do  or  do  not  possess  flagella;  it  being  assumed 
that  a  non-motile  organism  is  devoid  of  flagella  until  the  contrary  is  proven. 


US  BACTERIOLOGY 

2.  Produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

a.  Pigment  yellowish  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

*  Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  V,  p.  162. 

**   Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  VI,  p.  168. 

b.  Pigment  reddish  on  gelatin  or  agar.     CLASS  VII,  p.  173. 

c.  Pigment  of  other  colors  than  red  or  yellow.    CLASS  VIII,  p.  1 79. 

3.  Fluorescent  bacteria. 

a.  Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  IX,  p.  180. 

b.  Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  X,  p.  180. 
B.   Obligate  anaerobic.     CLASS  XI,  p.  183. 

II.  With  endospores. 

A.   Non-chromogenic  ;  without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

1.  Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

a.  Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation  —  B.  subtilis  type. 

*  No  growth  at  room  temperatures,  or  below  22°-25°  C. 
CLASS  XII,  p.  184. 

**   Growth  at  room  temperatures,  2O°-22°  C. 
f   Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  XIII,  p.  187. 
•ft   Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  XIV,  p.  196. 

b.  Rods  swollen  at  one  end  at  sporulation  —  tetanus  type. 
CLASS  XV,  p.  198. 

2.  Obligate  anaerobic.     CLASS  XVI,  p.  198. 

CLASS  I.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE  AN- 
AEROBIC. WITHOUT  PIGMENT.  GROW  ONLY  AT  BODY  TEM- 
PERATURES. 

I.   Grow  best  on  blood,  or  on  agar  moistened  with  blood,  or  on  especially 
prepared  media. 

1.  Bact.  influenza  (Pfeiffer)  Lehm.-Neum. 

2.  Bact.  pseudoinfluenzcs  (Kruse). 
II.    Grow  well  on  blood-serum. 

3.  Bact.  acuminatum  (Sternberg). 

4.  Bact.  Lumnitzeri  (Sternberg). 

5.  Bact.  conjunctivitidis . 

III.  Grow  only  in  the  presence  of  pathological  secretions,  not  on  blood  or 
blood  serum. 

6.  Bact.  vagina  Kruse. 

IV.  Cultural  characters  not  known. 

7.  Bact.  cancrosi  Kruse. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  119 

V.    Grow  very  poorly,  or  scarcely  at  all  at  room  temperatures. 

8.  Bact,  SEgyptium  Trevisan. 

VI.    Occupying  a  rather  nondescript  place  in  Class  I,  is 

9.  Bact.  abortivum. 

i.    Bact  influenzae  (Pfeiffer)  Lehmann- Neumann 

Bacillus  of  influenza  PfeJffer:  Detffsche  med.  Wochensch.,  1892,  28. 
Bact.  influenza  Lehmann-Neumann :  Bak.  Diagnostik,  1896,  187. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  slender,  commonly  in  twos;  stain  with  Loffler's 
alkaline  blue  and  carbol-fuchsin.  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

On  agar  moistened  with  blood  there  develop  in  24-48  hours  small  glassy 
drops  ;  older  colonies  show  a  yellowish-brownish  centre. 

Nastiukow's  solution.^  In  24  hours  at  37°  small  white  flecks  at  bottom  of  tube, 
composed  of  chains  of  bacilli. 

Nastiukow's  agarl  Colonies  small  gray  points ;  microscopically,  round,  yel- 
low, translucent. 

Pathogenesis.  Intraperitoneal  injections  of  one-third  of  an  agar  slant  culture 
cause  death.  Intravenous  injections  into  rabbits  cause  fever  and  muscular 
weakness ;  subcutaneous  injections,  knotty  thickenings  and  suppuration. 

Habitat.     Nasal  and  bronchial  secretions,  urine,  of  man  affected  with  influenza. 


2.  Bact.  pseudoinfluenzae  (Kruse) 

Pstudoinfluenza  Bacillus  R.  Pfeiffer:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIII,  1893,  3%3' 
Bacillus  pseudoinfluenzce  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Like  the  preceding,  but  rods  somewhat  longer  than  those  of  true  influenza. 
Pathogenesis.     Doubtful. 

Habitat.     From  bronchopneumonia,  otitis-media ;    also  associated  with    in- 
fluenza. 

3.  Bact.  acuminatum  (Sternberg) 

Babes,  no  name :  Sept.  Prozesse  d.  Kindesalters,  Leipzig,  1889. 

C.  septicus-acuminatus  Sternberg  :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  472. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  with  pointed  ends,  resembling  those  of  mouse  septicaemia, 

but  rather  thicker ;  stain  unevenly. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  round,  flat,  translucent ;  by  coalescence  a  yellowish 

layer. 

l  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVII,  492. 


120  BACTERIOLOGY 

Pathogenesis :     Non-pathogenic  for  mice  and  rabbits.     Guineas  die  in  2  to  6 

days  of  septicaemia. 
Habitat.     From  blood  and  organs  of  a  new-born  infant  with  septicaemia. 

4.    Bact.  Lumnitzeri  (Steinberg) 

Bacillus  der  putriden  Bronchitis  Lumnitzer:  Centralblatt  f.  Bateriol.,  Ill,  1888,  621. 
Bacillus  of  Lumnitzer  Sternberg  :  Manual,  1892,  467. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.5-2.0  /A,  with  rounded  ends  and  slightly  curved. 

Agar  slant  and  blood  serum.     At  37°,  small  semi-spherical  grayish  white  colo-  ; 

nies,  becoming  coalescent,  with  odor  of  sputum  in  putrid  bronchitis. 
Pathogenesis.     Intraperitoneal  injections  of  mice  cause,  in  24  hours,  a  purulent  \ 

peritonitis.     Injections  into  lungs  of  rabbits,  pneumonia,  pleuritis. 
Habitat.     Sputum  in  putrid  bronchitis. 

5.  Bact.  conjunctivitidis 

Diplobacillus  de  la  conjonctivite  subaigue  Morax :  Annales  Pasteur  Institut,  1896,  337. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  1.0-2.0  /u,,  ends  rather  squared,  in  twos  and  chains.  De- 
colorized by  Gram's  method. 

Blood  serum.     In  24  hours,  moist  points  ;  in  2  days,  small  transparent  liquefied  ; 
depressions. 

Pathogenesis.    With  smaller  animals  and  man,  inflammation  of  the  conjunctival  : 
sac. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  chronic  inflammation  of  the  conjunctiva. 

. 

6.  Bact.  vaginae  (Kruse) 

Doderlein's  Scheidenbacillus :  Das  Schidensekret  u.  seine  Bedeutung  f.  d.  Puerperal- 

fieber,  Leipzig,  1892. 
Bacillus  vagina  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen. 

.Morphology.     Bacilli  middle-sized,  rather  slender.     Grow  in  glucose  bouillon 
containing  one  per  cent  of  secretion.     Can  then  be  transferred  to  glycerin  i 
agar,  where  it  produces  dewy,  drop-like  colonies.     Facultative  anaerobic. 

Pathogenesis.     Doubtful. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  vaginal  secretions. 

7.  Bact.  cancrosi  (Kruse) 

Bacillus -des  wcichen  Schankers  Ducrey :  Monat.  f.  Dermatol.,  1889,  Heft  IX. 
B.  ulceris-cancrosi  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5  :  1.5  /x ;  ends  rounded,  mostly  contracted  in  the  mid- 
dle; in  chains.  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method.  Stain  15  minutes  with 
Lbffler's  alkaline  blue,  and  wash  but  a  short  time  in  alcohol. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  secretions  in  soft  shanker. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  121 

8.    Bact.  ^Egyptium  (Trevisan) 

Conjunctivitis  Bacillus  Koch-Kartulis :    Arbeiten  Kaiserlichen  Gesundheitsamte, 

III,  1887. 

B.  ALgyptius  Trevisan  :   Gen.  e.  Spec.  Batteriaceae,  1888. 
B.  conjunctivltidis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.  Bacteria  0.25  :  I  .o  /x  ;  in  twos  or  chains  in  the  pus  cells.  Decolor- 
ized by  GrarrTs  method. 

Agar  slant  and  blood  serum.  At  37°  C.,  isolated  colonies,  becoming  a  con- 
fluent, glistening,  elevated  growth. 

Slight  growth  on  gelatin  ;  no  liquefaction. 

Pathogenesis.  Inoculations  on  the  cornea  of  asses,  dogs,  guinea-pigs,  and 
rabbits  negative ;  on  human  conjunctiva  positive  in  one  out  of  six 
inoculations. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  conjunctival  catarrh  in  Egypt. 

9.    Bact.  abortivum 

Bacillus  of  contagious  abortion  in  cows,  Bang :  Zeitsch.  f.  Tiermedizin, 
Bd.  I,  1897,  Heft  i. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  rods  about  the  size  of  the  tubercle  bacillus  ;  each 
rod  contains  1-3  granules.  Does  not  grow  in  ordinary  culture  media. 
In  5  per  cent  glycerin  bouillon  a  scanty  growth  in  14  days.  A  scanty 
growth  in  liquid  blood  serum. 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculation  experiments  on  cows  positive. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  contagious  abortion  in  cows. 

THE   SPECIES   WHICt*  FOLLOW  GROW  ON   ORDINARY  NUTRIENT 
MEDIA  AND   AT   ROOM  TEMPERATURES 

CLASS    II.     GELATIN   NOT    LIQUEFIED.     DECOLORIZED   BY    GRAM'S 

METHOD 

I.   Obligate  aerobic.     ACETIC  FERMENT  GROUP. 

A.  Grow  well  in  Pasteur's  fluid  containing  alcohol1  with  the  formation  of 

a  membrane. 

10.   Bact.  aceti  (KUtz)  Lanzi,  emend.  Beijerinck. 

B.  Do  not  grow  well  in  preceding  fluid,  and  no  membrane  produced. 

i.   Form  long  chains  of  more  than  four  elements,  also  long  involution 
forms. 

1  Tap  water  100,  alcohol  3.0,  ammonium  phosphate  0.05,  chloride  of  calcium  o.oi. 
See  Beijerinck:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV,  1898,  214. 


122  BACTERIOLOGY 

a.  Oa  sterile  beer  or  beerwort  a  membrane  over  entire  surface. 
*    Membrane  stained  blue  with  iodine  solution. 

f  Cultures  in  beer,  yeast-water,  or  dextrose  solution  remain 
clear. 

1 1 .  Bact.  Pasteurianum  (Hansen)  Zopf. 

f  f   Cultures  in  beer,  yeast-water,  or  dextrose  solution  turbid 
below  the  membrane. 

12.  Bact.  Kutzingiatium  Hansen. 

**   Membrane  not  stained  blue  with  iodine  solution. 

f  Membrane  on  beer,  yeast-water,  and  dextrose  solutions 
rather  thin.  Fluid  below  the  membrane  more  or  less 
turbid. 

13.  Bact.  Hansenianum. 

14.  Bact.  oxydans  Henneberg. 

ft  Membrane  on  beer,  yeast-water,  and  dextrose  solution 
thick  and  gelatinous,  not  easily  broken;  fluid  below  the 
membrane  clear. 

15.  Bact.  acetosum  Henneberg. 

•fff  Membrane  on  beer,  yeast-water,  and  dextrose  solution 
thick,  tough,  and  coriaceous,  showing  a  cellulose  reaction 
with  iodine  and  sulphuric  acid. 

1 6.  Bact.  xylinum  Brown. 

b.  On  sterile  beer  or  beer-wort  an  imperfect  membrane  as  islands. 

Motile,  with  a  polar  flagellum.     See  Pseudomonas  flagellatum 
Zeidler. 

2.  Do  not  form  long  chains  of  more  than  four  elements,  or  elongated 
involution  forms. 

17.  Bact.  acetigenum  Henneberg. 

18.  Bact.  acettcum  (Kruse). 
II.   Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

A.   Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

i .  Gas  generated  in  lactose  bouillon  abundantly. 

a.  Milk  rendered  viscous  —  slimy. 

19.  Bact.  viscosum  van  Laer. 

b.  Milk  coagulated,  but  not  rendered  viscous  —  slimy. 
*   Bouillon  rendered  turbid. 

20.  Bact.  aerogenes  Escherich. 

BACT.  AEROGENES  GROUP  * 

21.  Bact.  capsulatum  (Sternberg). 

22.  Bact.  chincnse  (Hamilton). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  123 

**    Bouillon  not  rendered  turbid. 

23.  Bact.  pallescens  Henrici. 
c.    Milk  not  coagulated. 

24.  Bact.  ferment ationis  Chester. 

2.   Little  or  HO  gas  generated  in  lactose  bouillon,  bacilli,  at  least  in  the 
animal  body  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 

FRIEDLANDER  BACILLUS  GROUP. 

a.  Surface  growth  in  gelatin  stab  cultures  punctiform  or  convex, 

not  flat  or  spreading. 

25.  Bact.  pneumonia  Zopf. 

b.  Surface  growth  in  gelatin  stab  cultures  flat  and  spreading. 

*  Milk  not  coagulated. 

26.  Bact.  ozcEncE  (Abel)  Lehmann-Neumann. 
**    Milk  slowly  coagulated. 

27.  Bact.  Wrightii. 

c.  Surface  growth  in  gelatin  stab  cultures  indeterminate. 

28.  Bact.  sputigenum. 

B.   Very  little  or  no  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

.!  f  SEPTICAEMIA  HEMORRHAGICA  GROUP. 

1.  Milk  coagulated. 

a.  Gelatin  colonies  of  the  aerogenes  type.     Bacteria  closely  related 

to  Bact.  aerogenes. 

29.  Bact.  limbatum  Marpmann. 

30.  Bact.  nasalis. 

b.  Gelatin  colonies  of  the  colt  type. 

*  Produce  indol. 

31.  Bact.  cholera  (Zopf)  Kitt. 

32.  Bact.  gallinarum  (Kruse). 
**   Do  not  produce  indol. 

33.  Bact.  anaerogenes  (Lembke). 

2.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

a.  Litmus  milk  rendered  acid  or  reddened- 

*  Produce  indol. 

34.  Bact.  suicida  Migula. 

35.  Bact.  bovisepticum  (Kruse). 
**   Do  not  produce  indol. 

36.  Bact.  pneumopecurium. 

b.  Litmus  milk  blue,  reaction  amphoteric  —  alkaline. 

*  Gelatin  colonies  smooth,  not  characterized  as  in  **. 


124 


BACTERIOLOGY 

f   Produce  indol. 

37.  Bact.  sanguinarium  Moore. 

38.  Bact.  avium. 

ft   Do  not  produce  indol,  or  reaction  doubtfully  faint. 

39.  Bact.  inocuum  (Kruse). 

40.  Bact.  tiogense  (Wright). 

**   Gelatin  colonies  crimpled  —scalloped  —  petaloid. 
f   Colonies  radially  crimpled. 

41.  Bact.  refractans  (Wright), 
ft   Colonies  petaloid. 

42.  Bad.  rodonatum  (Ravenel). 

3.  Milk  coagulation  not  stated. 

a.  Pepton-rosolic  acid  decolorized  ;  cultures  viscous. 

43.  Bact.  zurnianum  List. 

b.  Pepton-rosolic  acid  not  decolorized  ;   cultures  not  decidedly  vis- 

cous. 

44.  Bact.  Martizeni  (Sternberg). 

4.  Milk  coagulation  not  stated.     Bacteria  closely  related  or  identical 

with  either  fowl  cholera  or  swine  plague. 

a.  Strongly  pathogenic  to  rabbits. 

*  Distinctly  pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 

45.  Bact.  cuniculicida  (Kruse). 
**    Slightly  pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 

46.  Bact.  cuniculicida  var.  immobilis. 

b.  Pathogenic  to  rabbits  only  by  intraperitoneal  injections. 

47.  Bact.  putidum. 

C.   Gas  production  in  glucose  bouillon  indeterminate. 
i.  Colonies  on  gelatin  of  the  coli  type. 
a.   Pathogenic  bacteria. 

*  Bacteria  closely  related  to  fowl  cholera. 

f   Decidedly  pathogenic  to  rabbits,  producing  general  septi- 
caemia. 
§   Associated  with  specific  diseases  of  pigeons. 

48.  Bact.  diphtheria  (Fliigge). 

49.  Bact.  columbarum  (Kruse). 

§§   Associated  with  a  specific  disease  of  rabbits. 

50.  Bact.  cuniculi  (Kruse). 

5 1 .  Bact.  Beckii  (Kruse) . 

§§§   Septic  bacteria  of  mixed  origin. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  125 

J   Produce    general    septicaemia    in    guinea    pigs,  strongly 
pathogenic. 

52.  Bad.  dubium  (Kruse). 

53.  Bact.felis  (Kruse). 

54.  Bact.  septicum  (Trevisan). 

55.  Bact.  vtiulinum. 

\\   Slightly  or  negatively  pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 

56.  Bact.  pur  pur  urn. 

57.  Bact.  Bienstockii  (Schrb'ter). 

ft   Less  strongly  pathogenic  to  rabbits  ;  associated  with  hem- 
orrhagic  infection  of  man. 

58.  Bact.  hcEinorrhagicum  (Kruse). 

59.  Bact.  velenosum  (Kruse). 

60.  Bact.  nephritidis  (Vassale). 
fft   Not  pathogenic  to  rabbits. 

61.  Bact.  aphthosum  (Kruse). 

62.  Bact.  dysenteries  (Kruse). 

**    Bacteria,  slender,  minute,  like  influenza  bacillus. 

63.  Bact.  saliva  (Kruse). 
b.    Non-pathogenic  bacteria. 

*  Milk  not  coagulated. 

f   Milk  rendered  decidedly  acid. 

64.  Bact.  acidum. 

ff    Reaction  of  milk  unchanged. 

65.  Bact.  Connii. 
**   Action  on  milk  not  stated. 

66.  Bact.  nitrovorum  Jensen. 

67.  Bact.filefaciens  Jensen. 

Colonies  on  gelatin  of  the  aerogenes  type,  non-pathogenic ;  mostly 
milk  bacteria,  probably  of  the  aerogenes  group. 

a.  Milk  coagulated. 

*  Milk  coagulated  at  room  temperatures. 

68 .  Bact.  punctatum . 

69.  Bact.  Middletoivnii. 

**   Milk  not  coagulated  at  room  temperatures,  and  only  at  about 
35°  C. 

70.  Bact.  coccoideum. 

b.  Milk  rendered  slimy. 

71.  Bact.  lactis  (Kramer). 

c.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

72.  Bact.  aromafaciens. 


126  BACTERIOLOGY 

ACETIC  FERMENT  GROUP 
10.   Bact.  aceti  (Kiitz.)  Lanzi,  emend.  Beijerinck 

EssigmutterKiitzing:  Jour,  prakt.  Chemie,  XI,  1837,  385. 
Ulvina  aceti  Kiitzing:  Phycologie  generalis,  1843,  148. 
Mycoderma  aceti  Pasteur :  Etude  sur  le  Vinaigre,  1868,  106. 
Bact.  aceti  Lanzi :  N.  Giorn.  hot.  Ital.,  1876,  257. 
Bact.  aceti  Beijerinck :  Centralblatt  f.  BakterioL,  2  Abt.,  IV,  1898. 

In  beer  gelatin  containing  10  per  cent  of  cane  sugar,  very  voluminous  colonies 
of  a  slimy  consistency,  and  causing  a  strong  turbidity  of  the  gelatin. 
Grow  poorly  in  beer  gelatin  without  sugar  ;  cane  sugar  inverted.  Beijerinck 
holds  this  species  to  be  distinct  from  B.  aceti  of  Hansen. 

Habitat.  The  quick  vinegar  ferment  of  Pasteur,  living  on  the  surface  of  beech 
wood  shavings  in  the  vinegar  vats. 

ii.     Bact.  Pasteurianum  (Hansen)  Zopf 

Mycoderma  Pasteurianum  Hansen :  Compt.  Rendu  Carlsberg  Lab.,  Copenhagen,  1879. 
Bact.  Pasteurianum  Zopf:  Spaltpilze,  1885,  64. 

Morphology.     The  membrane  consists  of  chains  of  elements  0.4-0.8 :  i.o  /x. 
Wort  gelatin  colonies.     Entire,  without  any  rosette  form,  but  with  brain-like 

corrugations  of  the  surface. 
Sterile  beer.     In  24  hours,  at  24°  C.,  a  rather  thick  dry  membrane,  minutely 

corrugated ;  fluid  clear. 
Habitat.     Beer  and  beer- wort,  seldom  in  wine. 

12.  Bact.  Kiitzingianum  (Hansen) 

Compt.  Rendu  Carlsberg  Lab.,  Copenhagen,  III,  1894,  265. 

Morphology.     Short,  thick  bacilli ;  not  in  chains  as  in  No.  n. 
On  sterile  beer.     A  moist,  smooth,  slimy  membrane,  easily  broken,  with  a 
tendency  to  rise  on  the  walls  of  the  tube. 

13.  Bact.  Hansenianum 

Mycoderma  aceti  Hansen  :  I.e.,  1879. 
Bact.  aceti  Zopf:  Spaltpilze,  1885,  62. 
Bact.  aceti  Brown :  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.,  London,  XLIX,  1886. 

Morphology.  Bacilli,  short  rods,  rather  more  slender  than  No.  1 1  ;  in  chains, 
placed  parallel  with  often  hour-glass  forms  —  long  slender  involution 
forms  —  irregularly  swollen  and  often  branched. 

Wort  gelatin  colonies.     Rosette-like,  radiate. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  I2/ 

Beer  or  wort.     A  moist,  slimy,  smooth-veined  membrane  ;  fluid  only  slightly 

turbid.     Minimum  temperature,  4°-5°  C. ;   optimum  temperature,  34°  C. 
Habitat.     Beer  and  beer-wort. 

14.  Bact.  oxydans  Henneberg 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2d  Abt.,  Ill,  1897,  223. 

Morphology.  Bacilli,  0.8-1.2:  2.4:  2.7  /A;  in  chains  rather  loosely  jointed; 
show  rotatory  motion  (Henneberg,  I.e.).  Involution  forms  as  filaments 
with  bud-like  swellings;  fluid  turbid  below  the  membrane.  Optimum 
temperature,  i8°-2i°  C.  Minimum  temperature,  8°  C. ;  maximum, 
3o°-33°  C. 

Habitat.     Beer,  etc. 

15.  Bact.  acetosum  Henneberg 

L.c.,  IV,  1898,  14. 

Morphology.  Bacilli,  0.4-0.8  :  i.o  /x,  in  chains  of  elements.  Optimum  temper- 
ature, 28°  C. ;  minimum,  8°  C. ;  maximum,  ±  36°  C.  Involution  forms 
like  B.  Pasteur  ianum. 

1 6.    Bact.  xylinum  Brown 

Jour.  Chem.  Soc..  London,  XLIX,  1886,  432. 
Characters  as  specified  in  the  Synopsis. 

17.     Bact.  acetigenum  Henneberg 

L.C.,  IV,  1898,  15. 

Morphology.  Bacilli,  0.8-1.2  :  1.2-1.4  /"• ;  n°  chain  formation  of  the  elements  ; 
enlarged  ellipsoidal  —  coccoid  involution  forms.  On  beer  and  yeast- 
water  a  thin,  very  tough  membrane,  which  sinks  in  fragments  to  the 
bottom,  a  new  membrane  forming;  fluid  often  turbid.  With  H2SO4  and 
iodine,  often  a  cellulose  reaction  of  the  membrane.  According  to  Henne- 
berg, bacilli  show  a  rotatory  motion.  Optimum  temperature  38°  C. 

1 8.    Bact.  aceticum  (Kruse) 

Bacterium  C  of  sour  dough  Peters  :  Bot.  Zeitung,  1889. 

Bacillus  aceticus-Petersii  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  355. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8-1 .6  ^,,  rounded  —  pointed,  singly  and  in  twos,  rarely 

in  chains  of  four.     In  old  cultures,  short,  swollen  involution  forms. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Roundr  convex,  becoming  flatter  and  more  spreading. 


128  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     No  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  flat,  spreading 

irregular. 
Glucose  yeast  water.     Turbid ;  on  the  surface  a  very  thin  pellicle,  which  is 

slimy  and  easily  broken,  with  a  tendency  to  rise  up  on  the  walls  of  the 

tube.     In  yeast  water,  with  5  per  cent  of  alcohol,  a  strong  acetic  acid 

production. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sour  dough. 

19.     Bact.  viscosum  van  Laer 

Bact.  viscosum-cerevisa  van  Laer :  Acad.  royale  de  Belgique,  1889,  36. 

Morphology.     Bacteria  0.8  :  1.6-2.4 /u,. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Entire  —  erose,  brownish. 

Potato.     Growth  of  white,  watery,  doughy  colonies,  which  smell  like  foul  fish. 

Beer-wort.     Rendered  viscous  ;  CO2  evolved. 

Milk  and  glucose  bouillon.     Rendered  slimy,  with  gas  production. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  beer,  yeast,  and  bread  ;  causes  a  viscous  fermentation. 

BACT.  AEROGENES  GROUP 

20.     Bact.  aerogenes  Escherich 

~  Bact.  lactis-aerogenes  Escherich:  Fortschritte  Medizin,  1885,  No.  16-17. 
Bact.  aceticum  Babinsky:  Zeitsch.  f.  phys.  Chem.,  XII,  1888,  434. 
Bacillus  aerogenes  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  340. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-1.0:  1.0-2.0  /n. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  granular,  grayish  brown.  Surface:  porce- 
lain-white, round,  convex  ;  microscopically,  yellowish,  granular,  darker  in 
the  centre. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  good  growth ;  on  the  surface,  a  round,  convex 
growth. 

Bouillon'.     Turbid  ;  a  slight  membrane. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  rather  opaque,  porcelain-white. 

Potato.  Growth  moist,  yellowish  white,  with  development  of  gas  and  a  cheesy 
odor. 

Milk.     Coagulated  ;  strongly  acid.     Indol  negative. 

Pathogenesis.  Variable ;  for  the  smaller  animals,  usually  pathogenic  only  in 
large  doses  (toxaemia). 

Habitat.     Milk,  faeces,  air,  water,  etc. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  129 

VARIETIES 

Often  difficult  to  differentiate  from  B.  coli.  Scheffer  (Archiv  f.  Hygiene, 
XXX,  1897,  291)  describes  a  variety  of  B.  aerogenes  which  closely  con- 
nects it  with  B.  colt.  Diff. .  B.  coli,  when  grown  anaerobically,  showed 
no  change  of  morphology,  while  B.  aerogenes,  grown  under  the  same 
conditions,  developed  abnormally  long  filaments.  Guinea  pigs  immunized, 
on  the  one  hand  against  B.  aerogenes,  and  on  the  other  against  B.  coh, 
gave  sera  which  possessed  diagnostic  value ;  viz.,  aerogenes  serum 
caused  an  agglutination  of  aerogenes  bacilli,  but  not  of  B.  coli',  while 
coli  serum  caused  an  agglutination  of  B.  coli,  but  not  of  B.  aerogenes. 

Bact.  addi-lactici  Grotenfelt,  Fortschritte  Med.,  VII,  1889,  124.  Indistinguish- 
able from  the  preceding. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  faeces,  water,  milk. 

Bact.  a  and  b  Guillebeau:  Ann.  Micrograph.,  XI,  225.  Indistinguishable 
from  the  preceding,  except  that  bacilli  show  a  slight  motility. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  milk. 

21.   Bact.  capsulatum   (Sternberg) 

Capsule  Bacillus  of  Pfeiffer:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889,  145. 
Bacillus  capsulatus  Sternberg:  Manual  Bacteriology,  1892,  431. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  thick,  with  rounded  ends,  usually  2-3  times  their  breadth  ; 
often  in  chains  of  2-3  elements,  or  in  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  oval,  granular.  Surface  :  flat,  glistening,  porcelain- 
white. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  good  growth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  round,  glisten- 
ing, flat,  porcelain-white. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  pure  white,  viscous. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  yellowish  white,  viscid. 

Pathogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  by  septicaemia 
in  2-3  days.  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  and  pigeons, 
death  in  30  hours ;  septicaemia.  Rabbits,  refractory. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  the  blood  of  guinea  pigs  which  died  spontaneously. 
According  to  Strong  (Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV,  49),  this  bacillus 
generates  gas  actively  in  lactose  bouillon. 

22.     Bact.  chinense  (Hamilton) 

Bacillus  capsulatus-chinensis  Hamilton:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2d  Abt.,  IV,  1898,  230. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.6:4-8  /u,  with  a  capsule.  Rods  within  the  capsule 
small,  0.5-0.7  :  4.0-6.0  //,,  with  2-3  elements  within  a  single  capsule.  In 
old  cultures  the  rods  disintegrate.  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 


130 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round  —  oval,  often  a  bright  ring  between  centre  and 
border.  Surface:  in  48  hours  colony  the  size  of  a  pin's  head;  white, 
glistening,  convex;  microscopically,  grayish  brown,  opaque. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  good  growth,  white  ;  often  gas  produced  ,  surface 
growth  convex. 

Agar  colonies.     Deep:   fusiform.     Surface:  slimy  glistening  drops. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  thick,  slimy,  spreading;  condensation  water,  slimy 
turbid. 

In  glycerine  agar,  gas  production. 

Bouillon.  Turbid;  a  delicate  membrane,  which  adheres  to  walls  of  tube,  be- 
coming thicker,  and  sinking;  later  a  slimy  —  flocculent  sediment,  and 
clear  medium  above.  Culture  has  the  odor  of  walnuts. 

Blood  serum.     Growth  not  so  abundant  as  on  agar;  no  liquefaction. 

Potato.  A  thick,  creamy  layer,  color  of  potato,  with  raised  border ;  odor  of 
trimethylamine  and  ammonia. 

Agar  stab.     Gas  production  at  37°  C. 

Milk.     Coagulated  slowly ;  after  6  days  at  37°  C.  acid,  with  a  cheesy  odor. 

Do  not  grow  on  acid  media,  but  best  on  one  weakly  alkaline.  Maltose,  glucose, 
and  lactose  fermented.  Cane  sugar  not  fermented.  Litmus  reddened. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  mice  causes  death  by  general 
septicaemia  in  24  hours.  Guinea  pigs,  intraperitoneally,  death  in  36-48 
hours,  with  peritonitis. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  India  ink. 

23.    Bact.  pallescens  Henrici 

Bakterienflora  des  Kases,  Baseler,  Philos.  Diss.,  1894. 

Indistinguishable  from  Bact.  aerogenes,  except  that  bouillon  is  not  rendered 

turbid. 
-Habitat.     Isolated  from  cheese. 

24.    Bact.  fermentationis  Chester 

Report  Del.  College  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.,  1899. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  1.25-3.0 /x.    - 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  entire,  homogeneous,  yellowish  brown, 
0.1-0.3  mm-  Surface:  macroscopically,  moist,  glistening,  punctiform, 
0.5-1.0  mm.,  later  convex  — flat,  dull  white,  1.0-1.5  mm.  Colonies  re- 
main small  after  several  weeks.  Microscopically,  round,  entire,  brownish 
in  the  centre,  becoming  gradually  lighter  toward  the  edge,  or  grayish 
yellow  throughout,  strongly  refracting  and  amorphous. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  131 

Agar  colonies.  Deep  :  round  —  oval,  brown,  opaque,  coarsely  granular.  Surface: 
Round,  flatly  convex,  moist,  glistening,  milky  white  —  rather  translucent; 
later  round,  thin,  flat,  slimy,  translucent,  6  mm.  Microscopically,  light 

I         yellowish  brown,  homogeneous,  finely  granular;  edge  thin,  indistinct; 
later  grayish  brown,  grumose  —  finely  granular  ;  border  thin,  entire  — 
undulate. 
Gelatin  slant.     A  thin,  opaque  streak  ;  edges  finely  erose. 
Agar  slant.     A  flat,  white,  opaque,  moist,  glistening,  slimy  stripe,  about  3 

mm.  wide. 

Gelatin  stab.     Good  growth  in  depth  ;  surface  growth  thin,  flat. 
Bouillon  (neutral)  .     Turbid  ;  in  3  weeks  clear,  with  easily  diffusible  sediment. 

No  pellicle. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  limited,  moist,  glistening,  dirty  white  —  light  dirty 

brown,  becoming  darker. 

Milk.     No  change  in  consistency  after  5  weeks,  then  coagulated  on  boiling. 
Litmus  milk.     Rendered  acid. 
Blood  serum.     A  narrow,  moist,  glistening,  flat  to  raised,  dirty  white,  slimy 

stripe.     Indol  negative.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  garden  soil. 
NOTE.  —  Under  this  head  is  placed  :  — 

B.  coli-immobilis  (Kruse) 

•Unbeweglicher  F&ces  oder  Kolonbacillus   Germano-Maurea  :   Zeitsch.   f.  Hygiene,  XII, 

1892,  498. 

J3.  coli-immobilis  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  339. 
Indistinguishable  from  B.  coli,  except  as  to  motility. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  faeces. 

FRIEDLANDER   BACILLUS  GROUP 

25.    Bact.  pneumonias  Zopf 

Pneutnococcus  Friedlander  :  Fortschritte  Med.,  1883,  715. 

Bact.  pneumonice-crouposae  Zopt  :  Spaltpilze,  1885,  66. 

Bacillus  pneumonia  Weichselbaum  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  I,  1887,  589. 


Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.8  :  0.6-3.5  /*»  w^^  rounded  ends;  in  animal  body 

with  a  capsule.     Capsule  only  in  milk  cultures. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  :  round  —  oval,  entire,  brownish,  opaque.     Surface  : 

round,  convex,  white  ;    microscopically,  round,  entire,  brownish  —  yellow- 

ish brown,  opaque,  with  transparent  borders. 


132 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded  ;  on  the  surface,  a  convex  growth. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  whitish  yellow  —  gray,  soft,  glistening,  spreading. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  slimy  sediment. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated  (according  to  some  authors  coagulated). 

Potato.  Growth  yellowish-grayish,  slimy,  glistening,  thin,  with  gas  bubbles. 
Indol  slight.  H2S  slight.  Ethyl-alcohol,  acetic,  and  formic  acids  pro- 
duced (Frankland). 

Pathogenesis .  Variable.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  mice  causes  death  by 
general  septicaemia ;  also  in  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits,  by  intraperitoneal 
and  intravenous  injections. 

Habitat.  Found  in  normal  saliva.  Associated  with  bronchopneumonia^ 
bronchitis,  and  various  inflammatory  and  purulent  conditions. 

VARIETIES 

Probably  varieties  of  the  above :  not  sufficiently  described  to  clearly  differen- 
tiate from  Bact.  pneumonia:. 

B.  capsulatus-mucosus  Fasching:  Centralblatt  f.  BakterioL,  XII,  1892,  304. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  secretions  in  influenza. 
Capsule  bacillus  of  Mandry:  Fortschritte  Med.,  VIII,  1890,  No.  6. 
Capsule  bacillus  of  Kockel :  Fortschritte  Med.,  IX,  1891,  No.  8. 
Capsule  bacillus  of  Dungern :  Centralblatt  f.  BakterioL,  XIV,  1893,  546. 
Capsulated  canal  water  bacillus  Mori:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IV,  1888,  53. 

26.     Bact.  ozaenae  (Abel)  Lehmann-Neumann 

Bacillus  mucosus-ozcence  Abel :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXI,  1896,  88. 
Bact.  ozcence  Lehmann-Neumann  :  Bact.  Diagnostik,  1896,  204. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  of  variable  length.  Capsule  in  the  body,  occasionally 
in  milk  cultures. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Transparent,  watery,  viscid. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  thin,  spreading. 

sigar  slant.  Growth  watery,  with  a  tendency  to  run  down  into  the  condensa- 
tion water. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Potato.  Growth  watery,  with  gas  bubbles  only  sparingly.  Indol  negative. 
Do  not  grow  in  acid  gelatin. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  mice  causes  death  in  1-4  days,  of 
septicaemia.  Guinea  pigs,  subcutaneous  inoculations  negative  ;  intraperi- 
toneal injections  cause  peritonitis,  etc.  Rabbits  refractory. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  mucus  in  coryza. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  133 

Bacillus  of  rhinitis-atrophicans    Paulsen :   Centralblatt  f.    Bakteriol.,   XIV, 

1893,  249. 
Not  differentiated  sufficiently  to  distinguish  from  the  preceding. 


27.     Bact.  Wrightii 

Capsule  bacillus  of  Malory  and  Wright :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XX,  1895,  22°- 

Morphology.  Bacilli  thick,  with  considerable  variations  in  size ;  length 
usually  2-3  times  their  thickness  ;  ends  rounded.  Slowly  decolorized  by 
Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  beaded ;  no  gas ;  on  the  surface,  growth 
translucent,  gray,  thin,  not  spreading. 

Agar  slant  (with  I  per  cent  of  glucose).  Growth  grayish,  broad,  delicate, 
translucent. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  delicate  iridescent  membrane. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  delicate,  colorless  ;  no  gas. 

Milk.     Slowly  coagulated,  acid  ;  no  odor. 

Pathogenesis.  Inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  in  1-3  days  with  septicaemia. 
Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs,  a  local  suppuration  ;  intraperito- 
neally,  0.2  cc.,  septicaemia  and  much  colorless  slimy  exudate,  death  in  24 
hours.  Rabbits,  0.5  cc.  into  ear  vein,  death  in  24  hours.  Septicaemia  and 
slimy  exudate  in  body  cavities. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  bronchopneumonia. 

VARIETIES 

Capsule  bacillus  of  Nicolaier :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVI,  1894,  60 1. 
From  purulent  nephritis.     Indt.  from  the  preceding. 

Keratomalacia  infantum  capsule  Bacillus  Loeb  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  X, 
1891,  369. 

28.  Bact.  sputigenum 

Bacillus  aerogenes-sputigenus-capsulatus  Herla:    Archiv  de  Biol.,  XIV,  1895,  403. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  thick,  oval,  rounded  ends,  often  rather  curved.  Older 
cultures  show  filaments.  Occur  singly,  now  and  then  in  twos.  In  bloo, 
preparations  a  capsule. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies  remain  very  small.  Surface  colonies  gray- 
white,  with  later  a  transparent  border. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  nail-shaped  growth,  gray,  not  porcelain-white. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white,  slimy. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  whitish  sediment. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated.     In  gelatin  and  agar  much  gas. 

Pathogenesis.     Mice  die  in  1-3  days  of  septicaemia;  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits 

refractory. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  blood  of  a  mouse  which  had  been  inoculated  with 

the  sputum  of  a  pneumonia  patient. 

29.     Bact.  limbatum  Marpmann 

Bact.  limbatum-acidi-lactici  Marpmann :   Erganzungshefte  des  Centralblatt  f.  allgemeine 
Gesundheitspflege,  II,  122. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick,  with  a  capsule. 

Milk  serum  gelatin  colonies.     24  hours,  punctiform,  white,  glistening ;    edges 

sharp. 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  surface  growth  white,  flat. 
Litmus  milk.     24  hours  coagulated,  slightly  reddened.     Grow  at  37°  C. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

30.  Bact.  nasalis 

Vorkommen  von  Frisch'schen  Bacillen  in  der  Nasenschleimhaut  des  Menschen  u.  der 
Thiere:  Simoni,  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV,  1899,  625. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  rather  large,  oval,  with  a  thick  capsule,  which  commonly 
encloses  two  rods.  In  cultures  smaller,  more  rod-like,  and  without  a 
capsule.  Stain  readily. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Round,  much  raised,  homogeneous,  opalescent,  waxy; 
growth  viscous. 

Gelatin  stab.  Good  growth  in  depth  ;  no  gas.  Surface  growth  raised  —  convex, 
opalescen^  becoming  dirty  white,  never  porcelain-white. 

Agar  slant.     In  24  hours  a  moist,  glistening,  translucent,  watery  streak. 

Glycerin  agar  colonies.  24  hours,  37°.  Deep  :  dark,  small,  opaque.  Surface : 
largest,  the  size  of  a  pin's  head,  raised,  translucent,  whitish-grayish. 

Bouillon.  In  24  hours  at  37°,  a  dense  turbidity,  with  a  delicate  pellicle  on  the 
surface. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  not  acid. 

Potato.  A  raised,  translucent,  colorless,  watery,  glistening  streak.  No  develop- 
ment in  acid  media.  No  gas  in  glucose  bouillon. 

Pathogenesis.  Not  pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits,  except  an  infiltra- 
tion at  the  point  of  injection. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  secretions  in  rhinoscleroma. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  135 

SEPTICAEMIA   HEMORRHAGICA  OR   SWINE-PLAGUE  GROUP 

31.  Bact.  cholerae  (Zopf)  Kitt 

Microbe  du  Cholera  des  Poles  Pasteur :    Compt.  rend.,  LXC,  1880,  239,  952,  1030. 

M.  cholerce-gaUinarum  Zopf:    Spaltpilze,  1885,  57. 

Bact.  cholerce-gallinarum  Crookshank :    Manual  Bacteriology,  1887,  232. 

Coccobacillus  avicidus  Gamalei :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV,  1888,  161. 

Bact.avicidum  Kitt:    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  I,  1885,  305. 

Bacillus  des  Kaninchensepticamia   Koch :    Aetiol-Wundinfectionskrank.,    Leipzig,   1878 ; 

Gaffky,  Mitteilungen  Kaiserl.  Gesundheitsamte,  I,  1881,  94. 
B.  cuniculicida  Fliigge :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.4-0.6:  i.o  /x;  show  polar  stain. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Surface  colonies  like  B.  coli. 

Agar  slant.     Aggregations  of  delicate  colonies. 

Potato.     Growth  waxy,  translucent,  gray-white,  flat. 

Bouillon.     A  slight  turbidity. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  acid. 

Litmus  milk  reduced.     Produce  indol  and  phenol. 

Pathogenesis .     Subcutaneous  injections  of  small  doses  produce  septicaemia  in 

chickens,  pigeons,  geese,  ducks,  etc. ;  also  in  rabbits  and  mice. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  chicken  cholera,  and  septicaemia  of  rabbits. 

32.  Bact.  gallinarum  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  of  infectious  enteritis  in  fowls  Klein  :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  V,  1889. 
B.gamnarum  Kruse:    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  416. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  2-3  times  the  length  of  fowl  cholera.    Cultural  characters 

identical  with  the  preceding. 
Potato.     37°,  no  growth,  later  a  brownish  growth.     Differs  from  the  preceding 

mainly  by  its   weaker  pathogenic    properties ;    only   chickens   affected 

by  subcutaneous  injections  and  by  feeding.     Stools  loose,  death  in  7-9 

days,  with  bacilli  in  the  blood. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cases  of  enteritis  in  fowls. 
VARIETY.     Bacillus  of  dysentery  in  turkeys  and  fowls  Lucet :  Annales  Pasteur 

Institut,  1891,  5.     Not  differentiated  from  the  preceding. 

33.  Bact.  anaerogenes  (Lembke) 

B.  coli- anaerogenes  Lembke  :   Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XXVII,  1896,  384. 

Morphology.     Bacilli    1.0:2.0  /x.     Morphology  and  cultural  characters  like 

B.  coli. 
Lactose  bouillon.     No  gas  ;  produces  an  amount  of  acid  intermediate  between 

B.  typhi  and  B.  colt. 


I36  BACTERIOLOGY 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  cause  septicaemia  in  mice,  guinea 

pigs,  and  rabbits ;  bacilli  in  the  blood. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  faeces  of  a  dog,.. 


Y     34.  Bact.  suicida  (Migula) 

Bacillus  der  deutschen  Schweineseuche  Loffler-Schiitz :  Arbeiten  Kaiserl.  Gesundheitsamte, 

I.  1886,51,376. 

Bacillus  of  swine-plague  Salmon  :    U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.,  Bureau  Animal  Industry,  1886,  87. 
Bact.  suicida  Migula :    Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1895. 
B.  suisepticus  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  419. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5-0.6  :  I  .o  ;  others  0.7-0.8  :  1 .8  /x,  rounded  ends  ;  polar 
stain.  Growth  on  gelatin  rather  variable  ;  negative  to  very  feeble. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  after  some  days  round,  entire,  brownish,  granular 
centres,  and  pale  margins,  0.2-0.5  mm-  Surface:  like  the  former,  but 
4-5  times  as  large. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep:  in  24  hours  0.2  mm.,  round  —  lenticular,  brownish, 
opaque,  smooth  or  beset  with  knobs.  Surface:  round,  entire,  slightly 
convex,  white  —  translucent ;  microscopically,  centre  brownish,  granular 
toward  margins,  becoming  homogeneous,  translucent,  with  very  delicate 
radial  striations.  Plates  give  off  a  disagreeable  pungent  odor. 

Agar  slant.  Isolated  colonies  or  a  thin  grayish  translucent  layer  ;  growth  in 
condensation  water  viscid. 

Bouillon.  Faintly  turbid  or  granular  in  clumps  —  clear ;  sediment  viscous  ; 
slightly  acid. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  becoming  slightly  acid. 

Potato.  No  appreciable  growth  ;  according  to  Karlinsky  a  very  delicate, 
limited,  straw-yellow  growth. 

Indol.  Negative  or  only  a  trace.  Phenol:  present  (Smith)  or  absent 
(Karlinsky). 

Pathogenesis.  Variable  in  bacilli  from  different  outbreaks.  Subcutaneous  in- 
oculations of  rabbits,  in  virulent  types,  cause  a  rapid  septicaemia;  less 
virulent,  death  in  40  hours  to  7  days.  Peritonitis,  hemorrhagic  or  diph- 
theritic, with  bacilli  in  exudate ;  few  bacilli  in  blood  or  organs.  Atten- 
uated forms  cause  death  only  after  several  weeks ;  local  inflammatory 
reaction,  circumscribed  or  spread  over  abdomen  and  thorax.  Guinea 
pigs :  as  in  rabbits,  but  slightly  less  susceptible.  Fowl  and  pigeons : 
refractory  to  subcutaneous  inoculations ;  injections  into  pectoral  muscle 
cause  death  in  36-48  hours. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  swine  plague. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  137 

35.  Bact.  bovisepticum  (Kruse) 

Mikroparasiten  bei  einer  Wild  u.  Rinderseuche  Bellinger,  1878. 

Bacterium  der  Wildseuche  Kitt :    Sitz.  Ges.  Morph.  u.  Physiol.  in  Miinchen,  1, 1885. 

Microbo  del  barbone  dei  bufah  Oreste-Armanni :   Atti  d.  R.  Istit.  d.  incoragg.  alle  Scienz. 

Natur.  Napoli  Torn.,  1886;  ref.  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  II,  1887,  750. 
B.  bovisepticus  Kruse:    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,421. 

Morphologically  and  in  cultures  closely  related  to  the  preceding.    See  Canvena. 
1 .  0   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IX,  561.     Phenol  negative  for  buffelseuche  •, 
both  indol  and  phenol  produced  by  the  other  varieties. 

36.   Bact.  pneumopecurium 

Bacillus  of  sporadic  pneumonia  of  cattle  Smith  :    U.  S.  Dept.  Ag., 
Bureau  Animal  Industry,  1895,  136. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  like  those  of  swine  plague,  except  the  presence  of  a 
capsule,  0.5-0.6:  i.o  /u,.  Cultures  become  viscid  with  age.  Growth  on 
gelatin  slight  or  invisible. 

Agar  colonies.     Round,  translucent,  grayish,  reaching  4  mm.  in  diameter. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish,  glistening,  fleshy  ;  water  of  condensation  viscid. 

Potato.     Growth  not  manifest. 

Milk.  Unchanged.  Phenol  produced.  Indol  absent  or  doubtful.  Generally 
absent.  No  gas  in  glucose  and  saccharose  bouillon. 

Bouillon.     A  slight  sediment,  viscid  when  old. 

Pathogenesis.     Similar  to  the  bacillus  of  swine  plague. 

37.    Bact.  sanguinarium  Moore 

U.  S.  Dept.  Ag..  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  1895,  189. 

Morphology.     In  the  body,  bacilli  1.0-1.3:  1.4-1.8  /x,  or  coccoid  forms,  ends 

rounded ;    involution   forms   common.      In   cultures,   longer   and    more 

slender  forms  occur.     Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin   colonies.      Deep:    grayish    yellow,   granular,   0.25    mm.      Surface- 

slightly  spreading,  granular,  without  markings. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  more  abundant  along  the  line  of  inoculation  than  on 

the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  at  37°,  grayish,  glistening. 
Potato.     A  delicate  grayish,  glistening  growth ;   often  no   development  on 

acid  potato.  . 
Alkaline  bouillon.     In  24  hours  a  uniform  turbidity,  acid,  becoming  clear,  with 

a  granular  sediment.     In  acid  bouillon  only  a  slight  growth. 
Milk.     In  4  weeks,  no  change ;  in  6  weeks,  medium,  opalescent,  alkaline, 

saponified. 


I38  BACTERIOLOGY 

Glucose  bouillon.  No  gas,  acid.  Lactose  and  saccharose  bouillon.  No  gas, 
alkaline.  Indol  produced.  Phenol  negative. 

Pathogenesis :  Fowls  inoculated  into  vein  with  0.3  cc.  of  bouillon  culture  die  in 
3-13  days ;  pyrexia,  crouching  position,  head  drawn  in,  liver  slightly 
enlarged,  soft  and  fatty,  spleen  rarely  enlarged,  urates  in  tubules  of 
kidneys,  intestines  show  punctiform  hemorrhagic  spots,  heart  muscles 
pale  with  grayish  points,  only  a  few  bacilli  in  blood  and  organs.  Rabbits : 
injections  of  0.2  cc.  killed  in  4-5  days  ;  slight  local  reaction,  necrotic  areas 
in  liver,  enlarged  and  discolored  spleen,  infiltration  of  cells  into  follicles 
of  caecum  and  glands  about  ileocaecal  valve. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  "  infectious  leukaemia  "  in  fowls. 

38.  Bact.  avium 

Bacillus  of  roup  in  fowls  Moore:   U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Bulletin  8,  1895. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8-1.5:0.8-1.2  /m;  show  polar  stain.     Decolorized  by 

Gram's  method  ;  capsule  (  ?) . 
Agar  colonies.     Minute  grayish   dots ;   odor  pungent,  similar  to   cultures  of 

swine  plague. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  moist,  glistening,  slightly  viscid. 
Potato.     No  growth. 
Alkaline  gelatin.     No  growth. 
Milk.     Unchanged  in  6  weeks. 
Bouillon.     In  24  hours  at  36°  clouded ;  in  2-3  days  acid.     No  growth  in  acid 

bouillon. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Acid ;  no  gas.  .    , 

Lactose  bouillon.      Remains   alkaline;    no   gas.      Indol  produced.      Phenol 

negative. 
Pathogenesis.     Injections  of  o.  I  cc.  subcutaneously  into  rabbits  caused  death 

in  18-36  hours  with  lesions  of  virulent  swine   plague.      Young  fowls 

inoculated  with  0.3  cc.  subcutaneously  died  in  4  days;  kidneys  yellow 

with  urates  ;  cultures  from  blood  and  liver  positive. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  exudate  of  fowls  in  "  roup  "  or  diphtheria. 


39-  Bact.  inocuum  (Kruse) 

B.  lactis-inocuus  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  352. 
In  its  morphological  and  cultural  characters  similar  to  Bact.  aerogenes. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Porcelain-white,  round  —  irregular,  with  characters  approach- 
ing B.  colt. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish. 
Habitat.     Milk. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  139 

40.   Bact.  tiogense  (Wright) 

B.  tiogensis  Wright :   I.e.,  441. 

Morphology.     Bacilli   medium-sized,   plump ;    occur  singly,   in   pairs,   short 

chains,  and  in  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  milk-white,  elevated,  2  mm. ;  microscopically,  dark, 

opaque,  with  a  greenish  shimmer,  becoming  thinner,  brownish,  granular 

toward  their  margins.     Grow  in  acid  gelatin. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish,  glistening,  rather  limited. 
Bouillon.     Rendered  turbid. 
Potato.     Growth  gray-brownish,  spreading. 
Litmus  milk.      Decolorized;    reaction  amphoteric.      Indol    doubtful.      No 

growth  at  37°  C. 
Habitat.     Water. 

41.  Bact.  refractans  (Wright) 

B.  refractans  Wright :   I.e.,  442. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick,  medium-sized,  in  pairs  or  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  2  days  round,  white,  slightly  elevated,  i.o  mm. ;  micro- 
scopically, brownish,  segmented  —  radially  crimpled,  with  scalloped 
outlines. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  narrow,  white,  wrinkled. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  narrow,  composed  of  translucent  colonies. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged  or  lighter  in  color. 

Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  with  a  slight  pellicle,  and  a  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  —  brownish  gray,  composed  of  minute  colonies. 

Litmus  milk.     Unchanged.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  37°  C. 

Habitat.     Water. 

42.   Bact.  rodonatum  (Ravenel) 

B.  rodonatus  Ravenel :    I.e.,  40. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  ovals,  rounded. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  yellowish  brown  with  irregular  edges,  and  a  rosette 
structure.  Surface:  in  60  hours,  i.o  mm.;  grow  slowly  with  a  rosette 
structure,  becoming  distinctly  petaloid  on  their  edges ;  reddish  brown 
centres  and  yellowish  gray  edges. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white,  translucent,  limited. 

Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface,  growth  thin,  irregular,  leafy,  4-5  mm. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  yellowish-brownish. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  a  thin  pellicle. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Decolorized. 


I40  BACTERIOLOGY 

Litmus  milk.  Pure  blue,  becoming  decolorized  in  10  days.  Indol  negative. 
Grow  at  37°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

43.  Bact.  zurmanum  (List) 

Adametz,  Bakt.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  Vienna,  1888 ;  Dyar,  I.e.,  362. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5:0.6-1.0;  occur  singly  and  in  short  chains.  Cul- 
tures on  solid  media  translucent,  white,  very  viscous.  Indol  negative. 
A  slight  reduction  of  nitrates  to  nitrites. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  air. 

44.  Bact.  Martizeni  (Sternberg) 

B.  Martizeni  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  651. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  i  .0-1 .5  /x ;  occur  singly  and  in  short  chains.     Nitrates 

slightly  reduced  after  28  days  (Dyar,  I.e.). 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  translucent. 
Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Deepened  in  color  (Dyar). 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  liver  of  a  yellow  fever  cadaver  (Sternberg).    From 

the  air  (Dyar  (?)). 

45.  Bact.  cuniculicida  (Kruse) 

B.  cuniculicida-thermophilus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 
Micrococcus  sur  une  nouvelle  septicemie  du  lapin  Lucet:  Annales  Pasteur  Institut, 
1889,  401. 

Pathogenesis.  Rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  inoculated  subcutaneously  and  by 
feeding  die  in  1-3  days ;  septicaemia,  spleen  and  liver  enlarged,  serous 
membranes  inflamed,  bacilli  in  organs. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  an  epidemic  of  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs. 

46.    Bact.  cuniculicida  var.  immobile 

Pathogenesis.     Only  slightly  virulent  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  pigeons  ;  death 
only  with  large  doses.     Rabbits  at  autopsy  show  an  inflammation  of  se- 
rous membranes. 
Habitat.    Associated  with  a  spontaneous  rabbit  plague. 

47.    Bact.  putidum 

Bact.  gracilis-cadaveris  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  733. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  1.0-2.0  /x;  in  chains. 
Gelatin  stab.     Beaded  below,  branched  outgrowths  above;   on  the  surface, 

growth  thick,  white. 
Potato.     Growth  creamy. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  141 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  bad  odor. 

Pathogenesis .     Pathogenic  for  rabbits  only  by  intraperitoneal  injections. 

Habitat.     From  human  liver  of  a  cadaver. 

48.  Baet.  diphtheria  (Fltigge) 

Bacillus  der  diphtheria  bei  der  Taube  Loffler :  Mitteilungen  Kaiserlichen  Gesund- 

heitsamte,  1884,  421. 

Der  Loffler  Bacillus  Babes-Puscariu  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VIII,  1890,  376. 
B.  diphtherice-columbarum  Fliigge :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  somewhat  longer  and  more  slender  than  the  bacillus  of 
fowl  cholera. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Similar  to  B.  typhosus. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  translucent. 

Bouillon.     Turbid. 

Potato.     Growth  white  —  grayish.     Indol  negative. 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  mice  and  rabbits  cause  death,  with  necrotic 
spots   in   liver  containing  bacilli ;    spleen  enlarged.      Pigeons  infected 
through  wounds  of  the   mouth   show   diphtheritic   deposits   containing 
bacilli,  with  death  in  1-3  weeks ;  bacilli  in  the  organs  after  death. 
labitat.     Associated  with  diphtheria  in  pigeons. 

49.  Bact.  columbarum  (Kruse) 

Microbe  maladie  des  palombes  Leclainche:  Annales  Pasteur  Institut,  1894,490. 
B.  cholerce-columbarum  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  417. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  somewhat  larger  than  bacilli  of  fowl  cholera.  Cultures 
similar  to  the  latter. 

Bouillon.     Not  turbid,  but  a  flocculent  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  yellow. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  cause 
death  in  about  8  days.  By  feeding  cultures  to  wild  pigeons  death  follows 
in  3-6  days,  with  symptoms  of  chicken  cholera.  Differentiated  from  fowl 
cholera  and  No.  48  by  its  effect  upon  guinea  pigs,  growth  in  bouillon,  etc. 

Habitat.    Associated  with  a  disease  of  wild  pigeons. 

50.    Bact.  cuniculi  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  der  Darmdiphtherice  des  Kaninchens  Ribbert :    Deutsche,  medizinische 

Wochenschrift,  1887. 
B.  diphtherice-cuniculi  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  412. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i  .0-1 .4  :  3.0-4.0  /n. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Similar  to  B.  coli. 

Potato.     Growth  flat,  whitish,  slightly  spreading.     Indol  negative. 


I42  BACTERIOLOGY 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  and  intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  rabbits  cause 
death  in  3-14  days;  in  liver  and  spleen  necrotic  spots  containing  bacilli. 
Infections  per  os  cause  a  diphtheritic  inflammation  of  the  intestines,  etc. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  the  above  disease. 

51.    Bact.  Beckii 

Bacillus  der  Brustscuche  des  Kaninchens  Beck  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XV,  1893,363. 
B.  cuniculi-pneumonicus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  418. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  those  of  fowl  cholera ;  show  polar  stain. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  entire,  granular,  clear,  becoming  brownish. 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth. 

Potato.    At  20°  C.  no  growth. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  porcelain-white  • —  brownish. 

Pathogenesis.  Inoculations  of  rabbits  into  the  lung  result  in  cough,  fever,  rapid 
respiration,  and  death  in  3-5  days  of  pneumonia  and  pleuritis,  with  much 
exudate  containing  bacilli.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  cause  a  spreading 
necrosis  and  death  without  general  infection.  Differentiated  from  No.  50 
by  growth  on  potato  and  pathogenesis. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  lung  plague  of  rabbits. 

52.  Bact.  dubium  Kruse 

JEin  neuer  fur  Thiere  path.  Mikroorg.  aus  dem  Sputum  fines  Pneumoniekranken 

Bunzl  —  Federn  :  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XIX,  1893,  326. 
B.  dubius-pneumonice  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  419. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  rods,  with  polar  staining ;  longer  and  more  slender 

on  agar.  «w 

Gelatin  colonies.     Slightly  spreading. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  composed  of  transparent  colonies. 
Potato.     No  growth. 
Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  or  intraperitoneal  inoculation  of  rabbits,  guinea 

pigs,  mice,  and  pigeons  cause  death  in  1-4  days  ;  septicaemia,  local  oedema 

—  necrosis. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  rusty  sputum  of  a  pneumonia  patient. 

53.  Bact.  felis  (Kruse) 

B.  salivarius-septicus-felis  Fiocca :  Annali  dell'  Institute  d'  igiene  dell'  University 

di  Roma,  1892,  II. 
B.felis-septicus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  423. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  rods.     Cultures  like  those  of  fowl  cholera. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  invisible. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  143 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits  cause  a  general 

septicaemia. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  sputum  of  a  cat. 

54.    Bact.  septicum  (Trevisan) 

B.  septicus-agrigenus  Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
Pasteurella  agrigena  Trevisan  :  Genera,  1889,  21. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  similar  to  those  of  fowl  cholera.  Patho- 
genic to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  earth. 

B.  septicus-hominis  Mironoff :  Centralblatt  f.  Gynakologie,  1892,  42.  From  a 
case  of  septic  infection  of  the  uterus  ;  and 

£.  canalis-parvus  Mori:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IV.  From  canal  water;  not 
differentiated  from  the  preceding,  No.  54. 

55.  Bact.  vitulinum 

Bacillus  der  Septikamie  bei  einem  Seekalbe  Bosso  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV, 

1899,  52. 

Morphology.  In  the  blood  of  rabbits  inoculated  with  the  virus,  bacilli  0.9: 
2.7,  or  0.5  :  1.7  fji.  Grow  poorly  in  ordinary  media  and  quickly  lose  their 
vitality  and  virulence  after  8-10  days. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  round,  raised  ;  border  distinct,  granulose,  yellowish. 

Agar  slant.  37°,  isolated,  ash-gray  colonies,  becoming  confluent ;  condensa- 
tion water  turbid. 

Bouillon.  In  8  hours,  at  37°,  a  uniform  turbidity,  becoming  clear  in  several 
days.  Grow  well  on  glycerin  agar. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  cause  death  in  rabbits  in  20-60 
hours ;  slight  enlargement  of  the  spleen,  diffuse  coloration  of  the  flesh, 
bacilli  in  the  blood.  Guinea  pigs  die  in  32-40  hours  ;  intense  reddening 
of  the  flesh,  kidneys  strongly  congested,  bacilli  in  small  numbers'  in  the 
blood.  Mice  refractory  to  doses  which  kill  the  preceding. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  septicaemia  of  the  sea-calf  (Phoca  vitulind). 

• 

56.  Bact.  purpurum 

Bacillus  of purpura-hcemorrhagica  Babes:  Septische  Proz.  Kindesalters,  1889. 
B.  hcemorrhagicus-septicus  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  424. 

Morphology.     Short  rods  with  a  capsule.     Grow  rapidly  in  gelatin. 
Agar  slant.     Small  transparent  drops,  becoming  whitish  yellow. 
Potato.     Growth  composed  of  whitish  drops. 
Bouillon.     Rendered  turbid. 


144  BACTERIOLOGY 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  in  a  few  days,  of  hemorrhagic 

septicaemia.     Only  slightly  pathogenic  to  dogs  and  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  septicaemia  in  man. 

57.     Bact.  Bienstockii  (Schroter) 

Bacillus  aus  faces,  No.  Ill,  Bienstock  :  Zeitsch.  klin.  Med.,  VIII,  Heft  i. 

B.  Bienstockii  Schroter:  Pilze  Schlesien,  1886,  163. 

B.  coprogenes-parvus   Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  those  of  fowl  cholera. 
Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  in  56  hours ; 

oedema,  with  few  bacilli  in  the  blood.      Inoculations  of  rabbits  into  ear 

cause  death  in  8  days,  with  erysipelas  and  diarrhoea. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  faeces. 


58.    Bact.  haemorrhagicum  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  der  idiopathischen  Blutfleckenkrankheit  Kolb:    Arbeiten    Kaiserlichen   Gesund- 

heitsamte,  VII,  1891,  60. 
B.  hcemorrhagicus  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  424. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  1-2  /x ;  capsule  present  or  absent. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Flat,  erose.  « 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  moist. 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  mice   cause  death  in  2-3  days,  of  septicaemia. 

Guinea  pigs  affected  only  by  large  doses.     Rabbits  often  die  by  intra- 

peritoneal  injections  of  0.5-1.0  cc. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  corpses  of  persons  dead  of  septicaemia. 

59.     Bact.  velenosum  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  der  h&morrhagischen  Infektion  Tizzoni-Giovannini :  Ziegler's  Beitrage,  VII,  1889,, 

300. 
B.  hcemorrhagicus-velenosus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  425. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.2-0.4 :  °-7~l-3  /*• 

Gelatin  colonies..     Flat,  irregular,  with  floccose  borders. 

Potato.     Growth  invisible. 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  dogs,  rabbits,  and  guinea  pigs  cause  only  loca- 

oedema,  with  fever,  hemorrhagic  nephritis,  vomiting,  bloody  diarrhoea ; 

spleen  normal ;  necrosis  of  liver,  and  epithelium  of  kidney. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  purpura-haemorrhagica. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  145. 

60.     Bact.  nephritidis  (Vassalle) 

B.  hcemorrhagicus-nephritidis  Vassalle :  Tizzoni-Giovannini,  Ziegler's  Beitrage,  VII,  1889. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  similar  to  those  of  fowl  cholera,  but  less  pathogenic  to 
rabbits ;  strongly  so  for  guinea  pigs  ;  intraperitoneal  inoculations  cause 
hemorrhagic  nephritis. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  hemorrhagic  nephritis. 

61.     Bact.  aphthosum  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  der   Mundseuche  des  Menschen  (Stomatis  epidemica)  Siegel :    Deutsche  med. 

Wochensch.,  1891,  No.  49. 
B.  aphthosus  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  427. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  0.5-0.7  //,  —  filaments  ;  show  polar  stain. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  entire,  bluish  white  —  yellowish. 

Gelatin  stab.     Growth  in  depth,  beaded. 

Pathogenesis .     Non-pathogenic  to  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  mice,  dogs,  and  cats. 

Local  infection  through  the  mouth  to  young  pigs  and  calves. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  liver  and  kidneys  of  cattle  affected  with  "Maul" 

and  "  Klauenseuche." 

6*.    Bact.  dysenteriae  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  der  weissen  Ruhr  der  Kdlber  Jensen:    Monatshefte  f.  prakt.  Thierheilk.,  Ill, 

1892,  92. 
B.  dysenterice-vitulorum  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  412. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  somewhat  larger  than  those  of  fowl  cholera ;  show  polar 

stain.     Cultures  similar  to  those  of  B.  colt. 
Potato.     Growth  slimy,  brownish. 
Pathogenesis.     The  feeding  of  5  cc.  of  bouillon  culture  to  young  calves  gives 

a  fatal  diarrhoea,  with  bacilli  in  intestines  and  organs. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  dysentery  of  calves. 

63.    Bact.  salivae  (Kruse) 

B.  saliva-minutissimus  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  440. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small  like  those  of  influenza.     Decolorized  by  Gram's 

method. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  flat. 
Potato.     Growth  brownish. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  secretions  of  the  mouth. 
L 


I46  BACTERIOLOGY 

64.    Bact.  acidum 

No.  56  of  Conn :  I.e.,  83. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8-1.2  /x ;  in  pairs  and  chains.     Grow  at  35°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Large,  white,  thin,  translucent,  irregular  —  lobate  ;  surface 

irregular. 

Gelatin  stab.  Good  growth  in  depth ;  on  surface,  growth  thin,  with  an  irregu- 
lar border. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white,  spreading. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid ;  sediment  white. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

65.    Bact.  Connii 

No. tf Conn:  I.e.,  83. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  I  .o  /x.     Slight  growth  at  35°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.     White,  spreading,  granular,  entire. 
Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  thin,  translucent,  spreading. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white. 
Potato.     Growth  elevated,  yellowish,  spreading. 
Bouillon.     Clear,  with  flaky  sediment. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

66.    Bact.  nitrovorum  (Jensen) 

B.  nitrovorus  Jensen  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2d  Abt.,  IV,  1898,  450. 

Morphology.     On  agar  and  in  bouillon  bacilli  0.5  :  0.5-2.0  /A.     No  polar  stain. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  in  4-5  days  scarcely  visible.  Surface :  white,  moist, 
glistening,  entire,  0.2-0.5  mm- 

Agar  colonies.  In  3  days,  at  30°  C.  Deep :  small,  yellowish,  entire.  Sur- 
face :  dirty  white,  slimy,  2-4  mm. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  fine,  pearly.  On  the  surface,  growth  6-10 
mm.,  white,  often  concentric. 

Gelatin  slant.  Slight  growth,  moist,  glistening,  bluish  —  yellowish,  knotty, 
very  limited. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  moist,  slimy,  grayish  —  bluish  white,  limited. 

Nitrate  bouillon.  In  one  day  a  weak  turbidity,  becoming  clear ;  a  faint 
pellicle,  and  a  granular  sediment.  Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  horse  manure. 

67.    Bact.  filefaciens  (Jensen) 

B.  filefaciens  Jensen :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2d  Abt.,  IV,  1898,  409. 
Morphology.     On  agar  bacilli  0.5-0.7  : 0.5-1. 5  /u,;  in  nitrate  bouillon,  0.5-0.7  : 
1.0-2.5  /*• 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  147 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  3-4  days.  Deep:  very  small,  white,  entire.  Surface: 
thin,  moist,  glistening,  stringy,  becoming  thicker. 

Agar  colonies.  In  2  days,  at  30°  C.  Deep:  small,  yellowish  white,  entire. 
Surface:  moist,  glistening,  dirty  white,  stringy,  becoming  white  and 
spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  limited,  raised  in  the  centre  ;  whitish  — grayish. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  milky,  raised  in  the  middle. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  pearly  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  spreading,  milk- 
white. 

Nitrate  bouillon.  Weakly  turbid,  with  a  pellicle,  becoming  clear  with  a 
stringy  sediment ;  denitrification. 

Habitat.     As  a  contamination  of  an  old  culture  of  B.  Stutzeri. 

68.    Bact.  punctatum 

Bacillus  No.  iq  Adametz :  Landwirthsch.  Jahrbucher,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  2.0-3.0  /M,  and  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  4-6  days,  compact,  scarcely  visible  points;  opaque  to 

dark  brown,  not  spreading. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth. 
Milk.     Rendered  acid. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

69.    Bact.  Middletownii 

No.  jj  Conn  :  I.e.,  1894,  82. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short.     Grow  at  35°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     As  raised  beads,  i  mm. 

Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface,  slightly  spreading,  pearly  white,  waxy;  gas  in 

the  gelatin. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  elevated. 
Potato.     Growth  whitish  —  brownish. 
Milk.     Acid,  not  peptonized. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  with  a  sediment. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

70.    Bact.  coccoideum 

No.  16  Conn  :  I.e.,  1893,  51. 

Morphology.     Ovals  —  coccoid  forms.     Grow  at  35°  C. 

Gelatin   colonies.     A  white   bead,   becoming  thin,   spreading;    sometimes   a 

raised  central  nucleus. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  nail-shaped  ;  gas  in  gelatin  frequently. 


I48  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white,  glistening,  spreading  —  elevated. 

Milk.     Coagulated  at  37°,  with  gas,  acid,  and  peptonization  of  the  medium. 

Habitat.     Milk,  Mansfield-Conn. 

71.     Bact.  lactis  (Kramer) 

Bacillus  schleimiger  Milch  Loffler  :  Berliner  klin.  Wochensch.,  1887,  631. 
B.  lactis-pituttosi  Kramer  :  Die  Bakteriologie  Landwirthschaft,  1892,  24. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  rather  thick,  rods  breaking  into  coccoid  segments. 
Gelatin   colonies.      Round,    entire  —  erose,    0.2-0.5    mm.;    microscopically,. 

brownish  and  radially  striped. 
Potato.     Growth  gray  white,  rather  dry 
Agar  slant.     Dirty  white  colonies. 

Milk.     Acid,  slimy.     /  '   . 

Habitat.     Milk. 

72.  Bact.  aromafaciens 

No.  41  Conn  :   I.e.,  1894,  41. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i  .1  :  6.0  //, ;  in  twos. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Punctiform,  I  mm. 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  moist,  elevated,. 

of  the  aerogenes  type. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  glistening. 
Potato.     Growth  elevated,  white  —  yellow. 
Milk.     Slightly  acid,  and  slowly  peptonized. 
'Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

CLASS  III.      GELATIN  NOT  LIQUEFIED.      STAINED   BY   GRAM'S 

METHOD. 

I.   Gas  produced  in  glucose  bouillon.     BACT.  ACIDI-LACTICI  GROUP. 

A.  Milk  coagulated. 

73.  Bact.  acidi-lactici  Zopf. 

74.  Bact.  acidiformans  Sternberg. 

75.  Bact.  asthenia  Dawson. 

B.  Milk  not  coagulated, 

76.  Bact.  endometriditis  (Kruse). 
II.    No  gas  produced  in  glucose  bouillon. 

BACT.    RHINOSCLERMATIS   GROUP. 

A.  Milk  coagulated. 

77.  Bact.  lacticum  (Kruse). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  149 

B.  Milk  coagulated  (28  days)  only  after  boiling. 

78.  Bact.  crassum  (Kreibohm). 

C.  Milk  coagulation  variable. 

79.  Bact.  rhinosclermatis  (Trevisan)  Migula. 

D.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

1 .  Bacilli  with  capsules. 

80.  Bact.  Bordonii  (Trevisan). 

2.  Bacilli  not  distinctly  surrounded  by  capsules. 

82.  Bact.  Bossonis. 

83.  Bact.  Czaplevuskii. 

III.   Gas  production  in  glucose  bouillon  not  stated. 

A.  Obligate  aerobic.     Grow  very  slowly. 

84.  Bact.  nreee  (Miquel)  Leube. 

B.  Not  strictly  aerobic,  as  before. 

1.  Grow  best  on  blood  serum  at  37°  C. 

85.  Bact.  Grawitzii  (Trevisan). 

2.  Grow  well  on  ordinary  media. 

a.  Grow  at  ordinary  room  temperatures. 
*   Milk  coagulated,  acid. 

86.  Bact.  tenue  (Pansini) . 
**    Milk  becomes  thick,  viscous. 

87.  Bact.  subviscorum  Migula. 

b.  Growth  only  takes  place  at  temperatures  above  27°  C. 

88.  Bact.  sanguinis  (Sternberg). 

BACT.  ACIDI-LACTICI   GROUP 

73.    Bact.  acidi-lacti  Zopf 

Milchsaurebacillus  Hueppe :   Mitteilungen  Kaiserl.  Gesundheitsamte,  II,  1882,  337. 
Bact.  acidi-lactici  Zopf:   Spaltpilze,  1883,  65. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.6:  1.0-2.0  //,;  often  in  twos.     Optimum  tempera- 
ture 37°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Coli-like. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  nail,  flat-topped. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white  —  yellow. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  acid,  with  production  of  CO2  and  alcohol. 
Lactose  bouillon.     Gas.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Milk. 


ISO 


BACTERIOLOGY 


74.   Bact.  acidiformans  Sternberg 

Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  449. 

) 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick  rods  to  longer  forms  and  filaments. 
Gelatin   colonies.     Deep:   round,   opaque,    homogeneous.      Surface:   round,. 

translucent  —  opaque,  slightly  irregular  and  somewhat  iridescent. 
Gelatin  stab.     Like  Bact.  pneumonia ;  gas  in  the  gelatin. 
Agar  slant.      Growth   glistening,   creamy.      In  glycerin    agar,   much    gas ; 

medium  becomes  intensely  acid. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  milky  white,  semi-fluid. 
Glycerin  bouillon.     A  milky  opacity,  and  much  gas.     A  slight  reduction  of 

nitrates  to  nitrites. 
Litmus  milk.     Reddened. 
Pathogenesis.  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits,  1.0-2.0  cc., 

cause  death  in  24  hours ;  bacilli  in  the  blood  in  small  numbers ;  spleen, 

enlarged ;  intestines  hyperaemic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  liver  of  yellow  fever  cadaver. 

75.  Bact.  asthenias  Dawson 

U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  1898,  330. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5  :  1 .0-1 .3  /x ;  ends  rounded  ;  occur  singly  and  in  pairs.. 
Do  not  stain  in  acid  or  alkaline  methyl-blue  or  in  carbol-fuchsin,  but  do- 
stain  well  in  aqueous  solutions  of  the  latter.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  yellowish,  with  irregular  lobulate  margins.  Surface:- 
in  24  hours,  1.5  mm.,  round,  raised,  papillate  in  centre,  with  yellowish! 
borders. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  yellowish,  discrete,  closely  packed  colonies ;  on  the- 
surface,  a  brownish,  spreading,  deeply  dentate  growth,  with  delicate- 
periphery. 

Bouillon  (acid).  A  dense  turbidity,  with  pellicle  on  the  surface.  Medium 
yellowish  green,  with  a  putrefactive  odor.  Alkaline  bouillon  rendered 
slightly  acid. 

Agar  slant.     A  good,  white,  opaque  growth  along  line  of  stroke. 

Potato.     In  3  days  a  yellowish,  creamy  growth,  with  gas  blisters. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Rendered  acid  ;  much  gas =  2. 

V_*V^o  ^ 

T_T  _ 

Lactose  bouillon.     Rendered  acid  ;  moderate  gas  production.  -=-^-  =  -. 

\^\)^      I 

TT  — 

Saccharose  bouillon.  Rendered  acid  ;  but  little  gas.  pr~-  =  -. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  151 

Milk.     Coagulated  in  24  hours  ;   whey  clear;    highly  acid,  odorless.     Neither 

indol  nor  phenol  produced.     Pathogenic  for  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  duodenal  contents  of  chickens  in  "  asthenia." 


76.   Bact.  endometriditis  (Kruse) 

Typhus  ahnlichen  Bacillus  Germano-Maurea  :  Ziegler's  Beitrage,  XII,  1893,  494. 
B.  endometriditis  Kruse  :  Flugge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  432. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized,  of  variable  length,  with  a  capsule. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Coli-like. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish. 

Lactose  bouillon.     Gas  production.     No  gas  in  saccharose  bouillon. 

Pathogenesis •.     Doubtful. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  liver  abscess. 


BACT.  RHINOSCHLERMATIS  GROUP 

77.   Bact.  lacticum  (Kruse) 

Described  by  Giinther-Thierfelder :  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XXV,  1895,  2. 
B.  lacticus  Kruse :  Flugge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  356. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.6:  i.o  ft;  in  twos  and  short  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  prominent. 

Potato.     Growth  scanty. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gasr  acid. 

Lactose  bouillon.     As  before. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  odor  aromatic ;  production  of  alcohol  and  fatty  acids. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

78.   Bact.  crassum   (Kreibohm) 

B.  crassus-sputigenus  Kreibohm :  Flugge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
Klebsiella  crassa  Trevisan  :  Genera,  1889,  25. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick  ;  in  body  with  a  capsule. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Aerogenes-like,  grayish  white,  large,  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  nail-shaped  growth,  with  a  round  head. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  grayish  white. 

Milk.     As  above  (Dyar,  I.e.). 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  in  2  days  of 

septicaemia.     Rabbits  succumb  to  intravenous  injections. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sputum. 


152 


BACTERIOLOGY 


79.   Bact.  rhinosclermatis   (Trevisan)  Migula 

Bacillus  der  Rhinoscleroms  Frjsch  :  Wiener  med.  Wochenschrift,  1882,  970. 
Klebsiella  rhinosclermatis  Trevisan  :  Sul  micrococco  della  rabbia,  1887,  8. 
Bact.  rhinosclermatis  Migula :  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1895. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  with  rounded  ends,  usually  united  in  pairs  and 

surrounded  by  a  capsule ;  or  longer  rods  and  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  yellowish  white;  microscopically  granular. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  densely  crowded  colonies ;    on  the  surface,  growth 

white,  glistening,  pulvinate. 
.Potato.     Growth  creamy  white  —  yellowish-brownish,  in  which  gas  bubbles 

may  develop. 

Milk.     Coagulated  (Paltauf )  ;  not  coagulated  (Abel). 
Pathogenesis :     Mice  affected  by  small  doses.     Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of 

guinea  pigs  and  rabbits,  in  large  doses,  may  cause  death.     Bacilli  only 

sparingly  in  blood  and  organs. 
Habitat.     Found  in  newly  formed  tubercles  in  rhinoscleroma. 


80.   Bact.  Bordonii  (Trevisan) 

Proteus  hominis-capsulatus  Bordoni-Uffreduzzi :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  I,  1887. 

Klebsiella  Bordonii  Trevisan  :  Genera,  1889,  25. 

B.  capsulatus-septicus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  345. 

.Morphology.     Bacilli  variable  in  size,  often   irregularly  swollen  or  curved ; 

occur  singly  and  in  pairs   or  long  filaments.     Rods   surrounded  by  a 

capsule. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Like  those  of  Bact.  pneumonia,  raised,  but  with  irregular 

borders,  or  coli-like. 

Gelatin  stab.     Growth  like  Bact.  pneumonia. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  spreading,  translucent. 
Potato.     Growth  spreading,  moist,  glistening,  colorless. 
Blood  serum.     As  on  agar ;  medium  not  liquefied.     Gas  produced  in  glucose 

bouillon  according  to  Kruse ;  not  so  according  to  Bordoni. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle  on  the  surface  ;  no  putrefactive  odor. 
Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  mice  causes  death  in  1-4  days  of 

septicaemia.     Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  cause 

septicaemia  and  death  in  2-3  days. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cadavers  in  cases  of  Hadernkrankheit. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  153 

82.    Bact.  Bossonis 

Bacillus  iiber  eine  neue  Infektionskrank.  des  Rindviehs  Bosso  :   Centralblatt 
f.  Bakteriol.,  XXII,  1897,  537;  XXIII,  1898,  318. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.8  :  i. 5-2.7^. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Round,  raised.  Microscopically,  round  —  irregular,  light 
yellow,  marmorated  ;  often  semilunar  colonies. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  confluent  yellowish  colonies.  On  surface,  growth 
round,  raised. 

Agar  slant.  White  —  straw-yellow  colonies,  becoming  confluent;  water  of 
condensation  turbid. 

Potato  (alkaline).  37°  C.,  an  abundant  growth  of  transparent  drops,  with 
slight  tendency  to  become  confluent ;  on  acid  potato,  but  slight  growth. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  acid. 

Glucose  bouillon.  37°,  turbid,  much  odorless  gas  and  abundant  sediment ;  at 
room  temperatures  but  slight  growth.  Indol  negative. 

Pathogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  death  in  36 
hours ;  strong  hyperaemia  of  the  intestinal  viscera,  peritoneum,  and  kid- 
neys ;  spleen  not  enlarged ;  lungs  and  pleura  normal ;  bacilli  in  spleen 
and  kidneys,  also  in  the  black  clotted  blood. 

Habitat.     Associated  witK  an  infectious  disease  of  cattle,  septicaemia. 

83.    Bact.  Czaplewskii 

Bacillus  bei  Keuchhusten  Czaplewski :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXII,  1897,  641. 
Morphology.      Bacilli  very  minute,  like  Bact.  influenza.     Grow  best  at  37°. 

Bacilli  in  young  cultures  show  polar  stain. 
Gelatin  slant.     A  narrow,  grayish  stripe. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded,  whitish  yellow  ;  on  the  surface,  colony 

small,  grayish,  rather  dry. 

Bouillon.     37°  C.,  scarcely  turbid  ;  sediment  stringy. 
Potato.     No  growth  observed. 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculation  experiments  either  negative  or  inconclusive. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sputum  in  whooping  cough. 

84.    Bact.  ureae  (Miquel)  Leube 

B.  urea  Miquel :   Bull.  Soc.  Chimiq  d.  Paris,  XXXI,  1879,  391. 
Bact.  urecB  Leube :  Virchow's  Archiv,  C,  1885,  540. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o:  1.5-2.6  /x.     Grow  very  slowly. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Flat,  spreading,  irregular.     Ferment  urine. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  urine. 


I54  BACTERIOLOGY 

85.    Bact.  Grawitzii  (Trev.) 

Bacillus  der  Acne  Contagiosa  des  Pferdes  Dieckerhoff-Grawitz :  Virchow's  Archiv, 

CII,  148. 

B.  Grawitzii  Trevisan :  Genera,  1889,  13. 
B.  acnes-contagiosa  Kruse :  Flvigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  445. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  very  small,  long-oval  rods;  occur  singly,  or  in  short 
chains.  Stain  with  difficulty. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  beaded  growth. 

Potato.     Scarcely  any  growth. 

Pathogenesis .  Rubbing  cultures  into  the  skin  of  horses  causes  characteristic 
pustules.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  rabbits,  toxic  symptoms  ;  bacilli 
not  spreading.  In  guinea  pigs,  by  rubbing  into  skin,  death  with  hemor- 
rhagic  serous  inflammation.  Mice  die  by  subcutaneous  injections  in  i-io 
days  ;  bacilli  in  the  organs. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  acne-contagiosa  in  horses. 

86.    Bact.  tenue  (Pansini) 

B.  sputigenes-tenuis  Pansini :  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII,  1890,  453. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  of  variable  length ;  in  twos  and  chains ;  in  the 
body  with  a  capsule. 

Gdatin  colonies.  Round,  raised  —  slightly  spreading,  yellow,  concentric,  ra- 
dially striped. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded  ;  on  the  surface,  yellowish. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish,  flat. 

Pathogenesis.  Mice  and  guinea  pigs  refractory  to  ordinary  quantities  of  the 
virus.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  0.5  to  i.o  cc.  into  rabbits  cause  death 
by  septicaemia ;  slight  local  effect,  hemorrhage  in  peritoneum ;  spleen 
enlarged. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  advanced  phthisis  and  catarrhal  pneumonia. 

B.  Pyogenes-minutissimus  Kruse.  From  pus  in  man.  From  the  descriptions,, 
not  differentiated  from  the  preceding. 

87.    Bact.  subviscorum  Migula 

Bacillus  schleimiger  Milch  Adametz:  Landw.  Jahrbiicher,  1891,  185. 

B.  lactis-viscosus  Krammer:  Die  Bakteriologie  Landwirthschaft,  II,  1892,  26. 

Bact.  subviscorum  Migula :  System  des  Bakterien,  1900. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.1-1.3  :  1.2-1.7  ft  — filaments  ;  with  a  capsule. 
Gelatin  colonies     White,  slimy,  erose. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  white,  slimy. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  155 

Milk.     In  5-10  days  becomes  thick,  viscous  ;  later,  peptonized  and  clear ;  no 

special  odor. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

88.  Bact.  sanguinis  (Steinberg) 

B.  sanguinis-typhi  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 

« 

Morphology.     Bacilli  typhi-like,  0.5-0.8  :  1.0-2.5  P» 
Agar  colonies.     Blue-gray,  translucent,  irregular,  becoming  dry. 
Potato.     Growth  invisible. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 
Pathogenesis.     Slight  or  doubtful. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  blood  of  typhoid  fever  patients. 

CLASS  IV.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  WITHOUT  PIGMENT.  GROW  AT  ROOM  TEMPERA- 
TURES. GELATIN  LIQUEFIED. 

Colonies  on  gelatin  plates  roundish,  not  amoeboid  or  proteus-like. 

BACT.  AMBIGUUM  GROUP. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly,  or  merely  softened. 

1.  Stained  by  Gram's  method. 

89.  B.  Thuillieri  (Trev.).     Swine  erysipelas;  see  Myco- 

bacterium. 

90.  B.  insidiosus    Trevisan.      Mouse    septicaemia ;     see 

Mycobacterium. 

2.  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

a.  Pathogenic  bacteria. 

91.  B.  mallei  Zopf;  see  Mycobacterium. 

92.  Bact.  salmonica  (Kruse). 

b.  Non-pathogenic. 

93.  Bact.  vermiculosum  (Zimmerman). 

94.  Bact.  incannum  (Pohl). 

95.  Bact.  trunaptum. 

B.  Gelatin  liquefied  rather  quickly. 

1.  Stained  by  Gram's  method. 

96.  Bact.  orchiticum  (Kruse). 

97.  Bact.  pneumonicum  Kruse. 

2.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method,  or  indeterminate. 
a.   Potato  growth  white,  or  color  of  the  medium. 

*   Potato  growth  dry,  with  irregular  surface.    Grow  best  at  37°  C. 

98.  Bact.  -varicosum  (Sternberg). 


BACTERIOLOGY 

**   Potato  growth  scarcely  visible.     Grow  well  at  20°  C. 

f   Gas  generated  in  nutrient  gelatin  and  glucose  bouillon. 

99.   Bact.  aromaticum  (Pammel). 
ft   No  gas  in  nutrient  gelatin  (?). 

100.   Bact.  nubilum  (Frankland)  Lehmann-Neumann. 
*  10 1.   Bact.  methylicum  (Loew.). 

***   On  potato,  raised  dry  grayish  colonies.     Bacilli  show  chro- 
matic granules  in  the  interior  of  the  rods. 

102.  Bact.  Trambusti  Kruse. 

b.  Potato  growth  yellowish  —  brownish. 

*   Gelatin  stab  cultures  show  a  saccate  liquefaction. 

103.  Bact.  aqtiatilis  (Zimmerman). 

**   Gelatin  stab  cultures   a   crateriform   liquefaction,  becoming 
stratiform. 

104.  Bact.  flexuosum  (Wright) . 

c.  Potato  growth  pinkish  —  salmon-colored. 

105.  Bact.  ambiguum  Chester. 

d.  Color  of  potato  growth  not  stated 

106.  Bact.  convolntum  (Wright). 
II.   Colonies  on  gelatin  plates  amoeboid  or  proteus-like. 

BACT.  RADIATUM  GROUP. 

107.  Bact.  radiatum  Chester. 


BACT.   AMBIGUUM   GROUP 

92.    Bact.  salmonica  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  der  Forellenseuche  Emmerich-Weibel :  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XXI,  1894,  *• 
B.  salmonica  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  322. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  rods.     Do  not  grow  at  37°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Whitish-gray,  becoming  brownish,  glistening,  cholera-like, 
with  rosulate  markings. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  beaded  colonies,  then  air  bubbles,  with  slow  liquefac- 
tion, and  production  of  an  open  canal,  mostly  air. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  moist,  glistening,  greenish  yellow  —  brownish. 

Potato.     No  growth. 

Pathogenic  to  trout  by  inoculation  of  cultures. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  disease  of  trout. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  157 

93.    Bact.  vermiculosum  (Zimmerman) 

B.  vermiculosus  Zimmerman :  Die  Bak.  Nutz  u.  TrinkwSsser,  1890. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8 :  1.5  /A,  with  a  capsule.     Grow  at  37°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  round,  gray,  granular.     Surface:  spreading,  lobed, 

marmorated.     Gelatin  slowly  liquefied. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  moist,  opalescent. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  gray,  glistening. 
Habitat.    Water. 

94.    Bact.  incannum  (Pohl) 

B.  incannus  Pohl :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  1892,  142 ;  Dyar,  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.4-0.5  :  0.6-1.0/4;  in  chains.     Gelatin  liquefied  slowly. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  white,  streaked. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Litmus  milk.     No  acid. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  leaf  of  Sarracenia  purpurea. 

95.    Bact.  truncatum 

B.  No.  ^//Adametz:  Landw.  Jahrbiicher,  XVIII,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli,  0.7-0.9:  1.4-2.0  /*,  ends  truncate,  often  in  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  4  days  small,  dirty,  white,  punctiform,  surrounded  by  a 

zone  of  liquefied  gelatin,  becoming  thin,  irregular  disks,  lying  in  basins 

of  liquefied  gelatin ;    microscopically,  at  first   round,  entire,  brownish, 

becoming  irregular. 
Gelatin  stab.    Growth  on  the  surface  thin,  yellowish  white,  under  which  a 

slow  liquefaction  occurs. 
Milk.     Coagulated  and  peptonized. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  Emmenthaler  cheese. 

96.    Bact.  orchiticum  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  zur  Rotzdiagnose :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXI,  1896,  156. 
B.  orchiticus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  455. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  those  of  glanders. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Like  old  cholera  colonies. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  dense,  white. 
Blood  serum.     An  orange  pigment. 
Bouillon.     Turbid;  no  sediment. 


158  BACTERIOLOGY 

Palhogenesis.  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  death  in  4-5 
days ;  enlargement  of  the  testicles,  tubercles  on  the  diaphragm,  testicles, 
etc. ;  with  larger  doses  the  peritoneum  is  affected  as  above.  Mice  inocu- 
lated subcutaneously  die  in  4-7  days ;  abscess,  hemorrhagic  oedema  ;  with 
intraperitoneal  injections,  yellowish  tubercles  on  the  peritoneum.  Rabbits 
nearly  immune. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  secretions  of  a  glandered  horse. 

97.  Bact.  pneumonicum  (Kruse) 

Pneumobacillus  liquefaciens-bovis  Arlong :  Compt.  rend.,  99,  109,  116. 
B.pneumonicus-liquefaciens  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.  Short  rods  —  coccoid  forms.  Cultural  characters  not  fully  de- 
scribed. 

Potato.     Growth  whitish,  to  brown. 

Pathogenesis .  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits  cause 
death  ;  dogs  but  little  affected. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  exudate  in  lung  plague  of  cattle. 

98.  Bact.  varicosum  (Sternberg) 

Gombert :  Rech.  exp6r.  microbes  conjonctives,  Paris,  1889. 

B.  varicosus-conjunctivce  Sternberg  :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  474. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  I  .o  :  2.0-8.0  /x ;  short,  often  constricted  in  the  middle. 

Slight  growth  at  22°  C. ;  optimum  temperature  37°. 
Agar  colonies.     In  4  days  colonies  4  mm.,  with  minute  thorny  projections  ;  an 

opaque  nucleus,  and  a  yellowish,  granular,  transparent  zone,  from  which 

proceed  twisted,  bent,  tapering  offshoots. 
Gelatin  stab.      In  depth,  but  slight  growth;  on  the  surface,  growth  round, 

flat,  grayish  white ;  liquefaction  extends  gradually  downward. 
Agar  slant.     A  thin,  dry,  white,  adherent  film. 
Potato.     Growth  dry,  white,  spreading;  surface  irregular,  and  margins  fringed; 

later,  reddish  brown. 

Pathogeuesis.     An  inflammation  of  the  cornea  of  rabbits  from  local  infection. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  healthy  conjunctival  sac  of  man. 

99.  Bact.  aromaticum  (Pammel) 

B.  aromaticum  Pammel:   Iowa  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.  Bui.  21,  1893,  792. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.4:  0.9-1.2  ju  ;  ends  rounded.     Grow  slowly  at  35°. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform  —  saccate,  with  gas  production. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  spreading. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  acid,  slowly  peptonized. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  159 

Blood  serum.     Growth  dirty  white,  spreading ;  medium  liquefied. 

Potato.     Slight  growth,  invisible  unless  moist,  when  there  form  yellowish  white 

colonies. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cheese. 

100.    Bact.  nubilum  (Frankland)  Lehraann-Neumann. 

B.  nubilus  Frankland:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889,  386. 

Bact.  nubilum  Lehmann-Neumann :  Bak.  Diagnostik,  1896,  255. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender,  0.3  :  3.0  /A,  or  filaments  more  or  less  curved. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  those  df  Bact.  murisepticum. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  opalescent. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle. 

Potato.     A  scarcely  visible  growth.     A  slight  reduction  of  nitrates. 

Habitat.     Water. 

101.  Bact.  methylicum  (Loew) 

B.  methylicus  Loew:   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XII,  1892,  462. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick  rods,  i.o:  2.0-2.5  M- 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  2  days,  round  —  oval,  yellowish,  entire,  sharp,  becoming 
liquefied  •,  edges  ciliate.  Colonies  often  like  those  of  cholera. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  crateriform,  like  cholera,  with  a  whitish-yellowish 
sediment.  No  liquefaction  in  depth. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  little  or  no  growth,  a  small  liquefied  bubble 
on  top. 

Agar  stab.  In  depth,  no  growth;  on  the  surface,  growth  spreading,  grayish 
white. 

Potato.     Growth  like  B.  typhosus,  pure  white,  adherent. 

Bouillon.  Growth  like  anthrax;  medium  clear;  on  the  surface  and  adherent 
to  the  glass,  a  white  ring.  Grow  well  in  0.5  per  cent  methyl  alcohol, 
0.05  per  cent  dicalcium  phosphate,  and  o.oi  per  cent  magnesium  sulphate, 
on  which  it  forms  a  reddish  membrane.  Possesses  the  ability  to  decom- 
pose formic  acid  salts. 

Habitat.     A  culture  contamination. 

102.  Bact.  Trambusti  (Kruse) 

Discovered  by  Trambusti-Galeotti,  not  named  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XI,  1892, 717. 
B.  Trambusti  Kruse :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  319. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  3-5  /x,  size  variable.     Chromatin  granules  in  the  interior 

of  the  rods.     Grow  at  37°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Border  irregular,  surrounded  by  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin. 


160  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  colonies.     Star-shaped,  with  broad,  radiating  outgrowths. 
Bouillon.     Not  turbid,  with  a  membrane. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish. 
Potato.     Raised  dry  colonies. 
Habitat.     Water. 

103.   Bact.  aquatilis  (Zimmerman) 

B.  radiatus-aquatilis  Zimmerman  :   Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1890. 

Morphology.     0.6: 1.2-2.5  /A. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Surrounded  by  a  delicate  "  Strahlenkranz." 

Gelatin  stab.     A  saccate  liquefaction,  with  a  pellicle  on  the  surface ;  medium 

turbid. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  translucent. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish. 

104.  Bact.  flexuosum  (Wright) 

B.  flexuosus  Wright :   I.e.,  460. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized,  thick,  rounded  ;  also  chains  and  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:   round  —  oval,  brownish,  granular.     Surface:  in  2 

days,  whitish  irregular  clumps.     Microscopically,  twisted  strands,  dense 

in  centre,  edge  irregular. 
Gelatin  stab.     A    crateriform    liquefaction,    becoming    stratiform ;    medium 

alkaline. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish,  translucent,  limited  ;  the  agar  becoming  slightly 

greenish. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  slightly  greenish. 
Potato.     Growth  brownish,  viscid,  glistening,  uneven. 
Litmus  milk.    Coagulated,  acid.     Indol,  a  slight  or  doubtful  reaction.     Grow 

at  36°. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Gas  not  produced. 
Habitat.     Water. 

105.  Bact.  ambiguum  Chester 

Del.  College  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.  Report,  1899. 

Morphology.  On  agar  and  potato,  short  rods  and  ovals  to  longer  forms  3-4 
times  their  breadth  ;  0.7  :  1.0-3.0  //,.  In  neutral  bouillon  long  filamentous 
forms  appear  with  often  involution  forms.  Stain  with  ordinary  analine 
colors  ;  decolorized  by  Gram's  method.  Flagella  absent.  Aerobic,  grow 
only  in  open  end  of  fermentation  tube.  Grow  at  37°  C. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  l6l 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  in  2  days  round  —  irregular,  nearly  amorphous, 
homogeneous  or  finely  granular,  grayish  —  light  yellowish  ;  border  entire 
—  finely  filamentous.  Surface:  in  2  days  round,  thin,  flat,  veily  disks, 
1-1.5  mm.  In  7-10  days  round,  entire,  depressed,  due  to  the  liquefaction 
of  the  gelatin.  Microscopically,  in  2  days  round,  entire,  with  a  small, 
dense,  central  nucleus,  surrounded  by  a  broad,  thin,  pale,  homogeneous, 
finely  granular  portion.  In  7-10  days  grayish,  darker  in  centre,  granular, 
with  concentric  zoning ;  border  tuberculate  —  ciliate  ;  other  colonies  show 
an  erose  —  lobed  border.  Microscopic  appearances  rather  variable. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  filiform  growth,  becoming  ciliate  —  plumose.  On 
the  surface,  colony  round  —  irregular,  thin,  flat,  entire  —  lobate.  In  7  days 

«  a  thin,  flat,  surface  growth,  under  which  is  a  crateriform  —  shallow  funnel- 
formed  liquefaction,  which  proceeds  slowly. 

Agar  slant.     A  thin,  moist,  glistening,  translucent,  spreading  veil. 

Bouillon  (neutral).  A  light  uniform  turbidity ;  no  pellicle.  Remains  turbid 
after  5  weeks. 

Milk.  After  7-10  days,  rather  thin,  watery,  with  a  slight  brownish  discolora- 
tion, which,  upon  heating  to  boiling,  gives  a  finely  flocculent  curd. 

Litmus  milk.  In  3-5  days,  medium  becomes  a  deep  blue,  with  a  strong 
alkaline  reaction. 

Potato.  In  24  hours,  a  scarcely  visible,  dry,  creamy  streak,  becoming,  in  5 
days,  light  pinkish,  rather  thick  and  raised,  dry  and  dull.  In  10  days, 
color  becomes  a  salmon-pink,  later  chocolate-brown.  Indol  negative. 
Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

No  growth  in  1.5  per  cent  normal  HC1  bouillon.  Cultures  show  no  marked 
odor.  No  gas  in  glucose  bouillon,  and  no  acid  production. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

106.     Bact.  convolutum  Wright 

B.  convolutus  Wright :  I.e.,  461. 

Morphology.      Bacilli  large,  occur  singly  and  in  pairs  ;  also  twisted  chains  and 

filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:    round,   dark,  granular.     Surface:    round,  grayish 
white,  translucent,  woolly-looking,  slightly  opalescent,  2-4  mm. ;  micro- 
scopically, segmented  —  fissured  ;  edge  irregular ;  darker  centre. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform  ;  proceeds  slowly.     Medium  alkaline. 
1  Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  grayish,  limited ;   agar  becomes  greenish. 

brown. 

,  Bouillon.    Turbid,  with  a  pellicle ;  medium  becomes  greenish. 
1  Potato.     Growth  elevated. 


•     BACTERIOLOGY 

Litmus  milk.     Alkaline;  not  coagulated.     Indol  negative. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     No  growth  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Water. 

107.  Bact.  radiatum  Chester  I.e. 

Morphology.  On  agar  short  ovals — longer  forms  ;  0.7  :  i  .0-3.0  /x. ;  occur  singly, 
with  little  tendency  to  form  filaments  or  chains.  Decolorized  by  Gram's 
method.  Flagella  absent.  Aerobic,  grow  only  in  open  end  of  fermenta- 
tion tube.  No  growth  at  37°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  entire,  amorphous,  homogeneous,  yellow- 
brown.  Surface  colonies :  in  2-3  days,  thin,  flat,  slightly  depressed,  i 
mm. ;  in  4-5  days,  colonies  3-5  mm.,  depressed,  due  to  liquefaction,  with 
a  large  central  dirty  white  nucleus,  irregular  or  ameboid  in  form,  with 
irregular  radial  extensions.  Microscopically,  in  2  days,  an  indistinctly 
defined  yellowish  brown  nucleus,  becoming  lighter  and  colorless  ex- 
teriorly; refraction  low;  edge  faintly  defined,  erose,  embayed,  lobed. 
Coli  —  proteus-like. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  scanty  filiform  growth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  crateriform 
liquefaction,  becoming  stratiform. 

Agar  slant.     A  pure  white,  dense,  opaque  streak. 

Bouillon  (neutral).  A  slight,  uniform  turbidity,  which  persists  for  5  weeks. 
No  pellicle,  and  only  slight  sediment. 

Potato.    A  thick,  raised,  slimy  whitish  streak,  becoming  yellowish  —  brownish. 

Milk.  Coagulated  after  2-5  weeks ;  medium  may  become  slightly  brownish, 
and  has  a  foetid  odor. 

Litmus  milk.  For  jjtt  first  10  days,  a  slightly  darker  blue,  becoming,  in  lo 
days,  slightly  aHi.  Early  cultures  reduced  litmus.  Indol  negative.  No 
gas  in  glucose  bouillon,  and  slight  acid  production.  No  reduction  of 
nitrates  to  nitrites.  No  growth  in  1.5  per  cent  normal  HC1  bouillon. 
Cultures  show  only  a  slight  foetid  odor. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

CLASS  V.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  PRODUCE  PIGMENT  ON  GELATIN  OR  AGAR.  PIG- 
MENT YELLOWISH,  ^ELATIN  LIQUEFIED. 

J.   Growth  on  potato.  ^L 

A.   Growth  on  potato  yellowish* 

i.   Gelatin  colonies  radiate  filamentous,  branched  — arborescent. 
108.  Bact.  arbor escens  (Frankland). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  163 

2.   Gelatin  colonies-not  characterized  as  above. 

a.  Milk  coagulated. 

*  Litmus  milk  reddened. 

109.  Bact.  oxylacticum  (Dyar). 

**   Litmus  milk  rendered  alkaline  or  unchanged  in  reaction, 
f   Gelatin  liquefied  rapidly. 

1 10.  Bact.  desidiosum  (Wright), 
ff   Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly. 

in.  Bact.  Fischeri  Dyar. 

b.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

*  Litmus  milk  reddened,  rendered  acid, 
f   Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

112.  Bact.  eta  (Dyar). 

ft   Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 

113.  Bact.  fulvu m  (Zimmerman). 

**   Litmus  milk  rendered  alkaline  or  unchanged. 

t   Agar  smear  cultures  reddish  brown,  shading  to  yellowish. 

•    114.  Bact.  rubidum  (Eisenberg). 
ft   Agar  smear  cultures  yellowish  —  orange. 

§   Gelatin  liquefied  quickly,  i.e.  within  a  few  days. 

115.  Bact.  caudatum  (Wright). 

§§   Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly,  i.e.  within  2-4  weeks. 

1 1 6.  Bact.  Kralii. 

117.  Bact.  helvolum  (Zimmerman). 

c.  Milk   coagulation   not   stated.      Growth   on   liquefied   gelatin 

crumpled. 

*  Gelatin  colonies  moruloid. 

1 1 8.  Bact.  plicatum  (Zimmerman). 
**   Gelatin  colonies  punctiform. 

119.  Bact.  citreum  (Strassman-Stecker). 

B.   Growth  on  potato  brownish. 

1.  Short,  broad  bacilli. 

120.  Bact.  bucallis  (Sternberg). 

2.  Bacilli  minute,  slender. 

121.  Bact.  pseudoconjunctivitidis  (Kruse). 

II.   33o  not  grow  on  potato. 

122.  Bact.  ceris-minutissimum  (Kruse). 

123.  Bact.  dormitor  (Wright). 


1 64 


BACTERIOLOGY 


1 08.     Bact.  arborescens  (Frankland) 

B.  arborescens  Frankland:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  2.5  ju,  —  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     As  above  described,  very  characteristic;  centre  yellowish,, 

border  iridescent.     Medium  liquefied  slowly. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  turbidity  of  the  medium  ;  on  the  surface,  a  thin,. 

iridescent  layer,  later  a  yellowish  sediment  in  the  liquefied  medium. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  deep  orange.     Pigment  insoluble  in  water, 

soluble  in  alcohol. 
Bouillon.     Turbid ;  no  membrane,  and  a  yellowish  sediment.     Nitrates  not 

reduced. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated  (Dyar). 
Habitat.     Water. 

109.    Bact.  oxylacticum  (Dyar) 

B.  oxylacticus  Dyar :  I.e.,  369. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  1.0-1.3:  1.7-2.5  /A;  occur  singly  and  in  chains.     Gelatin 

liquefied  quickly.  ^ 

Potato.      Growth  glistening,  transparent,  watery,  marked  with  opaque  white 

spots. 

Agar  slant.     White,  with  a  slightly  ochreous  tint. 
Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged.     Nitrates  not  reduced. 
Habitat.     From  Krai's  laboratory. 

no.    Bact.  desidiosum  (Wright) 

B.  desidiosus  Wright :  I.e.,  443. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  short,  rounded  ;  in  pairs  and  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  3  days  yellowish  brown  irregular  clumps,  i.o  mm.,  within* 
the  surrounding  liquefied  gelatin  ;  microscopically,  dense,  granular,  brown- 
ish yellow,  often  darker  in  centre,  irregular,  and  broken. 

Gelatin  ,stab.     Liquefaction  fusiform,  with  a  bubble  at  top. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  brownish  yellow,  glistening,  translucent,  slightly  spread- 
ing. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish  yellow,  moist,  elevated,  rough. 

Litmus  milk.  Clot  viscid,  yellow,  with  a  yellow-brown  serum.  Medium  alka- 
line—  amphoteric. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Indol.     A  slight  or  doubtful  reaction.    .No  growth  at  36°  C. 

Habitat.     Water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  165 

in.    Bact.  Fischer!  (Dyar) 

B.fischeri  Dyar :  I.e.,  370. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.6:  0.6-1.2  /a;  occur  singly. 

Gelatin.  Liquefied  slowly,  i.e.  after  28  days.  On  solid  media  growth  yellow- 
ish, but  pigment  forms  slowly. 

Milk.  Coagulated  slowly,  often  not  until  28  days.  A  slight  reduction  of 
nitrates. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged. 

Litmus  milk.     Unchanged. 

Habitat.     From  Krai's  laboratory. 

According  to  Dyar,  identical  with  Photobacterium  Fischeri  of  Beijerinck. 

112.    Bact.  eta  (Dyar) 

B.  eta  Dyar:  I.e.,  374. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  0.7-1.0  p. ;  occur  singly. 

Gelatin.     Liquefied  slowly. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged.     Growth  on  solid  media  yellow,  viscous. 

Habitat.     Air. 

113.    Bact.  fulvum  (Zim.) 

B.fulvus  Zimmerman:  Bakt.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1890.     Dyar:  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.8  :  0.9-1.3  ju.;  occur  singly  in  pairs  and  short  chains. 
Optimum  temperature  30°  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round  —  irregular,  yellowish  gray,  granular.  Surface: 
in  8  days,  convex,  I  mm.,  reddish  yellow. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  good  growth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  round,  con- 
vex, yellowish. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish,  glistening. 

Potato.     Growth  abundant,  yellowish,  glistening. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated.     Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 

Litmus  milk.     Reddened  (Dyar). 

Habitat.     Water,  etc. 

114.    Bact.  rubidum  (Eisenberg) 

B.  rubidus  Eisenberg.     See  Nf.  145. 


!66  BACTERIOLOGY 

115.    Bact.  caudatum  (Wright) 

B.  caudatus  Wright :  I.e.,  444. 

Morphology.   Bacilli  small,  slender,  with  conical  ends  ;  in  pairs  and  as  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  3-4  days,  colonies  1-2  mm.,  yellow,  translucent,  smooth 

—  wavy;  microscopically,  with  a  yellowish  centre  and  a  somewhat  radiate, 

light  periphery. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  villous ;  on  the  surface,  liquefaction  crateri- 

form.  with  yellowish  flocculi. 

Agar  slant.     Growth,  yel]ow^glLstening,  translucent,  slightly  spreading. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  yellowish  sediment. 
Potato.     Growth  dark  yellow,  elevated,  spreading ;  surface  uneven. 
Litmus  milk.     Slightly  decolorized. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol}  reaction  doubtful.    No  growth  at  36°  C. 
Habitat.     Water. 

1 1 6.    Bact.  Kralii 

B.  fuscus-liquefaciens  Dyar  :  I.e.,  376. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.6:  1.0-2.0  /u.;  occur  singly  and  in  short  chains. 
Gelatin.     Slowly  liquefied,  i.e.  after  14-50  days. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  bright  orange,  forming  a  crusty  membrane.     Nitrates 

slightly  reduced. 
Litmus  milk.     Blue. 
Habitat.     Air  (from  Krai's  laboratory). 

117.  Bact.  helvolum  (Zimmerman) 

B.  helvotus  Zimmerman :  Bakt.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1890.     Dyar :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  1.5-2.5-4.5  /u,.     Optimum  temperature  25°  C. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  convex,  becom- 
ing spreading,  and  Naples  yellow  in  color ;  later,  a  crateriform  liquefaction. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  of  a  Naples  yellow  color. 

Potato.     Growth  yellow,  becoming  slightly  greenish. 

(Gelatin.  Liquefied  in  30-40  days.  Reduction  of  nitrates  variable.  Milk. 
Not  coagulated.  Litmus  milk.  Blue.)  Dyar. 

Habitat.     Water,  air. 

1 1 8.  Bact.  plicatum  (Zimmerman) 

B.  plicatus  Zimmerman  :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  slender;  in  twos  or  short  chains.     Optimum  tem- 
perature 20°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Yellowish  white,  irregular ;  microscopically,  rough,  moruloid. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  l6/ 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded,  yellowish  white ;  a  whitish  yellow 

crumpled  membrane  on  the  surface  of  the  liquefied  gelatin. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  dry,  yellowish  gray. 
Habitat.    Water. 

119.    Bact.  citreum  (Strassman-Stecker) 

B.  citreus-cadaveris  Strassman-Strecker :  Bakterien  bei  der  Leichenfaulniss,  1888. 
B.  Streckeri  Trevisan  :    Genera,  1889,  17. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-0.9  /*  i  often  in  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Punctiform. 

Gelatin  stab.     An  air  bubble  above,  under  this  a  yellowish  layer,  under  this  a 

clear  canal  of  liquefied  gelatin,  containing  a  yellowish  sediment.     Odor 

of  H2S. 

Potato.     Growth  citron-yellow,  dry.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  human  corpse  50  hours  after  death. 

120.    Bact.  bucallis 

Bacillus g.  Vignal:  Archiv  Phys.,  VIII,  1886. 

B.  bucallis-minutus  Sternberg:  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  643. 

Morphology.     Rods  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  0.5-1.0  /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  48  hours,  round,  elevated,  slightly  yellowish,  surrounded 

by  liquefied  gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  48  hours  the  growth  in  depth  is  yellowish  white,  beaded ;  on 

the_J5urface,  a  cup-shaped  liquefaction ;  in  6  days  a  small  funnel. 
Agar  slant.     Golden  yellow  colonies,  easily  removed  with  a  needle. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  an  iridescent  pellicle. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  yellowish,  becoming  brownish. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  saliva  of  healthy  persons. 

121.    Bact.  pseudoconjunctivitidis  (Kruse) 

Bacillus  agyptischen  katarrhalischen  Conjunctivitis  Kartulis :   Centralblatt  f.  Bak- 

teriol.,  I,  1887,  289. 
B. pseudoconjunctivitidis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  441. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  minute,  0.25:  l.o/x.     Cultures  produce  a  canary-yellow 

pigment. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  nail-shaped  growth  with  a  flat  head,  yellow  ;  liquefaction  slow. 
Potato.     Growth  limited,  bright  brown. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  conjunctival  secretions.  <. 


168  BACTERIOLOGY 

122.  Bact.  aeris-minutissimum  (Kruse) 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  441. 

From  descriptions,  indistinguishable  from  the  preceding,  except  that  it  pro- 
duces pigment  a  little  less  strongly. 
JHabitat.     Isolated  from  the  air. 

123.    Bact.  dormitor  (Wright) 

B.  dormitor  Wright :  I.e.,  442. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size,  with  conical  ends  ;  variable,  long  pairs 

and  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  2  days,  yellowish  points,  I  mm. ;  microscopically,  yellow- 

ish,  slightly  granular ;    rough,  sharp,  bulging  outlines,  surrounded  by  a 

zone  of  liquefied  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  funnel  of  liquefaction,  turbid  ;  sediment  bright  yellow. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  glistening,  translucent,  yellowish. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  yellowish  sediment,  and  a  slight  pellicle. 
Litmus  milk.     Decolorized,  amphoteric. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     No  growth  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Water. 

CLASS  VI.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  PRODUCE  PIGMENT  ON -GELATIN  OR  AGAR.  PIG- 
MENT  YELLOWISH.  GELATIN  NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.   Chromogenic  function  weak,  pale  or  grayish  yellow. 

A.  Gelatin  colonies  beset  with  thorny  outgrowths  when  old. 

124.  Bact.  spiniferum  (Tommasoli). 

B.  Gelatin  colonies  not  characterized  as  above. 
i.   Litmus  milk  reddened,  or  rendered  acid. 

a.  Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

*   Milk  coagulated  after  a  long  time  by  boiling. 

125.  Bact.  subochraceum  (Dyar). 
**  Milk  not  coagulated. 

126.  ,Bact.  domesticum  (Dyar). 

127.  Bact.  amabilis  (Dyar). 

b.  Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 

128.  Bact.  lacunatum  (Wright). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  169 

2.    Litmus  milk  blue  or  reaction  unchanged. 

a.  Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

129.  Bact.javaniensis  (Dyar). 

b.  Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 

*   Cultures  on  solid  media  rugose. 

1 30 .  Bad .  palidor  (  Dyar) . 

**   Cultures  on  solid  media  not  rugose. 

131.  Bact.  ovale  (Wright). 

II.    Pigment  strongly  developed,  yellow,  color  decided. 

A.  Gelatin  colonies  compound. 

132.  Bact.  luteum  List. 

B.  Gelatin  colonies  simple. 

1.  Gelatin  colonies  dry,  granular.      Bacilli  stain  irregularly  like  diph- 

theria bacilli. 

133.  Bact.  striatum  (v.  Besser). 

2.  Gelatin  colonies  not  characterized  as  above. 

a.  On  agar  a  wrinkled  layer. 

134.  Bact.fuscum  (Zimmerman). 

b.  Agar  cultures  not  characterized  as  above. 

135.  Bact.  constrictum  (Zimmerman). 

136.  Bact.  solar e  Lehmann-Neumann. 

137.  Bact.  breve  (Frankland). 

124.   Bact.  spiniferum  (Tommasoli) 

B.  spiniferus  Tommasoli :    Monatsch.  f.  prakt.  Dermatol.,  IX,  57. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8-1.0 :  2.0  /u,  bent,  often  parallel  in  bundles. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Old  colonies  with  thorny  outgrowths. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  yellow. 

Potato.     Growth  yellow. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  surface  of  human  body. 

125.   Bact.  subochraceum  (Dyar) 

B.  subochraceus  Dyar :    I.e.,  358. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  1.5  /x;  occur  singly  and  in  short  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies .     Deep:   round,  dusky,  yellowish.     Surface:   clear,  irregular, 

slightly  veined. 
Littnus  milk.     Reddened.  k 


BACTERIOLOGY 

On  solid  media.     Growth  translucent,  ochreous  —  light  orange. 

Bouillon.     A  slight  pellicle  on  the  surface. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Color  deepened.      A  slight  reduction  of  nitrates   to 

nitrites. 
Habitat.     Air. 

126.  Bact.  domesticum  (Dyar) 

B.  domes ticus  Dyar :   l.c.,  358. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  I  .o  //,. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Large,  translucent,  yellowish. 
On  solid  media.     Growth  white  —  light  yellow,  spreading  slowly. 
Litmus  milk.     Red,  becoming  in  50  days  blue. 
Habitat.    Air. 

127.  Bact.  amabilis  (Dyar) 

B.  amabilis  Dyar :    I.e.,  358. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  0.8-1.0  /x, ;  occur  singly,  in  chains,  and  masses. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Large,  translucent,  yellowish. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  limited,  with  a  yellowish  tint. 
Potato.    Growth  thin,  bright  yellow.     Indol  negative. 
Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged. 
Habitat.     Air. 

128.  Bact.  lacunatum  (Wright) 

B.  lacunatus  Wright :    I.e.,  435. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  short,  rounded  ;  in  pairs  —  small  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  entire,  slightly  granular,  gray-brown. 
Surface :  in  24  hours,  thin,  translucent,  with  grayish  centre ;  very 
irregular  —  deeply  cleft ;  microscopically,  areblate  —  grained  ;  colonies 
become  4-5  mm.,  thin,  translucent,  with  a  yellow  haziness  about  their 
centres. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent,  grayish  —  yellowish  in  centre. 

Bouillon.     Turbid. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  viscid,  dirty  brownish. 

Litmus,  milk.     Not  coagulated,  acid,  becoming  brownish. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  positive.     No  growth  at  36°  C. 

Habitat.     Water. 

129.  Bact.  javaniensis  (Dyar) 

B.javaniensts'Dya.T:  I.e.,  359. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  —  coccoid,  1.0-1.2  /x;   occur  in  masses  and  short 

chains. 
Agar  slant.    Growth  thick,  white,  with  an  indistinct  yellowish  tinge. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  171 

Milk.    Not  coagulated. 
Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged. 
Habitat.     Air. 

130.  Bact.  palidor  (Dyar) 

B.fuscus-palidor  Dyar :   I.e.,  361. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.7  :  1.0-1.3  Ml  occur  singly  and  in  chains. 
On  solid   media.     Growth  pale,  whitish,  orange,  almost  pinkish,  wrinkled, 

with  lobed  edges ;  a  crusty,  brittle  texture. 
On  liquid  media.    A  surface  membrane. 
Litmus  milk.     Blue. 
Habitat.     Air. 

131.  Bact.  ovale  (Wright) 

B.  ovalis  Wright :   I.e.,  435. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  mecrium-sized,  short,  rounded ;  in  pairs  and  as  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  opaque,  granular,  entire,  brownish.  Surface :  in 
5-6  days,  i  mm.,  round,  entire,  elevated,  glistening,  yellowish,  translu- 
cent, becoming  yellow  —  brownish  yellow  :  gelatin  slightly  brow,nish. 

Gelatin  slant.  Growth  elevated,  brownish  yellow,  limited,  smooth  —  rugged ; 
gelatin  assumes  a  brownish  tint. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  pale  yellow,  thick,  glistening,  limited. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish  yellow,  moist,  spreading,  viscid. 

Litmus  milk.  Decolorized,  not  coagulated.  Indol.  A  slight  reaction.  No 
growth  at  36°  C. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Habitat.    Water. 

132.   Bact.  luteum  List 

Adametz,  Bakt.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1888. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.i :  1.3  /A.     Optimum  temperature  30°  C. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Irregular,  flat,  consisting  of  many  clavate  coarse  granular 

zooglosa  masses :  orange-yellow. 
Milk.     Coagulated. 
Habitat.     Water. 

133.   Bact.  striatum  (v.  Besser) 

B.  striatus-flavus  v.  Besser  :   Ziegler's  Beitrage,  VI. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  often  bent. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Thick,  dry,  granular,  yellow. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  sulphur-yellow. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  mucus. 


BACTERIOLOGY 


134.   Bact.  fuscum  (Zimmerman) 

B.fuscus  Zimmerman:   Bak.  Trink  u.  Nutzwasser,  1890;  Dyar,  I.e.,  361. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.6  //.  wide  and  of  variable  length.  Optimum  tempera- 
ture 36'  C. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round  —  irregular,  granular,  grayish  yellow  —  brown. 
Surface :  punctiform,  brownish  yellow  centre,  lighter  border. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  crumpled,  thick,  chrome  yellow. 

Potato.     Growth  chrome  yellow,  friable. 

Litmus  milk.     Blue. 

Nitrates  not  reduced.     Bouillon.    A  membrane  or  pellicle. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid.     Unchanged.     Dyar. 

Habitat.     Water. 

135.  Bact.  constrictum  (Zimmerman) 

B.  constrictus  Zimmerman  :  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.7 :  1.5-6.5 /n;  in  chains.  Grow  only  at  room  tempera- 
tures. 

Gelatin  colonies .     Small,  glistening,  Naples  yellow,  erose  edges. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  yellow. 
Habitat.     Water. 

136.  Bact.  solare  Lehmann-Neumann. 

Bak.  Diagnostik,  1896,  258. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.4  //,;  broad,  short,  and  long  —  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Round,   yellow,   glistening,   translucent ;    microscopically, 

yellow,  radially  fibrous,  borders  filamentous. 
Gelatin  stab.     Long,  delicate  outgrowths  from  the  line  of  stab,  yellowish. 

Growth  on  agar  straw-yellow. 
Potato.     Growth  soft,  white,  becoming  yellowish. 
Bouillon.     Remains  clear.     No  gas  in  glucose  bouillon. 
Milk.     Unaltered.    ~ Indol  negative  \  H2S  negative. 
Habitat.     Water. 

137.     Bact.  breve   (Franldand) 

No  name  Rinatoro-Mori :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IV,  1888,  53. 
B.  brcvis  .Frankland :  Microorganisms  of  Water,  1894,  429. 

Morphology.      Bacilli  0.8-1.0:2.5  ^;    show   polar   stain.      Not   stained   by 

Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Grow  very  slowly  at  room  temperature ;  after  2-3  weeks, 

colonies  very  minute,  pale  yellow,  compact. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  173 

Gelatin  stab.     After  3  weeks,  a  thin,  yellowish  expansion  on  the  surface ;  in 

depth,  small  colonies. 
Agar  slant.     Grows  at  35°,  yellowish. 
Potato.     No  growth. 
Bouillon.     A  white  cloudy  deposit. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  Berlin  drain  water. 

CLASS  VII.  CHROMOGENIC.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC 
•AND  FACULTATIVE  ANAEROBIC.  PRODUCE  PIGMENT  ON  GEL- 
ATIN AND  AGAR.  PIGMENT  REDDISH. 

I.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.  Bacteria  stained  by  Gram's  method. 

138.  Bact.  pyocinnabareum  (Kruse). 

B.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method. 

1.  Milk  coagulated. 

a.  Litmus  milk  blue  or  decolorized,  reaction  alkaline  or  neutral. 

*  Nitrates   reduced   to   nitrites  ;    pepton-rosolic  acid  solution 

unchanged. 

139.  Bact.  erythrogenes  (Grotenfelt). 
**    Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 

140.  Bact.  exiguum  (Wright). 

b.  Litmus  milk  rendered  acid. 

*  Growth  salmon  pink. 

141.  Bact.  epsilon  (Dyar). 

**    Growth  brownish  red  or  dark  orange-red. 

142.  Bact.  zeta  (Dyar). 

2.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

a.  Litmus  milk  rendered  acid. 

143.  Bact.  delta  (Dyar). 

b.  Litmus  milk  not  reddened,  reaction  unchanged  or  alkaline. 

*  Pigment  bright  red  or  pinkish. 

144.  Bact.  hcematoides  (Wright). 
144  a.    Bact.  amylovorum  (Burrill). 

**    Pigment  brownish  red. 

145.  Bact.  rubidum  (Eisenberg). 

II.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

A.   Gelatin  colonies  filamentous  to  floccose. 

1 46 .  Bact .  ferrugineum  (  Dyar) . 


174 


BACTERIOLOGY 


B.  Gelatin  colonies  not  characterized  as  above,  or  not  described. 

1.  Pigment,  brick-red,  or  carmine  to  blood-red. 

a.  Grow  on  fresh  (acid)  potato. 

147.  Bact.finitimum  (Dyar). 

148.  Bact.  ovatum  (Bruyning). 

b.  Scarcely  grow  on  fresh  (acid)  potato. 

149.  Bact.  Havaniensis  (Sternberg). 

2.  Pigment  brick-red. 

150.  Bact.  latericium  (Adametz). 

3.  Pigment  bright  pink  to  salmon-pink. 

151.  Bact.  rhodochroum  (Dyar). 

152.  Bact.  salmoneum  ( Dy ar) . 

138.  Bact.  pyocinnabareum  (Kruse) 

B.  uber  rote  Eiterung  Ferchmin :  Wratsch,  1892,  Nos.  25-26. 
B.pyocinnabareus  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  2.5  /u,,  to  threads.     Optimum  temperature  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Irregular,  erose,  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  funnel-formed ;  red  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  reddish,  moist. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  to  reddish. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  red  membrane  ;  trimethylamine  odor. 

Pathogenesis .    Not  pathogenic ;  toxic  in  large  doses. 

Habitat.    From  green  pus. 

139.  Bact.  erythrogenes  (Grotenfelt) 

Bact.  lactis-erythrogenes  Grotenfelt :   Fortschritte  d.  Medizin,  1889,  No.  2. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.2-0.3  :  1.1-4.0  /*. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Round,  grayish  yellow  to  yellow ;  rose  color  to  the  surround- 
ing-gelatin. 

Gelatin  slab.  Along  line  of  stab  a  slight  growth;  surface  growth  thin, 
whitish,  becoming  yellow ;  liquefied  gelatin  of  a  pinkish  tint. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish  to  weak  yellowish  red. 

Milk.  Coagulated  slowly,  becoming  peptonized,  amphoteric  to  alkaline;  a 
layer  of  blood-red  serum  above  the  precipitated  casein ;  above  this  the 
yellowish  white  cream  layer. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  yellowish  tint,  and  a  disgusting  odor. 

Glucose-bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  present.     H2S  present. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  175 

Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 
Habitat.     Red  milk,  water,  faeces  of  a  child. 

VARIETY.  B.  erythrogenes-rugatus  (Dyar).  "Differs  from  the  preceding, 
in  that  the  growth  on  agar  is  thin,  membranous,  and  wrinkled ; "  Dyar, 
I.e.,  374- 

140.    Bact.  exiguum  (Wright) 

B.  exiguus  Wright :  I.e.,  447. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  rounded ;  occur  singly  and  in  pairs  and  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round  to  oval,  with  greenish  centres  and  granular 
margins.  Surface:  round,  pinkish,  translucent  disks;  microscopically, 
granular;  centres  pink,  lighter  toward  margin,  becoming  liquid  and 
salmon-pink. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform  ;  pinkish  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  moist,  pinkish. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  white  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  spreading,  moist,  glistening,  reddish  yellow. 

Litmus  milk.     Coagulated,  decolorized,  slightly  peptonized,  amphoteric. 

Glucose-bouillon.     No  gas.    Indol  slight.    A  strong  development  at  3S°-36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

141.    Bact.  epsilon  (Dyar) 

B.  epsilon  Dyar :  I.e.,  369. 

|  Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  0.7-1.0  /ot. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  pink. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  at  least  on  boiling. 
Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 
Habitat.     Air. 

142.   Bact.  zeta  (Dyar) 

B.  zeta  Dyar :   I.e.,  369. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  0.7-1.0  /u,. 

Gelatin.     A  slight  development;  liquefaction  does  not  begin  before  10  days. 
Milk.     On  the  surface,  a  red  cream.     On  solid  media,  as  above.     Nitrates  not 

reduced  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.    Air. 

143.  Bact.  delta  (Dyar) 

B.  delta  Dyar:  I.e.,  368. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  0.5  : 0.8-1.0  /x ;  occur  singly  or  in  short  chains. 
Gelatin.     Liquefied,  beginning  in  21  days. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  red. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

Milk.     A  red  growth  on  the  surface. 

Potato.      Growth   glistening,   light   red ;    slow   development.      Nitrates   not 

reduced  to  nitrites. 

Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 
Habitat.     Water. 

144.  Bact.  haematoides  (Wright) 

B.  hcematoides  Wright :    I.e.,  448. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized,  blunt ;  stain  irregularly. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:    round,  granular,  yellowish  red.     Surface:    small, 

slightly  elevated  to  vermilion-colored  disks.      Gelatin  liquefied  after  a 

long  time. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  bright  red,  rough,  glistening. 
Acid  gelatin.     A  strong  development. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  pink,  of  confluent  elevated  colonies. 
Potato.     Growth  bright  red,  wrinkled,  granular,  spreading. 
Litmus  milk.     Not  decolorized  ;  growth  reddish  ;  reaction  alkaline. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  absent.     No  development  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Water. 

144  a.  Bact.  amylovorum  (Burrill) 

M.  amylovorus  Burrill :   Am.  Naturalist,  VII,  1893,  319. 

Morphology.  On  agar  bacilli  0.8:  1.25  /A;  occur  singly  and  in  pairs.  Stain- 
uniformly  with  aqueous  fuchsin.  Non-motile,  flagella  absent. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  entire,  amorphous  —  slightly  granular,  light- 
grayish  brown,  o.i  mm.  In  5  days  the  deep  colonies  are  round,  entire, 
opaque,  yellowish,  and  about  0.5  mm.  in  diameter.  Surface:  colonies, 
minute,  punctiform,  white,  not  exceeding  I  mm.  Microscopically,  they 
are  round,  entire,  yellowish,  opaque  in  centre,  and  granular  toward  the 
border. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  thin  filiform  growth  ;  on  the  surface  the  growth  is 
thin,  leafy,  whitish,  irregular,  glistening,  and  dry. 

Bouillon  (neutral).  In  two  days  at  room  temperature  a  distinct  opalescence, 
with  no  surface  growth  or  sediment. 

Potato.  In  24-48  hours,  a  porcelain-white,  moist,  glistening  streak,  which 
becomes  spreading  and  is  of  a  slimy  or  watery  consistency.  Later  the 
growth  becomes  pinkish  or  flesh-colored. 

Milk.     Unchanged. 

Litmus  milk.     Unchanged. 


THE    CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  177 

Agar  slant.    A  white,  moist,  glistening  streak,  which  later  becomes  pinkish  or 

flesh-colored. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 
Habitat.     Associated  vi\\\\  fire-blight  of  the  pear  and  apple. 

V     145.    Bact.  rubidum  (Eisenberg) 

B.  rubidus  Eisenberg :  I.e.;  Dyar:  I.e.,  568. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.7  :  0.6-1.0  /A;  occur  singly  and  in  short  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  slightly  granular,  reddish  in  centres ;  gelatin  lique- 
fied slowly  to  rather  quickly. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  reddish  brown,  sometimes  shading  into 

yellowish  orange. 
Potato.     Growth  brownish  red. 
Habitat.     Air. 

146.    Bact.  ferrugineum  (Dyar) 

B.  ferrugineus  Dyar :  I.e.,  375. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.6:  i.o  /x;  occur  in  pairs  and  chains.  Growth  red  to 
brick  red,  crusty,  granular,  scarcely  wrinkled ;  grow  slowly. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  round  tufts  of  cotton. 

Milk.  Not  coagulated  ;  reaction  unchanged  ;  a  brick-red  growth  on  the  surface. 
Nitrates  not  reduced.  Lactose  litmus  blue. 

Habitat.     Air. 

147.    Bact.  finitimum  (Dyar) 

B.finitimus-ruber'Dya.r:  I.e.,  361. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  0.6-1.0  //, ;  occur  singly  and  in  chains  of  3-4. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  entire,  smooth.     Growth  on  solid  media,  pink  to 

bright  red. 

Bouillon.     No  membrane.     Nitrates  not  reduced.     Lactose  litmus  blue. 
Habitat.     Air. 

148.    Bact.  ovatum  (Bruyning) 

B.  ruber-ovatus  Bruyning:  Archiv  Neerland  Sci.  Exact,  et  Nat.,  Ser.  II,  1898,  297. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  oval,  0.7-0.8  :  0.9-1.2  ^,;  occur  sometimes  in  pairs  or 
threes.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method.  Indications  of  a  capsule.  Op- 
timum temperature,  20°.  • 

Potato.     Growth  bright  red  to  vermilion. 

Bouillon.  Slight  growth,  becoming  opalescent,  with  a  scanty  colorless  sedi- 
ment. 

Litmus  gelatin .     Unchanged. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sorghum. 

N 


BACTERIOLOGY 


149.    Bact.  Havaniensis  (Steinberg) 

B.  Havaniensis  Sternberg:  I.e.,  718. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  short  ovals,  0.4-0.5  /A  ;  occur  usually  in  pairs  ;  almost  a 

coccus.     Slight  growth  at  20°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  small,  translucent,  blood-red. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  carmine  layer  on  surface. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  carmine-red,  moist,  glistening. 
Habitat.     Yellow  fever  cadavers.  ' 

150.    Bact.  latericeum  (Adametz) 

B.  latericeus  Adametz  :  I.e.  ;  Wright  :  I.e.,  436. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  3-5  times  their  breadth,  to  filaments.    ,  . 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  :  round,  granular.     Surface  :  in  7  days,  small,  I  mm., 

round,  entire,  red  to  reddish  brown  to  brick-red  ;  microscopically,  round, 

entire,  red  to  reddish  brown,  strongly  refracting. 
Gelatin  slant.     Growth  limited,  elevated,  glistening,  brownish  red  to  dark 

vermilion. 

Acid  gelatin.     A  strong  development. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  limited,  moist,  glistening,  reddish  brown  to  yellowish 

brown. 

Bouillon.     Clear;  a  stringy  sediment,  alkaline. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  moist,  reddish. 
Litmus  milk.     Decolorized,  coagulated,  amphoteric. 
Glucose  gelatin.     No  growth. 
Pepton-rosolic  acid  solution.      Color  somewhat  deepened,   slightly  alkaline. 

Indol  negative.     No  growth  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Water. 

151.  Bact.  rhodochroum  (Dyar) 

B.  rhodochrous  Dyar  :  I.e.,  362. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.6-1.0  /x;  occur  singly  and  in  chains.     Pigment 

bright  pink. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  entire,  smooth. 
Bouillon.     No  membrane. 
Lactose  litmus.    .Blue.     Nitrates  not  reduced. 
Habitat.     Air. 

152.  Bact.  salmoneum  (Dyar) 

B.  salmoneus  Dyar  :  I.e.,  362. 

Identical  with  the  preceding,  except  that  the  pigment  is  salmon-pink. 
Habitat.     Air. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  179 

CLASS  VIII.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES;  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC;  PRODUCE  PIGMENT  ON  GELATIN  AND  AGAR; 
PIGMENT  OF  OTHER  COLORS  THAN  YELLOW  AND  RED. 

I.    Pigment  gray  to  brown. 
A.   Gelatin  liquefied. 

153.  Bad.  glaucum  (Maschek). 

154.  Bad.  fuscescens  (Migula). 

II.    Pigment  violet  to  blue  on  gelatin  or  agar. 
A.   Gelatin  liquefied. 

i .  Growth  on  potato  dirty  white  to  olive-green. 

155.  Bact.  amethystinnm  (Eisenberg). 

156.  Bact.  indigonaceum  Classen. 
III.   Pigment  greenish. 

157.  Bact.  allii  (Griffiths). 

153.    Bact.  glaucum  (Maschek) 

B.  glaucus  Maschek  ;  Adametz :  I.e.,  1888. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  as  slender  rods. 

Gelatin  colonies.    Round,  entire ;  centre  gray,  edge  brown,  and  radially  folded, 

becoming  slowly  liquefied. 
Gelatin  stab.     Gray  bacterial  masses. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  gray. 
Habitat.    Water. 

154.    Bact.  fuscescens  (Migula) 

B.fuscus-limbatus  Scheibenzucker :  Allgemeine  Wiener  Med.  Zeitung,  1889,  171. 
B. fuscescens  Migula:  System  der  Bakterien,  1900. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short. 

Gelatin  colonies.     As  brownish  clumps. 

Gelatin  stab.     Along  line  of  stab,  growth  uniform,  with  short  outgrowths. 

Surface  growth  spreading  slightly ;  gelatin  near  stab  slightly  brownish. 
Agar  slant.     The  medium  around  the  growth  stained  brown. 
Potato.     Growth  brownish. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  decayed  eggs. 

155.    Bact.  amethystinum  Eisenberg:  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  1.0-1.5  /n.     Strong  development  at  37°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Like  typhoid,  becoming  dark  violet,  metallic,  crumpled. 


l8o  BACTERIOLOGY 

Potato.     Growth  dirty  white  to  olive-green. 

Bouillon.     A  membrane  on  the  surface,  fluid  brownish. 

Habitat.     Water. 

156.    Bact.  indigonaceum  Classen 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  VII,  13,  1890. 

See  Pseudomonas  indigofera  Voges.     Differs  from  the  latter  in  being  non- 
motile. 

157.    Bact.  allii  (Griffiths) 

B.  allii  Griffiths :  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  Edinburgh,  XV. 
Morphology.     0.5-0.7  :  2.5  /A;  occur  singly  and  in  pairs. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  a  thick  green  layer.     Pigment  soluble  in  alcohol. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  decaying  onions. 

CLASS   IX.     FLUORESCENT   BACTERIA.     GELATIN   LIQUEFIED. 
I.    Gelatin  liquefied  slowly  and  feebly. 

158.  Bact.  immobile  (Kruse). 
II.    Gelatin  liquefied  quickly. 

159.  Bact.  graveolens  (  Bordoin) . 

158.    Bact  immobile  (Kruse) 

B.fluorescens-non-liquefaciens  Eisenberg :  I.e. 

B.jLuorescens-immobilis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,294. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.5  :  2.0  /x,  to  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     B.  a?/*-like;  green  fluorescence  in- the  gelatin;  slight  lique- 
faction.    Cultural  characters  like  Pseudomonas  pjitidum. 
Habitat.    Air  and  water. 

159.    Bact.  graveolens  (Bordoni) 

B.graveolens  Bordoni-Uffreduzzi :   Fortschritte  d.  Medezin,  1886,  157. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  0.8  /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Irregular;  bad  odor. 

Potato.     Growth  stinking. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  skin  of  man  from  between  the  toes. 

CLASS   X.     FLUORESCENT  BACTERIA.     GELATIN  NOT   LIQUEFIED. 

I.   Do  not  grow  on  ordinary  (acid)  potato. 
A.    Grow  in  milk. 

1 60.  Bact.  smaragdinum  (Katz). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  l8l 

B.    No  growth  in  milk. 

161.  Bad.  phosphorescens  (Cohn)  Fischer. 

162.  Bad.  Giardii. 

II.    Grow  on  ordinary  (acid)  potato. 

A.  Grow  in  nutrient  bouillon  in  the  absence  of  NaCl. 

1 .  Bouillon  fluorescent,  potato  becomes  black. 

163.  Bad.  Lepierrei. 

2.  Bouillon   not   colored.      Potato   light  brown.      Colonies   of  the 

aerogenes  type. 

164.  Bad.  iris  (Frick). 

B.  Do  not  grow  in  nutrient  bouillon  in  the  absence  of  NaCl. 

165.  Bad.  Pflugeri  (Ludwig). 

1 60.    Bact.  smargadinum  (Katz) 

B.  smargadino-phosphorescens  Katz:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IX,  1891,  343. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  i.o  :  2.9  /x ;  ends  somewhat  pointed  ;  solitary  and  in  pairs. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  1 8  hours,  oval,  entire,  0.15  mm.,  concentric.  Sur- 
face: 1 8  hours,  thin  gray  to  yellowish,  slightly  granular;  margin  translu- 
cent, slightly  dentate ;  20  days,  2  mm.,  flat,  irregular ;  centre  yellowish, 
with  a  slate-colored  zone. 

-Gelatin  stab.  Along  line  of  stab  growth  thin  ;  surface  growth  flat,  becoming 
5  mm.,  with  a  stearin  lustre. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  slight. 

Bouillon.     No  growth  without  NaCl. 

Milk.     A  glistening,  sticky  layer  on  the  surface. 

Potato.  No  growth  when  acid ;  neutralized  with  sodic  phosphate  growth 
thin,  brownish.  Cultures  added  to  sea  water  caused  a  decided  phospho- 
rescence. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  herring  (Sidney). 

161.    Bact.  phosphorescens  (Cohn)  Fischer 

M.  phosphorescens  Cohn  :  Vesamaling  van  stukken  betr  het  genes  Slaatsoez  in  Nederland, 

1878,  126. 

Bact. phosphorescens  Fischer:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  II,  1887,  54. 
Photobact. phosphorescens  Beijerinck :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  VIII,  1890,  716. 

According  to  Kruse  (Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1892,  332),  closely  related 
to,  or  identical  with,  the  preceding. 


l$2  BACTERIOLOGY 

162.    Bact.  Giardii 

Photobact.  of  Giardi :  Compt.  rend.  Soc.  Biol.,  1896. 
Bact.phospkorescens-Giardi:  Kruse,  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  and  cultural  characters  like  161,  but  bacilli  smaller  and 

more  coccoid. 
Habitat.    Isolated  from  crustaceae. 

163.    Bact.  Lepierrei 

B '.  fluorescent  pathogene  Lepierre. 

B.fluorescens  or  Lepierre:  Kruse,  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.5  :  2.0-3.0  /x;  not  stained  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Round  to  yellowish  brown,  becoming,  in  three  days,  fluores- 
cent; in  5  days  the  colonies  are  green. 

Potato.     No  fluorescence,  becoming  black. 

Bouillon.     A  fluorescence  of  the  medium. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  alkaline  ;  no  fluorescence.     Indol  absent. 

Glucose-bouillon.  No  gas.  Optimum  temperature  2o°-3o°.  No  fluorescence, 
at  37°. 

Pathogenesis .  Inoculation  of  guinea  pigs,  death  in  1-6  days,  with  abscess  of 
liver  and  peritonitis. 

164.    Bact.  iris  (Frick) 

B.  iris  Frick:  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXVI,  1889,  290. 

B.  fluorescens-crassus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  294. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  very  small,  slender. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Of  the  aerogenes  type ;  a  green  color,  slowly  developed. 

Gelatin  stab.     Along  line  of  stab  no  growth ;  surface  growth  an  aerogenes- 

like  bead ;  a  green  fluorescence  of  a  yellowish  brown,  to  a  dark  green 

color. 

Potato.     Growth  light  brown. 
Bouillon.     No  membrane;  not  colored. 
Habitat'.     Air  and  water. 

165.    Bact.  Pflugeri  (Ludwig) 

M.  Pflugfri  Ludwig :  Hedwigia,  1884,  No.  3. 

Photobact.  Pflugeri  Beijerinck:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VIII,  1890,  716. 

Morphology  and  cultural  characters  like  Bact.  phosphorescent,  but  somewhat 

larger,  longer,  and  more  slender.     Grows  on  potato. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  fish. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  183 

CLASS  XL    WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.   OBLIGATE  ANAEROBIC.    GELATIN 

NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Grow  at  room  temperatures  and  in  nutrient  gelatin. 

A.  Gas  produced  in  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin. 

1 66.  Bact.  Welchii  Migula. 

B.  Gas  not  produced  in  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin. 

1 .  Large,  thick  rods,  over  i  .o  micron  in  diameter. 

167.  Bact,  emphyscmatosum  (Kruse). 

2.  Very  slender  rods,  0.3  micron  in  diameter. 

1 68.  Bact.  infecunduni. 

II.    No  growth  at  room  temperatures  or  in  nutrient  gelatin. 

169.  Bact.  cadaveris  Sternberg. 

170.  Bact.  pyogcnes  (Kruse). 

1 66.  Bact.  Welchii  Migula 

Bact.  acrogenes-capsulatum  Welch-Nuttall :   Bull.  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  July,  1892. 
Bact.  Welchii  Migula:   System  der  Bakterien,  1900,  II. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  somewhat  thicker  than  anthrax ;  chains  with  a  capsule  - 
Gelatin  cultures  give  much  gas. 

Gelatin  colonies.  1-2  mm.,  gray  white,  oval  to  irregular  with  a  few  out- 
growths. 

Milk.     Coagulated  ;  has  a  faint  odor  of  old  cheese. 
Potato.     Growth  gray  white. 
Pathogencsis  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  blood  in  a  case  of  aneurism  of  the  aorta. 

167.   Bact.  emphysematosum  (Kruse) 

B.  der  Gasphlegmon  Fraenkel :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIII,  1893,  13. 
B.  emphysematosus  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  242. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  somewhat  thicker  than  anthrax ;  occur  in  threads.. 
Stained  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin.  With  addition  of  glycerine  and  formate  of  soda,  active  growth  with 
much  bad-smelling  gas. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Much  gas. 

Bouillon.     Turbid. 

Pathogenesis .  Guinea  pigs,  by  subcutaneous  inoculation,  a  local  non-sup- 
purating inflammation;  later,  a  necrosis  sometimes  spreading  to  perito- 
neum and  pleura. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  gaseous  phlegmon. 


184 


BACTERIOLOGY 


1 68.  Bact.  infecundum 

Bact.filiformis-Havaniensis  Sternberg:    Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,650. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  long,  slender,  0.3  micron  in  diameter. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  no  growth  on  the  surface. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  scanty,  milky-white,  branched. 
Potato.     No  growth. 

Pathogenesis.     Non-pathogenic  to  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  liver  of  yellow  fever  cadaver. 

169.   Bact.  cadaveris  Steinberg 

Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 
Morphology.      Bacilli    1.2  :  1.5-4.0 /x  —  short    filaments.      Do  not  grow  on 

gelatin. 

Glycerin  bouillon.     Rendered  acid  ;  no  gas. 
Pathogenesis.     Guinea  pigs,  death  with  oedema  by  inoculation  with  a  section 

of  the  liver  containing  the  bacilli. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cadavers. 

170.  Bact.  pyogenes  (Kruse) 

Bact.pyogenes-anaerobium  Kruse :   Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  244. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large.     Do  not  grow  below  22°.     Cause  a  stinking  sup- 
puration in  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  stinking  pus  from  a  rabbit  which  died  spontaneously. 

CLASS  XII.  WITH  ENDOSPORES,  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC,  RODS  NOT  SWOLLEN  AT  SPORULATION.  DO  NOT 
GROW  AT  ROOM  TEMPERATURES  OR  BELOW  22°-25°. 

I.    Minimum  temperature  of  growth  4o°-49°;  optimum  temperature  6o°-7o°. 

THERMOPHILIC   BACTERIA 
A:  Spores  placed  at  the  ends  of  the  rods,  oval. 

1.  Growth  on  potato  white  to  gray. 

171.  Bact.  thermophilum,  I  (Rabinowitsch). 

172.  Bact.  thermophilum,  VII  (Rabinowitsch). 

173.  Bact.  thermophilum,  VI  (Rabinowitsch). 

2.  Growth  on  potato  brownish. 

174.  Bact.  thermophilum,  III  (Rabinowitsch). 

175.  Bact.  thermophilum,  V  (Rabinowitsch). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  185 

3.    Growth  on  potato  not  stated. 

176.  Bact.  Miquelii  (Kruse). 

B.  Spores  placed  at  the  middle  of  the  rods. 

1.  Potato  cultures  red. 

177.  Bact.  thermophilum,  IV  (Rabinowitsch). 

2.  Potato  cultures  gray,  yellow,  or  brown. 

178.  Bact.  thermophilum,  II  (Rabinowitsch). 

179.  Bact.  thermophilum,  VIII  (Rabinowitsch). 

II.    Grow  at  body  temperatures  and  on  media  containing  blood-serum. 

1 80.  Bact.  erythematis  (Kruse). 

181.  Bact.  Colomiatii. 
III.    Do  not  grow  below  22°-25°. 

182.  Bact.  laxa. 

171.    Bact.  thermophilum,  I  (Rabin.) 

B.  thermophilus,  I,  Rabinowitsch:   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XX,  1895,  154. 
Morphology.     Rods  to  filaments. 
Agar  colonies.     At  62°,  coarsely  granular,  erose. 
Potato.     White  colonies. 
Habitat.     Widely  distributed. 

172.  Bact.  thermophilum,  VII  (Rabin.)  :   I.e. 
Agar  colonies.     Granular,  erose. 

Potato.     Growth  white  to  gray. 
Habitat.     Excrement. 

173.  Bact.  thermophilum,  VI  (Rabin.)  :   I.e. 

Agar  colonies.     Centres  grayish  green,  border  clear. 
Potato.     Growth  moist  gray. 
Habitat.     Excrement. 

174.  Bact.  thermophilum,  HI  (Rabin.)  :   I.e. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  thick. 

Agar  colonies.     Small,  entire. 
Potato.     Growth  brown. 
Habitat.     Soil,  milk,  excrement. 

175.  Bact.  thermophilum,  V  (Rabin.) 

Agar  colonies.     Granular,  colorless. 
Potato.     Growth  gray  brown,  scanty. 
Habitat.     Excrement. 


BACTERIOLOGY 


176.  Bact.  Miquelii  (Kruse) 

Un  Bacille  vivant  au  dela  de  70°  C.  Miquel  :    Ann.  de  Microgr.,  88. 
B.  thermophilus  Frankland  :    Microorganisms  of  water,  1894,  488. 
B.thermophilus-Miquelii  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  269. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i  .o  /x,  thick,  and  of  variable  length,  to  filaments.     Opti- 

mum temperature  65°-7o°. 

Agar  slant.  At  43°,  colonies  white,  elevated  disks. 
Bouillon.  At  50°,  turbid  with  a  fragile  membrane. 
Habitat.  Water. 

177.  Bact.  thermophilum,  IV  (Rabin.)  :   l.c. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  rods  to  filaments.' 

Agar  colonies.     Colorless,  with  outgrowths. 
Habitat.     Soil  and  excrement. 

178.  Bact.  thermophilum,  II  (Rabin.)  :  l.c. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  bent. 

Agar  colonies.     Granular,  grayish. 
Potato.     Growth  grayish  yellow  colonies. 
Habitat.     Widely  distributed. 

1  79.    Bact.  thermophilum,  VIII  (Rabin.)  :  l.c. 

Agar  colonies.     Colorless,  round,  entire. 
Potato.     Growth,  moist,  gray  brown. 
Habitat.     Excrement. 

1  80.  Bact.  erythematis  (Kruse) 

B.  of  erythema-no  do  sum.  Demme  :  Fortschritte  d.  Medizin,  1888,  No.  7. 
B.  erythematis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  426. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.7  :  2.5  p. 

Blood  serum.     A  paraffin-like,  glistening  streak,  with  radiations  like  fish  fins. 

Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  an  appearance  of  erythema- 

nodosum,  and  death. 
Habitat.    Associated  with  erythema-nodosum. 

181.    Bact.  Colomatii 

Discovered  by  Colomati  :  Breslauer  arztliche  Zeitsch.,  1883,  No.  4. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  like  those  of  mouse-septicaemia  ;  in  irregular  masses. 
Blood  serum.     37°,  growth  of  rosette-like  forms,  dull,  glistening,  of  a  fatty  lustre. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  xerotic  masses  in  conjunctivitis. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  l8/ 

182.   Bact.  laxae 

Ein  thermophiler  Bacillus  aus  Zukerfabriksproducten  Laxa :  Centralblatt  f. 
Bakteriol.,  2te.  Abt.,  IV,  1898,  362. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  in  cultures  like  B.  vulgaris. 

Glycerin  agar  colonies.      Deep:    With  white  centres  and  dense  outgrowths. 

Surface :  Round,  yellowish,  crumpled,  with  root-like  outgrowths,  becoming 

in  24  hours  20  cm.  or  more  in  diameter. 
Bouillon.     With  a  crumpled  membrane. 
Potato.     A  tough,  yellowish,  ragged  layer.     Growth  begins  and  increases  up 

to  58°.     Grow  in  acid  alkaline  or  neutral  media.     Grow  best  in  saccharine 

media,  with  production  of  gas  and  lactic  acid.     Pepton  solutions  without 

sugar  rendered  alkaline.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  Schaumgarung  in  sugar  factories. 


CLASS  XIII.  WITH  ENDOSPORES;  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTA- 
TIVE ANAEROBIC,  RODS  NOT  SWOLLEN  AT  SPORULATION. 
GROW  AT  ROOM  TEMPERATURES.  GELATIN  LIQUEFIED. 

ANTHRAX   GROUP 
I.    Stab  cultures  in  gelatin  arborescent. 

A.  On  the  surface  of  bouillon  cultures  a  membrane  is  more  or  less  strongly 

developed. 

1 .  Potato  cultures  dense,  rough,  crumpled,  or  felt-like,  to  mealy. 

183.  Bact.  mycoides  (Fliigge). 

184.  Bact.  brassicce  (Pommer). 

185.  Bact.  granulatum. 

1 86.  Bact.  maritimum  (Russell). 

2.  Potato  cultures  show  scattered  colonies. 

187.  Bact.  sputi. 

3.  Cultures  on  solid  media  not  described. 

1 88.  Bact.  sessile  (Klein). 

B.  No  membrane  forms  on  the  surface  of  bouillon  cultures. 

1.  Fatally  pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 

189.  Bact.  anthracis  (Cohn)  Migula. 

2.  Not  pathogenic,  or  only  a  local  effect,  on  guinea  pigs. 

190.  Bact.  anthracoides  (Kruse). 

191.  Bact.  crystaloides  (Dyar). 


1 88  BACTERIOLOGY 

II.    Stab  cultures  in  gelatin  not  distinctly  arborescent. 

A.  Gelatin  colonies  round,  punctiform,  not  flat  or  spreading. 

1.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  show  a  saccate-funnel-formed  liquefaction. 
a.   Growth  on  potato  yellowish. 

192.  Bad.  aerophilus  (Flugge). 
rowth  on  potato  whitish. 

1 93 .  Bact.  Trichomti  ( Tre v  isan) . 

2.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  show  a  crateriform-napiform  liquefaction. 

194.  Bact.  Markusfeldii. 

B.  Gelatin  colonies  flat  or  spreading. 

1.  Margins  of  surface  colonies  floccose-ciliate  fringed. 

a.  Gelatin  liquefied  quickly.  • 

*  Surface  colonies,  dense,  felt-like,  crimpled. 

195.  Bact.  crinatum  (Wright). 
**    Surface  colonies  not  crimpled. 

f   Agar  and  potato  cultures  smooth. 

196.  Bact.  verticillatum  (Ravenel). 
ff   Agar  and  potato  cultures  crimpled. 

197.  Bact.  gangliforme  (Ravenel). 

b.  Gelatin  liquefied  slowly. 

198.  Bact.  vermiculare  (Frankland). 

2.  Gelatin  colonies  with  irregular  erose  borders  of  the  B.  colt  type. 

a.  Agar  smear  cultures  crimpled. 

*  Milk  rendered  strongly  acid,  slimy. 

199.  Bact.  viscosum. 
**   Milk  rendered  alkaline. 

200.  Bact.  rugosum. 

b.  Agar  smear  cultures  smooth,  thin. 

201.  Bact.  grannlosum  (Russell). 

c.  Agar  smear  cultures  thick,  wavy. 

202.  Bact.filliforme  (Tils.). 

3.  Gelatin  colonies  streaming,  of  \hzproteus  type. 

a.  Milk  rendered  acid,  gelatin  rapidly  liquefied. 

203.  Bact.  proteum. 

b.  Milk  rendered  alkaline,  gelatin  slowly  liquefied. 

204.  Bact.  trtmcatum. 

4.  Gelatin  colonies  entire. 

205.  Bact.  turgidum. 

5.  Gelatin  colonies  not  definitely  described. 

206.  Bact.  geniculaturn  (Duclaux). 

207.  Bact.  pants. 


THE    CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  189 

183.  Bact.  mycoides  (Fliigge) 

Wurzel  bacillus  Eisenberg :  Bak.  Diag.,  1886,  Tab.  4. 

B.  mycoides  Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886,  324. 

B.figurans  Crookshank  :  Manual,  1886,  324. 

B.  ramosus  Eisenberg:  Bak.  Diag.,  1891,  126. 

B.  implexus  Zimmerman:  Bak.  Trink.  u.  Nutzwasser,  1890. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.8:  1.6-3.6  /n;  rods  square-ended,  or  scarcely  rounded, 
in  chains.  Stained  by  Gram's  method.  Aerobic. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small,  round,  ciliate,  becoming  large,  felted,  arborescent ; 
densest  in  their  centres ;  gelatin  liquefied  rapidly. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  an  arborescent  growth  ;  liquefaction  crateriform,  be- 
coming saccate  ;  a  membrane  on  surface  of  the  liquefied  gelatin. 

Agar  colonies.     White-gray,  moist,  with  characteristic  root-like  branchings. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  shows  rhizoid  or  root-like  branchings. 

Potato.     Growth  like  B.  subtilis. 

Milk.     Peptonized,  alkaline. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     H2S  negative. 

Habitat.     Soil,  water,  etc. 

i 

184.  Bact.  brassicae  (Pommer) 

B.  brassica  Pommer :  Mitth.  Bot.  Inst.  Gratz,  1886,  Heft  I :  A.  Koch,  Bot.  Zeit.,  1888. 

Imperfectly  described,  indt.  from  the  preceding. 
Habitat.     Turnip  infusion. 

185.    Bact.  granulatum 

Bacillus  No.  j  Pansini :  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  rods  with  granulated  plasma. 

Colonies.     Anthrax-like. 

Gelatin  stab.     Like  anthrax. 

Potato.     Growth  white  to  reddish  yellow. 

Bouillon.     A  thin  membrane  on  the  surface;  odor  of  rotten  cheese. 

Habitat.     Sputum. 

1 86.    Bact.  maritimum  (Russell) 

B.  maritimus  Russell;  Bot.  Gazette,  XVIII,  1893,  440. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  1.5:  3.5-6.0  /x ;  ends  rounded,  chains  of  variable  length ; 
protoplasm  granular. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  shallow,  crateriform  ;  lined  with  bacterial  growth  ; 
from  the  base  of  the  latter  filaments  radiate  a  short  distance  into  the 
gelatin ;  a  barely  perceptible  growth  in  depth ;  liquefaction  becoming 
stratiform. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dense,  white,  smooth. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  grayish  white,  dull,  and  mealy. 

Habitat.     Sea-mud,  Woods  Hole,  Mass. 

•      •  *•<    jr.-  - 

187.    Bact.  sputi 

Bacillus  No.  4  Pansini :  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII,  1890. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  in  long  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Radiate. 
Potato.     Growth  of  moist,  dew-like  drops. 
Bouillon.    Turbid,  with  a  dense  membrane. 
Habitat.     Sputum. 

1 88.     Bact.  sessile  (Klein) 

B.  sessilis  Klein:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VI,  1889,  to. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  anthrax ;  spores,  in  size  and  form,  like  B.  subtilis, 

but  show  polar  germination. 
Bouillon.     With  a  membrane. 
Pathogenesis.     Non-pathogenic  to  mice. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  blood  of  a  cow  supposed  to  have  died  of  anthrax. 

189.     Bact.  anthracis  (Cohn)  Migula 

First  discovered  by  Rayer :  Memoirs  de  la  Soc.  de  Biol.,  1850,  141. 

Les  infusoires  de  la  maladie  charbonneuse  Davaine :  Compt.  rend.,  LXIX,  1864,  393. 

Bacteridie  du  charbon  Pasteur-Joubert :  Compt.  rend.,  LXXXIV,  900. 

B.  anthracis  Cohn:  Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  2  Heft,  1875,  177. 

Bact.  anthracis  Migula :  Engler-Prantl,  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,  1895. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.1-1.2  :  3-10  p. ;  ends  square,  in  chains  ;  in  animal  body, 

with  a  capsule.     Stained  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  'colonies.     Round,  white,  becoming  in  3-4  days  liquefied;   contents 

turbid;    microscopically    show    grayish    centres,   with    clearer    floccose 

borders. 
Gelatin  stab.     An   arborescent   growth,  becoming  a  crateriform  to  saccate 

liquefaction ;  no  membrane  on  the  surface. 
Agar  colonies.     Very  characteristic,  floccose. 
Agar  slant.     Growth   gray  white,  moist,  glistening,  mealy;  older  cultures 

show  pellucid  dots. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION.  OF    BACTERIA  191 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  heavy,  flocculent  growth. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized,  slightly  alkaline. 

Potato.  Growth  grayish  white,  elevated,  dense.  Spore  germination  polar. 
Indol  negative.  H2S,  negative  or  slight. 

Pathogenesis .  Mice  inoculated  subcutaneously  die  in  24  hours,  of  general 
septicaemia.  Guinea  pigs  and  rabbits  die  in  48  hours  ;  spleen  greatly  en- 
larged, bacilli  in  blood  and  organs. 

Habitat.    Blood,  etc.,  of  anthrax  subjects. 

190.    Bact.  anthracoides  (Kruse) 

Described  but  not  named  Hueppe-Wood  :  Berliner  klin.  Wochenschrift,  1889,  No.  16. 
B.  anthracoides  Kruse :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  232. 

Morphology  and  cultural  characters  like  anthrax. 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  large  doses  into  guinea  pigs  give 

only  a  local  reaction. 
Habitat.     Earth  and  water. 

191.  Bact.  crystaloides  (Dyar) 

B.  crystaloides  Dyar:  I.e.,  371. 

Morphology  and  cultural  characters  like  the  preceding. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  contaminated  plate. 

192.  Bact.  aerophilum  (Fltigge) 

B.  aerophilus  Fliigge:  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender,  rods  of  variable  length. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  40  hours,  small,  punctiform,  oval  to  pyriform ;  no  great 

increase  of  size. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  broadly  saccate. 

Potato.     Growth  dull  yellow,  smooth,  paraffin-like,  becoming  dry  to  granular. 
Habitat.     Air  and  water. 

193.     Bact.  Trichomii  (Trevisan) 

Bacillo  della gangrena  senile  Trichomi :  Riv.  internaz.  di  Med.  e.  Chir.,  Ill,  1886,  73. 

B.  Trichomii  Trevisan  :  Genera,  1889,  13. 

Bacillus  of  Trichomi  Sternberg :  Manual,  1892,  473. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  1.0-3.0  /x;  solitary  —  pairs;  rods  often  show  a  club- 
shaped  thickening.  Stained  by  Gram's  method.  Grow  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  24  hours,  round,  slightly  dirty  yellow ;  liquefaction  begins 
in  36  to  48  hours. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  funnel-formed  in  48  hours,  with  gas  bubbles. 


192 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white,  spreading,  membranous. 
Potato.     At  37°,  dirty  white,  milky  colonies,  becoming  confluent. 
Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  show  a 

gangrenous  process,  with  death  in  2-3  days. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  senile  gangrene. 

194.    Bact.  Markusfeldii 

B.  der  trichorrhexis-nodosa  Markusfeld :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XX,  1897,  230. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.4-0.6:  1.7-2.2 /A.     Grow  at  39°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Roundish  clumps,  which  quickly  liquefy  the  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  48  hours,  a  semi-spherical  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin. 

Agar  colonies.  In  24  hours,  at  37°.  Deep  colonies :  round,  oval,  white,  brown- 
ish yellow;  contour  irregular,  with  ringlet-like  outgrowths  and  small 
colonies  from  border.  Surface  colonies :  white,  opaque  in  centre  ;  border 
granular  to  floccose. 

Agar  slant.     White,  moist  colonies. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  white. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  this  disease. 

-   _ 

195.  Bact.  crinatum  (Wright) 

B.  crinatus  Wright :    I.e.,  453. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  chains  to  segmented  threads. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  :  dark  opaque,  round  to  oval,  entire,  granular  margins. 

Surface:   in  2  days,  1-2  mm.,  round,  glistening,  translucent,  entire;  in 

3  days,  dense,  felt-like  margins,  crimpled,  slightly  sunken ;  margins  also 

fimbriate  to  frayed. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  broadly  funnel-formed  to  stratiform. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  gray  white,  frosted. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  white  floculi. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  creamy-white,  viscid,  spreading,  becoming  yellowish, 

caseous. 

Litmus  milk.     Decolorized,  amphoteric,  becoming  viscid,  yellowish,  caseous. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  slight  or  doubtful.     Grow  at  37°. 
Habitat.     Water. 

196.  Bact.  verticillatum  Ravenel 

B.  verticillatus  Ravenel :    I.e.,  13. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  thick,  3-5  times  their  breadth,  rounded.  Spores  only 
in  potato  cultures  after  2  weeks.  Facultative  anaerobic. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  193, 

Gelatin  colonies.      Deep:    in    14   hours,   0.2    mm.,    white-gray,    filamentous. 

Surface:   in  14  hours,  I  mm.,  crateriform,  entire,  circular;  border  ciliate, 

becoming  in  24  hours  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  dirty  white,  frosted  ;  agar  stained  brown. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  slight  growth,  rarely  ciliate ;    liquefaction  crateri— 

form,  becoming  funnel-formed.  . 

Potato.     Growth  dry,  white,  smooth,  glistening,  becoming  in  2  weeks  pinkish. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  crumpled  pellicle. 
Litmus  milk.     Coagulated,  decolorized,  alkaline. 
Glucose  botdllon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Soil.     * 

197.   Bact.  gangliforme  (Ravenel) 

B.gangliformis  Ravenel :   I.e.,  34. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  straight  rods,  rounded;  length  5-6  times  their  breadth;; 
in  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  arborescent.  Surface:  margins  well  defined, 
bordered  by  a  corona  of  fine  spear  points ;  in  liquefied  gelatin  the  fila- 
mentous habit  resembles  the  potato  bacillus;  in  2  days,  a  thick  myco- 
derma  on  the  surface,  with  lacework  of  bars  radially  placed  on  margins. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  dirty  white,  dry,  with  fern-like  edges,  becoming 
wrinkled. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  24  hours,  surface  growth  3  mm.,  liquefaction  crateriform, 
becoming  in  4  days  a  funnel,  becoming  stratiform;  a  pellicle  on  the 
surface. 

Potato.     Growth  dry,  crumpled,  becoming  dirty  white,  moist,  slimy. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  mycoderma. 

Litmus  milk.     Rendered  acid  ;  coagulated  in  flocculi ;  in  2  weeks,  alkaline. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Grow  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

198.   Bact.  vermiculare  (Frankland) 

B.  vermicularis  Frankland:    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889,  384. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o  :  2-3  //,  —  filaments  ;  spores  in  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:   irregular.     Surface:   thin,  flat,  irregular;  margins 

of  wavy  bundles;  centre  rough,  wrinkled. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  slight  growth ;  on  the  surface  growth  glistening, 

gray ;  after  some  time  liquefaction  commences  below  the  surface  of  the 

colony. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  smooth,  glistening,  gray, 
o 


194 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  white  flocculent  precipitate. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  flesh-colored.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

Habitat.     Water. 

199.  Bact.  viscosum 

B.  No.  17  Adametz :   Landw.  Jahrbucher,  XVIII,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i  .0-1.2  :  3-4  JJL  —  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     White  ;  edges  irregular. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  slimy,  crimpled. 

Milk.     Becomes  plastic  viscous  ;  odor  of  butyric  acid. 

Habitat.     Milk  and  cheese. 

200.  Bact.  rugosum 

B.  No.  14  Adametz :   I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i  .0-1.2  /A  in  diameter ;  rods  to  filaments,  often  interwoven. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  3  days,  3-4  mm.,  white,  slimy,  slightly  convex ;  micro- 
scopically, gray,  coarsely  granular  —  grumose,  erose. 

Gelatin  stab.  On  the  surface,  a  white  membrane  with  fatty  lustre  under 
which  the  gelatin  is  quickly  liquefied. 

Agar  slant.    Growth  thick,  white,  slimy,  crumpled,  becoming  reddish  yellow. 

Milk.     A  flocculent  precipitate,  alkaline,  becoming  peptonized. 

Habitat.     Milk,  cheese. 

201.  Bact.  granulosum  (Russell) 

B. granulosus  Russell:    Zeilschrift  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  194. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  large  and  as  filaments,  contents  granulated. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:    small,  round,  glistening,    opaque    masses.     Deep, 

thin,  leafy ;  microscopically,  concentrically  to  reticulately  marked. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  shallow,  crateriform. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  composed  of  thin,  white-yellowish  colonies,  becoming 

confluent. 

Bouillon.     Turbid ;  sediment. 
Potato.     Growth  in  24  hours,  moist,  white,  limited,  becoming  thicker,  dull, 

waxy,  brownish. 
Habitat.     Sea-slime. 

202.  Bact.  filiforme  (Tils) 

B.filiformis  Tils :    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1890,  317. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  1.0-4.0  /x  —  filaments  or  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Deep :  white,  finely  granular,  with  irregular  edges.     Surface : 

3  days  whitish,  striped  ;  microscopically,  irregular,  serrate  ;  centres  uneven, 

granular,  yellowish  ;  liquefied  slowly. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  195 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  slight  growth ;  on  the  surface,  growth  moist ;  edge 

serrate  ;  liquefaction  in  3-4  days. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thick  ;  surface  wavy. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  irregular,  dirty  white,  becoming  darker. 
Habitat.     Water. 

203.  Bact.  proteum 

B.  No.  16  Adametz :   I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  1.2 : 3.0-5.5 /A —  filaments  and  chains,  often  interwoven 
and  reaching  a  length  of  80-100  microns.  Involution  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Streaming,  branched,  with  the  gross  appearance  of  a  mould 
colony. 

Gelatin  stab.  Rapid  liquefaction  on  the  surface  and  along  line  of  stab ;  a 
membrane  on  the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  crumpled,  membraneous. 

Agar  stab.     An  arborescent  growth  along  line  of  stab. 

Milk  becomes  gelatinous,  acid,  with  a  cheesy  odor. 

Habitat.     Milk  and  cheese. 

204.  Bact.  truncatum 

B.  No. 51  Conn:   I.e.,  1894,  81. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  square-ended  rods,  0.2-0.8  : 1.5  /u,.     Grow  at  35°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Curled,  proteus-like  ;  liquefied  slowly. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  slow,  crateriform  to  conical. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  spreading,  dry,  granular. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  white,  dry,  velvety. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  alkaline,  slowly  peptonized. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  pellicle. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

205.  Bact.  turgidum 

B.  No.  15  Adametz :   I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.2-1.4 /*  thick  and  about  three  times  as  long;  filaments 

rare ;  involution  forms. 
Gelatin  colonies.     I  cm.,  dark  gray  in  centres,  with  lighter  coarsely  granular 

borders. 
Gelatin  stab.     Rapid  liquefaction,  with  a  membrane,  with  later  a  butyric  acid 

odor. 

Milk.     Slimy,  flocculent,  slightly  acid  ;  butyric  acid  formed. 
Habitat.     Milk  and  cheese. 


196  BACTERIOLOGY 

206.  Bact.  geniculatum  (Duclaux) 

Tyrothrix  geniculata  Duclaux :    Le  Lait,  Paris,  1887,  331. 

B.geniculatus  Trevisan  :    Genera,  1889,  16. 

B '. gonatoides  Trevisan  :   Saccardo,  Syllog.  Fungorum,  VIII,  1889,  964. 

Morphology.     Bacilli,  very  thick  rods  —  long  interwoven  filaments. 

Milk.     Slowly  coagulated  ;  leucin,  tyrosin,  acetic  acid,  and  ammonia  produced. 

Habitat.     Milk  and  cheese. 

207.  Bact.  panis 

B.  mesentericus-panis-viscosus  I  Orth:   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXVI,  1897,  404. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  plump,  rounded,  3-5  ju.  long ;  no  flagella.  Spores  oval,, 
placed  in  the  middle  of  the  rods.  Stained  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Flat ;  liquefaction  crateriform,  with  a  thick  grayish  white 
nucleus,  and  a  membrane  on  the  surface. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  slow,  becoming  saccate. 

Agar  colonies.     Gray  brown,  granular,  with  delicate  outgrowths. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  bluish  gray,  translucent. 

Potato.  Growth  white,  becoming  gray,  at  first  slimy,  smooth,  becoming  silky 
and  rugose. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Bouillon.     Only  a  faint  turbidity  after  many  days. 

Lactose  bouillon.  No  change  of  color.  Optimum  temperature  35°-37°.  No> 
anaerobic  growth.  Grow  in  acid  media,  rendering  them  slowly  alka- 
line. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  stringy  bread  dough. 


CLASS  XIV.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  RODS  NOT  SWOLLEN  AT  SPORULATION.  GELA- 
TIN NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Colonies  on  gelatin  papillate,  small  (about  I  mm.). 

208.  Bact.  Mansfieldii. 

II.    Colonies  on  gelatin  spreading. 

209.  Bact.  Schottelii  (Trevisan). 

210.  Bact.  subtiliforme  (Schrb'ter). 

211.  Bact.  simile  (Schroter). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  IQ7 

208.  Bact.  Mansfieldii 

B.  No.  18  Conn :   I.e.,  1893,  51. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1. 4-2.0/0.,  in  twos  and  threes. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  white,  punctiform,  i  mm.,  spreading  only  slightly. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  white,  spreading,  rather  dry. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  rather  limited  to  spreading. 

Potato.     Growth   thick,   spreading,   mottled ;   somewhat   raised   in   mounds, 

becoming  brown  and  more  uniform. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  sediment  and  slight  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Milk  from  Mansfield,  Conn. 

209.  Bact.  Schottelii  (Trevisan) 

Darmbacillus  Schottelius  :   Der  Rotlauf  der  Schweine,  Wiesbaden,  1885. 
B.  coprog enes-fcetidus  :   Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
B.  Schottelii  Trevisan :    Genera,  1889,  17. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  shorter  than  B.  subtilis.     Spore  germination  polar. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Deep:    compact,  pale  yellowish.     Surface:    gray,  trans- 
lucent, spreading ;  strong  putrefactive  odor. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  gray.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  intestinal  contents  of  swine. 

210.  Bact.  subtiliforme  (Schroter) 

Bacillus  I  Bienstock :   Zeit.  f.  klin.  Med.,  VIII,  1884,  1-2. 

B.  subtiliformis  Schroter  :    Pilz  Schles.,  1886,  160. 

B.  mesentericus  Trevisan  :    Genera,  1889,  115. 

B.f&calis  I  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  215. 

Morphology.     Like  B.  subtilis.    Gelatin  colonies  have  the  form  of  a  mesen- 

terium. 
Habitat.     Faeces. 

211.  Bact.  simile    (Schroter) 

Bacillus  II  Bienstock  :    I.e. 

B.  similis  Schroter :    I.e. 

B.  coprocinus  Trevisan  :   Genera,  1889, 15. 

B.fcecalis  II  Kruse:   Fiiigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  215. 

Morphology.     Like  the  preceding. 

Gelatin  colonies.     White,  glistening,  smooth,  becoming  uneven,  with  lobular 

outgrowths. 
Habitat.     Faeces. 


198  BACTERIOLOGY 

CLASS  XV.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  RODS  SWOLLEN  AT  ONE  END  AT  SPORULATION 
OF  THE  TETANUS  TYPE. 

I.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

212.   Bact.  gracile  (Zimm.) 

B.gracilis  Zimmerman  :    Bact.  Nutz.  u.  Trinkwasser,  1890. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  2.4-3.6 //,  —  threads. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :   entire,  becoming  ameboid  —  reticulated.     Surface : 

thin  and  spreading. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded  ;  on  the  surface,  after  some  weeks  a 

liquefaction  of  the  surface. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  bluish  white. 
Potato.     Growth  scanty. 
Habitat.     Water. 

II.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

213.  Bact.  canis 

B.  des  Hundestaupe  Bruno-Galli :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIX,  1896,  694. 

Morphology.      Bacilli  0.3 :  1.2-2.5 /A,   often   dumb-bell-shaped.      Stained   by 

GranVs  method. 
Gelatin  stab.      In  24  hours,  gas  bubbles  in  depth ;  on  the  surface,  growth 

punctiform,  white,  waxy,  becoming  large  and  sinking  into  the  gelatin, 

producing  a  shallow  funnel  without  apparent  liquefaction. 
Agar  slant.      Growth   of  small,   white   points,   becoming  white   disks   with 

undulate  borders. 

Potato.     Growth  whitish,  translucent. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated.     Indol  negative. 
Lactose  bouillon.     No  gas. 
Habitat.    Urine,  exudate,  etc.,  of  dogs. 

CLASS  XVI.     WITH   ENDOSPORES.     OBLIGATE  ANAEROBIC. 
I.    Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation,  malignant  oedema  type. 

214.    Bact.  anaerobicum  (Sternberg) 

B.  anaerobicus-liquefaciens  Sternberg :  Manual,  1892,  693. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6 :  2-3  /u, ;  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     White,  granular. 
Pathogenesis .     Doubtful. 
Habitat.     Intestines  of  yellow  fever  cadavers. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  199 

215.    Bact.  terrae  (Ucke) 

Streptobacillus  terra  Ucke:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXIII,  1898,  1001. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  2.0 :  6-20  /A,  and   longer  chains.      Polar   oval  spores. 

Stained  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin.     No  growth  at  22°. 

Bouillon.     A  flocculent  white  sediment ;  a  stronger  growth  in  glucose  bouillon. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  very  scanty,  limited,  with  finely  erose  border. 
Agar  stab.     In  depth,  growth  scanty,  filiform. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 
Potato.     No  visible  growth.     No  gas.     No  odor.     Litmus  reduced.     An  acid 

production  in  saccharine  media. 
Blood  serum.     Small,  flat,  yellowish  colonies. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  soil. 

II.    Rods  becoming  latterly  swollen  or  spindle-shaped  at  sporulation. 
216.    Bact.  parvum 

B.  liquefaciens-parvus  Luderitz :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  V,  1889,  149. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5-0.7  :  2-5  ^u,;  filaments,  often  bent.  Spore  formation 
not  distinct,  but  small  round  refractive  bodies  in  the  greatly  thickened 
rods. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Entire,  becoming  tuberculate  with  delicate  outgrowths. 
Liquefaction  of  gelatin  slow ;  but  little  gas. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

4P 

BACILLUS  Cohn,   char,  emend  by  Migula 

Cells  cylindrical,  varying  from  short  ovals  to  longer  rods  and  filaments.  Mo- 
tile, with  flagella  attached  to  any  part  of  the  rod,  varying  from  a  few  to 
numerous,  and  surrounding  the  entire  body  of  the  bacillus  (peritrichic). 
Endospores  present  or  absent,  or  at  least  in  a  large  number  of  the  species 
unknown. 

NOTE.  —  Our  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  great  majority  of  the  described  species  of 
bacteria,  especially  as  regards  the  nature  of  their  flagella,  makes  it  impossible  to  properly 
classify  many  of  them. 

Those  species  which  are  known  to  possess  peritrichic  flagella  belong  properly  to  this 
genus,  and  are  designated  by  a  large  B  in  black-faced  type  before  each  specific  name. 
Those  doubtfully  placed  in  the  genus  are  all  so-called  motile  forms  whose  flagella  are  not 
described,  and  are  designated  by  a  B  in  plain  type. 

The  author  has  therefore  made  this  group  the  great  lumber  room  into  which  are  thrown 
all  indefinitely  motile  forms.  It  is  likely  that  many  of  the  species  here  included,  although 


200  BACTERIOLOGY 

they  have  been  described  as  motile,  or  slightly  so,  are  in  reality  non-motile,  or  at  least 
devoid  of  flagella,  and  are  therefore  members  of  the  genus  Bacterium. 

Without  definite  knowledge  on  all  questionable  points  of  this  kind  the  author  has  not 
presumed  to  any  private  interpretations,  and  has  strictly  adhered  to  the  facts  as  set  forth 
by  the  authors  of  the  species  in  question. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  GENUS 

I.  Without  endospores,  or  at  least  their  presence  not  reported.^ 

A.  Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

1.  Without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

a.  Colonies  on  gelatin  plates  roundish,  not  ameboid  or  proteus-like. 
*-  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

-  f   Decolorized  by  Gram's  method.     CLASS  I,  p.  201. 
ft    Stained  by  Gram's  method.     CLASS  II,  p.  227. 
**   Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  III,  p.  230. 

b.  Colonies  on  gelatin  plates  becoming  streaming,  forked,  ameboid, 

twisted,  irregular,  cochleate.. 

*  Gelatin  liquefied. 

Stained  by  Gram's  method.     CLASS  IV,  p.  244. 
Not  stained  by  Gram's  method.     CLASS  V,  p.  246. 
**    Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  VI,  p.  248. 

2.  Produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar,  chromogenic  bacilli.- 

a.  Pigment  yellowish  on  gelatin. 

*  Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  VII,  p.  250. 

**   Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  VIII,  p.  254. 

b.  Pigment  reddish  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

*  Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  IX,  p.  256. 
**    Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  X,  p.  259. 

c.  Pigment  brownish,  black-gray  on  gelatin.     CLASS  XI,  p.  260. 

d.  Pigment  blue-violet  on  gelatin  or  agar.     CLASS  XII,  p.  261. 

3.  Colonies  colorless,  or  colored  slightly  yellowish  or  greenish,  but  with 

a  yellow-green  or  blue-green  fluorescence.     CLASS  XIII,  p.  262. 

B.  Obligate  anaerobic.     CLASS  XIV,  p.  265. 

II.  Bacilli  produce  endospores. 

A.   Non-chromogenic ;  without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 
i.  Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

a.    Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation  —  B.  subtilis  type. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  2OI 

f   Potato  cultures  never  developing  a  red  pigment. 
Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  XV,  p.  266. 
Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  XVI,  p.  282. 
ft    Potato  cultures  developing  a  red  pigment.     CLASS  XVII, 
p.  285. 

b.  Rods  becoming  spindle-shaped  at  sporulation,  Clostridium  type. 

CLASS  XVIII,  p.  287. 

c.  Rods  swollen  at  one  end  at  sporulation,  Tetanus  type.     CLASS 

XIX,  p.  290. 
2.  Obligate  anaerobic. 
.    a.    Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation.     CLASS  XX,  p.  292. 

b.  Rods  becoming  laterally  swollen  or  spindle-shaped  at  sporula- 

tion.    CLASS  XXI,  295. 

c.  Rods  swollen  at  one  end  at  sporulation.     CLASS  XXII,  p.  302. 
B.   Chromogenic;    produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar.     CLASS  XXIII, 

p.  304. 

CLASS  I.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  COLONIES  ON  GELATIN  PLATES  ROUNDISH,  NOT 
AMEBOID  OR  PROTEUS-LIKE.  GELATIN  NOT  LIQUEFIED.  DE- 
COLORIZED BY  GRAM'S  METHOD. 

I.    Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

A.   Milk  coagulated.     B.  COLI  GROUP. 

1.  Indol  produced, 

a.  Phenol  produced. 

i .   B.  Marsiliensis  Kruse. 

b.  No  phenol  produced . 

__2.   B.  coli  (Escherich). 

3.  B.  Wardii. 

2.  No  indol  produced. 

a,  'Gelatin  colonies  of  a  distinctly  colon  type,  indistinguishable 

from  those  of  B.  coli. 

4.  B.  anindolicum  Lembke. 

b.  Gelatin  colonies  of  a  character  intermediate  between  the  colon 

and  aerogenes  types  (bacteria  intermediate  between  B.  coli  and 
Bact.  aerogenes} . 

5.  B.  enteritidis  Gartner. 

6.  B.  chologenes  Kruse. 

7.  B.  toxigenus. 


202  BACTERIOLOGY 

3.  Indol  production  not  stated. 

8.  B.  brassiccz  Lehmann-Conrad. 

B.   Milk  not  coagulated.     HOG  CHOLERA  GROUP. 

1.  Indol  produced. 

9.  B.  icterogenes  Kruse. 

10.  B.  Poelsii. 

11.  B.  columbarum. 

2.  No  indol  produced. 

a.  More  or  less  gas  produced  in  lactose  bouillon. 

12.  B.  Breslaviensis  Kruse. 

b.  No  gas  in  lactose  bouillon. 

/    13.   B.  Salmoni  (Trevisan). 
£    14.   B.  levans  Lehmann-Wolffin. 

c.  Gas  production  in  lactose  bouillon  indeterminate. 

15.  B.  loxiacidq. 

3.  Indol  production  indeterminate. 

1 6.  B.  morbificans  Basenau. 

17.  B.  Silberschmidii. 

18.  B.  murium  Lbffler. 

II.   No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon.     TYPHOID  GROUP. 

A.  Milk  coagulated. 

19.  B.  intestinalis  Dyar-Keith. 

B.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

I.   Potato  cultures  whitish  grayish  or  invisible. 

a.  Bacteria  from  animal  habitats,  pathogenic;  nearly  identical  in 

cultural  characters  with  B.  typhosus. 

*  A  pyogenic  reaction  at  point  of  inoculation  in  guinea  pigs. 

20.  B.  meningitidis  Neumann-Schaeffer. 

**    No  pyogenic  reaction  by  inoculation  into  experimental  animals. 

21.  B.  typhosus  Zopf. 

22.  B.  ps eudo -typhosus  Kruse. 

23.  B.  Billingsi.  —  • 

24.  B.  paradoxus  Kruse. 

25.  B.  pestis  (Lehmann-Neumann). 

b.  Soil  and  water  bacteria,  not  so  distinctly  connected  with  B.  ty- 

phosus, 

*  Rosolic  acid  solution  decolorized. 

26.  B.  solitarius  Ravenel. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  203 

**    Rosolic  acid  solution  not  decolorized. 

27.  B.  geminus  Ravenel. 

28.  B.  aquatilis-suicatus-quartus  Weichselbaum. 

29.  B.  primus- Fullest  Dyar. 
Action  on  rosolic  acid  not  stated. 

30.  B.  tracheiphilus  Smith. 

2.   Potato  cultures  becoming  yellowish-brownish. 

a.  Grow  well  at  the  body  temperature. 

*  Produce  indol. 

31.  B.  pinatus  Ravenel. 
**   Do  not  produce  indol. 

f   Gelatin  stab  arborescent,  i.e.  with  outgrowths. 

32.  B.  Raveneli. 

ff   Gelatin  stab  not  distinctly  arborescent. 
§   Milk  rendered  alkaline. 

33.  B.  akaligenes  Petruschky. 
§§   Milk  reaction  not  stated. 

34.  B.  Friedebergensis  Gaffky-Paak. 
***   Indol  production  not  stated. 

35.  B.  solanacearum  Smith. 

b.  Do  not  grow  at  the  body  temperature. 

36.  B.  Weichselbaumii. 

III.    Gas  development  in  glucose  bouillon  not  stated.     Bacteria  of  the  Colon, 
Hog  Cholera,  and  Typhoid  Groups ;  not  classified. 

A.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

1.  Pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits. 

37.  B.  Friedebergensis  Kruse. 

2.  Pathogenic  to  pheasants,  not  so  to  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits. 

38.  B.phasini. 

3.  Non-pathogenic. 

39.  B.  Schafferi  v.  Freudenreich. 

40.  B.  rugosus. 

B.  Milk-coagulation  not  stated. 

I.  Gelatin  colonies  of  the  colon  type. 

a.   Pathogenic  for  birds  (motile  bacilli  related  to  the  bacillus  of 
fowl  cholera). 

*  Not  pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 

41.  B.  avisepticus. 

42.  B.  avium  Kruse. 


204 


BACTERIOLOGY 

**    Only  slightly  pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 

43.  B.  meleagris. 

44.  B.  tetraonis. 
***   Pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 

45.  B.  cygneus. 

b.  Not  pathogenic  to  birds  ;  scarcely  pathogenic  to  other  animals. 

46.  B.  aerobius. 

47.  B.  pneumosepticus  Kruse. 

c.  Pathogenic  to  insects. 

48.  B.  monacJuz  Tubeuf. 

2.  Gelatin  colonies  of  the  aerogenes  type. 

a.  Pathogenic  to  the  smaller  animals. 

*  Rabbits,  general  infection. 

49.  B.  cuniculi. 

50.  B.  venenosus  Vaughan. 
**    Pyogenic  to  the  smaller  animals. 

51.  B.  glischrogenus  Malerba. 

b.  Non-pathogenic. 

*  Do  not  grow  at  37°,  water  bacteria. 

f   Growth  on  agar  smooth,  not  characteristic. 

52.  B.  albus  Paglinni. 

53.  B.  granulatus. 

ft   Growth  on  agar  branched  (rhizoid). 

54.  B.  stolonatus  Adametz. 

3.  Colonies  burr-like. 

55.  B.  invisibilis  Vaughan. 

56.  B.  venenosus  Vaughan. 

4.  Colonies  show  a  coil-like  (Knauelartig)  structure. 

57.  B.  murinus. 

5.  Colonies  not  characterized  as  in  1-4. 

B.   DENITRIFICANS  GROUP 

„#.    Grow  only  with  difficulty  on  the  surface  of  gelatin  plates. 

58.  B.  denitrificans  Burri-Stutzer. 
b.    Grow  on  the  surface  in  gelatin  plates. 

*  Produce  only  a  faint  turbidity  in  nitrate  bouillon,  becoming 

clear ;  a  membrane  on  the  surface. 

59.  B.  Stutzeri  (Lehmann-Neumann). 

**   Produce  a  marked  or  strong  turbidity  in  nitrate  bouillon,  with 
the  formation  of  a  membrane. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  20$ 

f    Bacteria  surrounded  by  a  capsule. 

60.  B.  centropunctatus  (Jensen), 

ff    Capsule  formation  at  least  not  mentioned. 

61.  B.  agilis  Ampola-Garino. 

62.  B.  Hartlebii (Jensen). 

i.    B.  Marsiliensis  Kruse 

Bacillus  of  Marseilles  swine  plague  Rietsch-Jobert :  Compt.  rend.,  CVI,  18881. 

B.  der  Frettenseuche  Ebert-Schimmelbusch :  Virchow's  Archiv.CXV,  1889,282; 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XVI,  1894,  327. 

B.  spontanen  Kaninschenseptikamie  Ebert-Mandry  :  Fortschritte  Med.,VIII,  1890. 
B.  of  swine  plague  Billings:  Report  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.,  Univ.  of  Nebraska,  1888. 
B.  of  Texas  fever  Billings,  I.e. 
B.  der  Amerikanischer  Rinderseuche  Caneva :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  IX, 

1891,  557- 
B.  Marsiliensis  Kruse  :  Flxigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  twice  as  long  as  broad,  one-third  smaller  than  B.  typho- 
sus;  show  the  polar  stain.  Flagella  peritrichic  (4-5). 

Gelatin  colonies.     Colon-like. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  gray.    ' 

Milk.     Coagulated,  acid. 

Litmus  milk.     Reduced  and  reddened. 

Indol  and  phenol  produced.  Cultures  of  Billings  swine  plague  for  old  cultures 
as  above,  for  new  cultures  approaching  hog  cholera.  All  cultural  charac- 
ters closely  identical  with  those  of  the  colon  bacillus. 

Pathogenesis .  Variable  for  the  different  varieties  of  the  species.  Inoculations 
of  rabbits  give  variable  results,  negative  to  slightly  pathogenic ;  a  general 
septicaemia  often  produced  with  the  Ebert-Mandry  bacillus.  Inoculation 
of  sparrows  into  the  breast  muscle  causes  death  in  24-36  hours,  with  sep- 
ticaemia, pleuritis,  and  pericarditis.  Pathogenic  to  hens  and  ferrets  ;  only 
slightly  pathogenic  to  pigeons. 

Habitat.  Found  in  the  blood  and  organs  in  ferret  plague ;  associated  with 
Marseilles  swine  plague,  spontaneous  septicaemia  of  rabbits,  etc. 

2.     B.  coli   (Escherich) 

Bact.  coli-commune  Escherich  :  Darmbak.  des  Sauglings,  Stuttgart,  1886. 

Neapeler  Bacillus  Emmerich  :  Deutsche  med.  Woohenschrift,  1884,  No.  50. 

B.  Neapolitan's  Fraenkel ;  Grundriss  der  Bakterienkunde,  1887. 

Emmerich's  Bacillus  Eisenberg:   Bak.  Diag.,  1886. 

B.  pyogenes-fcetidus  Passet :  Aetiol.  eiterigen  Phlegmon  des  Menschen,  Berlin,  1885. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.4-0.7  :   i-3/x;  facultative  anaerobic., 
Gelatin  colonies^     Deep:    round  to  lenticular,   yellowish  brown.      Surface: 
flat,  erqse  to  lobate,  marmorated. 


206  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  surface  growth  flat,  spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  white,  moist,  glistening,  translucent., 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  to  yellowish  brown. 

Bouillon.     A  dense  turbidity,  with  a  heavy  sediment. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 

Litmus  milk.     Reduced,  acid.     Cultures  have  a  faecal  odor.     H2S  produced. 

Lactose  bouillon.     Much  gas. 

Saccharose  bouillon.  Gas  may  or  may  not  be  produced;  acetic,  formic,  and 
lactic  acids  produced.  In  bouillon,  ammonia  produced,  and  an  p^Jjjj^ 
reaction. 

Pathogenesis.  Variable;  inoculation  of  mice  with  o.i-i.o  cc.  of  a  bouillon 
culture,  intraperitoneally,  causes  death  in  1-8  days ;  bacilli  in  the  blood, 
and  peritoneal  exudate.  One  cc.  of  virulent  varieties  inoculated  intra- 
peritoneally into  guinea  pigs  may  cause  death,  with  general  peritonitis. 

Habitat.  In  the  intestines  of  man  and  animals,  faeces,  water,  milk.  Asso- 
ciated with  a  number  of  pathologic  conditions  —  peritonitis,  cystitis, 
cholera-nostras,  etc. 

VARIETIES 

B.  coli-dysentericum  Ciechanowski :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXIII,  445, 

1898. 

For  varieties  of  B.  coli  see  Pfaundler  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXIII,  i. 
Pottien :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXII,   Heft  i,  describes  a  variety  of  B.  coli 

which  in  the  animal  body  shows  a  capsule,  which  gives  B.  Zopfi-Xfct 

colonies,  and  which  is  strongly  pathogenic  to  mice. 

.     3.    B.  Wardii 

Gas  and  taint  producing  Bacillus  in   cheese  curd:    Cornell .  Univ.  Ag.  Expt.    Station, 

Bull.  158,  1899. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  in  bouillon  1.2-2  4  /u,.  with  rounded  ends  ;  occur  singly. 
Show  a  polar  stain  with  carbol  fuchsin,  stain  feebly  but  uniformly,  with 
alk'aline  methyl-blue.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method.  Flagella  demon- 
strated. Optimum  temperature  35°-38°.  Facultative  anaerobic. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Surface:  thin,  spreading,  3-7  mm.,  wrinkled;  border  irreg- 
ular. Microscopically,  centre  opalescent,  border  thin,  translucent. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  beaded ;  on  the  surface,  growth  thin, 
spreading. 

Agar  colonies.  At  37°.  Deep  colonies:  lenticular,  0.5-1.0  //,,  grayish.  Sur- 
face colonies:  round,  flat,  entire,  sharp,  gray,  moist,  glistening,  2-4  mm. ; 
not  viscid.  Have  the  odor  of  swine-plague  cultures. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  2O/ 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  spreading ;  condensation  water  turbid. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish  yellow,  becoming  thicker  and  brown  ;  not  viscid. 

Alkaline  bouillon.  Densely  turbid ;  grayish  sediment ;  acid,  becoming  alka- 
line. In  old  cultures,  3-6  weeks  ;  a  grayish  pellicle  on  the  surface. 

Milk.  Coagulated  in  about  3  days  at  37°  ;  serum  clear ;  casein  not  digested  ; 
acid ;  odor  sour. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Gas,  maximum  in  2  days  ;  growth  in  both  arms  ;  acid. 

Lactose  bouillon .     Gas . 

Saccharose  bouillon.  No  gas  ;  closed  arm  clear,  remains  alkaline.  H  :  CO9 : : 
2:1.  Indol  produced. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  tainted,  gassy,  ckeesy  curd. 

4.    B.  anindolicum  Lembke 

Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XXVII,  1896,  384. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  B.  coli ;  differs  in  producing  an 
amount  of  acid  in  milk  intermediate  between  B.  coli  and  B.  typhosus. 

Pathogenesis .  Inoculations  of  0.2  cc.  of  bouillon  culture  subcutaneously  into 
mice  cause  death  in  24  hours,  with  general  septicaemia.  Guinea  pigs  die 
by  intraperitoneal  injections  of  0.7  cc.  of  bouillon  culture. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  faeces  of  a  dog. 

5.    B.  enteritidis  Gartner 

Correspond,  d.  allg.  Artzl.  Vereins,  Thuringen,  1888. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick;  stain  unequally  ;  capsule  present  or  absent. 

Gelatin  colonies.    Deep :  brown.    Surface :  round,  gray,  translucent,  granular. 

Lactose  bouillon.     Gas. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  white  to  grayish  yellow,  glistening. 

Pathogenesis.     Pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  rabbits,  pigeons,  young  sheep, 

and  goats.     Non-pathogenic  to  dogs,  cats,  rats,  chickens,  and  sparrows. 

Mice  and  guinea  pigs  infected  through  the  stomach,  producing  enteritis ; 

bacilli  found  in  the  organs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  beef  in  meat  poisoning. 


6.     B.  chologenes  Kruse 

Discovered  by  Stern,  no  name :  Deutsche  med.  Wochenschrift,  1893,  No.  26. 
B.  chologenes  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  374. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-1.3 /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.     White;    border  erose ;    characters  between  the  colon  and 
aerogenes  types. 


208  BACTERIOLOGY 

Potato.     Growth  white  to  yellow  ;  gas  produced. 

Milk.     Coagulated  in  1-2  days. 

Lactose  bouillon.     Gas. 

Saccharose  bouillon.     Gas. 

Pathogenesis .  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  0.5-1.0  cc.  of  bouillon  cultures 
into  mice  cause  death.  With  guinea  pigs,  subcutaneous  inoculation 
causes  abscess  formation ;  intraperitoneal  injections  of  larger  doses  cause 
death. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  angiocholitis  and  meningitis. 

7.    B.  toxigenus 

Bacillus  of  ice  cream  poisoning  Vaughan-Perkins  :  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XXVIII,  1896. 

Identical  with  B.  coli,  but  milk  coagulated  more  quickly,  with  strong  butyric 
acid  odor.  Grows  on  carrot ;  growth  elevated,  creamy  ;  odor  acid.  (B^ 
coli  grows  much  less  vigorously,  and  gives  no  odor. ) 

Pathogenesis.     Pathogenic  to  rabbits,  cats,  dogs,  mice,  and  rats. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  poisonous  ice  cream. 

8.    B.  brassicae  Lehmann-Conrad 

Lehmann-Neumann,  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  232. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  closely  related  to  B.  coli.  Bacilli  show 
4-10  long  slender  flagella.  Sometimes  slightly  colored  by  Gram's 
method.  Ferments  milk,  sugar.  Milk  coagulated.  Generates  in  sauer- 
kraut 80  per  cent  CO2,  18  per  cent  H,  and  2  per  cent  CH4. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sauer-kraut. 

9.    B.  icterogenes  Kruse 

B.  of  yellow  atrophy  of  the  liver  Guarnieri :  Acad.  Med.  Rom.,  XIV,  1887-88,  fasc.  8. 
B.  icterogenes  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  372. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  B.  coli,  but  grow  less  vigorously. 
Lactose  bouillon-.     A  small  amount  or  no  gas.     No  gas  in  saccharose  bouillon. 
Milk.     Rendered  slightly  acid. 
Pathogenesis.     Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  septicaemia 

and  degeneration  of  the  liver. 
Habitat.     Isolated  by  Guarnieri  from  the  liver  and  blood  in  acute  yellow 

atrophy  of  the  liver,  and  by  Pasquale  from  typhoid  stools. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  209 

10.     B.  Poelsii 

Vleeschvergiftung  te  Rotterdam  Poels-Dhont :  Tweede  rapport  van  de  des  Kundigen. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slowly  motile.  Grow  on  gelatin  like  B.  coli.  A  very 
weak  gas  development  in  glucose  bouillon.  No  gas  in  lactose  and  sac- 
charose bouillon. 

Bouillon.     Rendered  alkaline.     Indol  produced. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Pathogenesis .  Intravenous  inoculations  of  cows  with  3  gelatin  cultures  re- 
sulted in  death  in  14  hours ;  bacilli  in  all  organs  and  in  the  muscles. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  beef  in  meat  poisoning. 

ii.    B.  columbarum 

Bacillus  of  pigeon  cholera  Moore :  U.   S.    Dept.  of  Ag.,  Bureau   of  Animal    Industry, 

Bull.  No.  8,  1895. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  i.o:  1.0-1.6  //,;  size  variable  in  different  media;  ends 
rounded  ;  in  the  tissues,  usually  in  pairs.  Flagella  not  more  than  8. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Surface:  small  grayish  dots;  microscopically,  yellowish, 
granular. 

Agar  slant.     At  37°,  growth  grayish,  glistening,  not  viscid. 

Agar  colonies.     Convex,  entire,  0.5-1.5  mm. 

Potato.    Growth  thin,  glistening,  slightly  yellowish.    On  acid  potato  no  growth, 

Alkaline  bouillon.  In  24  hours,  turbid,  slightly  acid,  with  a  thin,  grayish 
membrane,  becoming  alkaline.  In  acid  bouillon,  only  slight  growth,  reac- 
tion unchanged. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  strongly  alkaline. 

Glucose  bouillon.  Gas  ;  H  :  CO2 : :  2  :  I .  No  gas  in  lactose  or  saccharose 
bouillon  ;  media  rendered  alkaline.  Indol  produced. 

Pathogenesis.  Intravenous  inoculation  of  rabbits  with  0.3  cc.  of  bouillon 
culture  causes  congestion  of  the  internal  organs.  Intestinal  mucosa  red- 
dened in  patches.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  causes  death  in  4-5  days, 
with  purulent  infiltration  at  the  point  of  inoculation ;  in  the  liver,  necrotic 
spots  ;  spleen  enlarged,  dark-colored,  and  friable.  Subcutaneous  inocula- 
tion of  guinea  pigs,  0.1-0.2  cc.,  causes  death  in  8-10  days.  Pathogenic 
to  pigeons.  Differs  from  hog  cholera  (i)  bacilli  larger;  (2)  in  bouillon 
a  delicate  membrane,  and  in  old  cultures  a  deposit  on  the  sides  of  the 
tube ;  (3)  a  marked  indol  reaction ;  (4)  it  is  less  rapidly  fatal  in  small 
doses  for  experimental  animals,  and  the  lesions  produced  in  rabbits  are 
comparable  to  those  following  the  inoculation  of  the  more  attenuated 
varieties.  (Moore,  I.e.) 
p 


2IO  BACTERIOLOGY 

12.    B.  Breslaviensis  Kruse 

B.  Morseeltr  u.  Breslauer  Fleischvergtftung  v.  Ermenghem :  Trav.  Lab.  d.  Hygiene  de 

Gand  Bruxelles,  3,  1892. 
B.  Breslaviensis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  377. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-1.5  /u,  long,  slender  ;  4-12  long  flagella. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  B.  coli. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  delicate  membrane. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish,  abundant. 

Saccharose  bouillon.     Only  a  slight  amount  of  gas. 

Pathogenesis .     The  feeding  and  inoculation  of  mice  and  rabbits  cause  enteric 

symptoms  ;  bacilli  in  the  organs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  poisonous  beef  and  veal  which  were  the  cause  of 

meat  poisoning. 

13.   B.  Salmon!  (Trevisan) 

B.  of  swine  plague  or  swine  fever  Klein :    Report  of  the  Local  Gov.  Board  of  England, 

1877-78. 

Hog-cholera  bacillus  Salmon-Smith:    U.  S.  Dept.  Ag.,  1885. 
B.  der  Schweinepest  Bang-Selander :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  Ill,  1886,  361. 
Pasteur ella  Salmoni  Trevisan :    Genera,  1889,  21. 

Amerikanische  Schweineseuche  Frosch :    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  1890,  235. 
Swine-fever  Bacillus  E.  Kleine:    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVIII,  1895,  106. 
B.  suipesti/er  Kruse:    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  223. 
Bact.  cholera-suum  Lehmann-Neumann  :   Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  233. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6:1.2-1.5^.      No   characteristic   polar  stain.      The 

central  part  of  the  rod  frequently  less  stained  than  the  periphery  (Smith). 

According  to  Karliriski,  bacilli  0.6-0.8:  1.2-2.0  /u.,  or  longer  rods;  with 

alkaline  methylene  blue  a  polar  stain.     Flagella  delicate,  3-4  times  the 

length  of  the  rod,  peritrichic. 
Gelatin   colonies.      Deep:    round    to   oval,   brown,    homogeneous,  or   centre 

somewhat  darker.     Surface:    colon-like,  round,  flat,  irregular,  grayish. 
Gelatin  stab.   'In  depth,  growth  dense,  gray,  white,  beaded;  surface  growth 

flat,  rather  small,  white. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white,  translucent  to  opaque,  moist,  glistening, 

and  slimy. 
Bouillon.     A  moderate  or  good  growth,  with  much  white  sediment.     Reaction 

not  altered  (Karlinski). 
Potato  (alkaline).      Growth  straw-yellow  to  light  brown,  usually  abundant. 

On  acid  potato  the  growth  is  scanty  and  white  (Karliriski). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  211 

Milk.  Not  coagulated,  reaction  unchanged  or  alkaline;  medium  rendered, 
opalescent. 

Glucose  bouillon.  Gas ;  reaction  acid.  According  to  Karliriski,  gas  is  pro- 
duced in  glucose  bouillon  with  bacilli  fresh  from  the  body,  but  is  incon- 
stant in  cultures.  No  gas  in  saccharose  bouillon. 

Litmus  milk.     Unchanged,  or  a  deeper  blue.    Indol  and  phenol  not  produced. 

Pathogenesis .  Pathogenic  to  mice  and  rabbits;  death  in  7-12  days;  spleen 
enlarged,  in  liver  necrotic  spots,  kidneys  inflamed,  bacilli  in  the  organs. 
More  attenuated  varieties  cause  only  an  infiltration  and  ulceration  of 
Peyer's  patches  and  an  infiltration  of  lymph  glands. 

Habitat.  Associated  with  hog  cholera.  For  variations  of  this  species,  see 
Smith:  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Ag.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Bull.  6,  1894, 
pp.  8-27. 

14.   B.  levans  Lehmann-Wolffin 

Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XXI,  1894. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.6:  1.8/1,  with  numerous  long  flagella.  Cultural  char- 
acters like  B.  coli. 

Glucose  bouillon. ,  Gas  ;  H  :  CO2 :  :  i  :  3.  No  gas  in  saccharose  bouillon.  Lactic 
acetic  and  butyric  acids  in  glucose  bouillon. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sour  dough. 

15.   B.  loxiacida  Tartakowsky 

Archiv  d.  Veterinarwissenschaft,  1888. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-1.0 :  2.0-2.5  /x.     Not  stained  by  Gram's  method." 

Gelatin  colonies.  Surface:  2  mm.,  round  to  irregular,  with  entire  borders; 
microscopically,  gray-brown,  radiately  fibrous  to  granular  on  the  border. 
Colonies  become  crumpled  when  dry. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  slight  amount  of  gas  in  depth. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  abundant,  moist,  white. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  an  easily  disturbed  membrane. 

Potato.     A  scanty  growth.    ^No  growth  on  acid  potato. 

Blood  serum.     Growth  moist,  white. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Pathogenesis.  Pathogenic  to  birds.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs 
cause  a  slight  local  swelling,  with  elevation  of  temperature.  Intraperi- 
toneal  injections  cause  sero-fibrinous  peritonitis  and  death  in  1-2  days. 

Habitat.  Associated  with  an  infectious  disease  of  titmouse,  crossbill,  gold- 
finch, and  canary  birds. 


212  BACTERIOLOGY 

1 6.   B.  morbificans  Basenau 

Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XX,  1894,  242. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.4:  1.0-1.2  /A. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Siirface :  papillate,  yellowish,  to  flat  and  spreading ;  border 
erose.  Microscopically,  the  colonies  have  a  dark  contour,  within  which 
is  a  clear  zone  and  within  this  a  yellowish  granular  to  mottled  centre. 

Gelatin  stab.  Growth  in  depth  filiform ;  surface  growth  thick,  round,  white, 
with  an  undulate  border. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  yellow,  never  brown. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  membrane. 

Glucose  bouillon.     A  small  amount  of  gas.     No  gas  in  saccharose  bouillon. 

Litmus  milk.     Unchanged. 

Pathogenesis.  Pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits  by  subcutaneous 
and  intraperitoneal  inoculation,  and  by  feeding.  Calves  and  goats 
infected  by  feeding.  Bacilli  in  the  organs  and  in  the  muscles.  Com- 
municated through  infected  meat. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  flesh  of  a  cow  with  puerperal  fever. 

17.  B.  Silberschmidii 

B.  der  Fleischvergiftung  Silberschmidt :   Correspondenz-Blatt  fur  Schweizer 
Aerzte,  1896,  No.  8. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  rods.     Flagella  4-8. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated  ;  no  acid.     Cultures  have  a  faint  sweetish  odor. 

Pathogenesis.     Mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits  were  fed  on  infected  meat  with 

negative  results.     Intraperitoneal  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs  caused  death 

in  18-36  hours. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  poisonous  meat. 

1 8.  B.  murium  Loffler 

B.  typhi-murium  Loffler:   Centralblatt  f.  Bakleriol.,  XI,  1892,  129. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  B.  typhosus. 

Gelatin  colonies.      Deep:    small,    round,    slightly    granular,   yellow-brown. 

Surface :   like  B.  typhosus. 
Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  flat. 

Potato.      Growth  whitish-grayish.      Indol  and  phenol  production  doubtful. 
Milk.     Rendered  alkaline. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  213 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  house  mice  and  field  mice  cause 
death  in  3  days.  Bacilli  in  the  organs ;  spleen  enlarged.  The  latter 
also  infected  by  feeding. 

Habitat.     Found  by  Loffler  as  the  cause  of  an  epidemic  in  mice. 

19.  B.  intestinalis  Dyas- Keith 

Mass.  Inst.  of  Technology  Quarterly,  VI,  3  ;  ref.  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol., 
XVI,  1894,  838. 

Morphology.     Bacilli   1.0:1.2 /A;  somewhat  thicker  than  B.  coli.     Grow  at 

37°.     Cultural  characters  like  B.  coli. 
Pathogenesis.     Doubtful. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  excrement  of  the  horse. 

20.   B.  meningitidis  Neumann-Schaeffer 

Virchow's  Archiv,  CIX,  1887,  477. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  B.  typhosus. 

Potato.     Growth  gray  white,  viscid.     No  gas  in  lactose  bouillon. 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs  causes  a  pyogenic 

reaction. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  purulent  meningitis. 

21.  B.  typhosus  Zopf 

B.  der  Abdominaltyphus  Eberth :    Virchow's  Archiv,  LXXXI,  1880. 
B.  typhosus  Zopf :    Spaltpilze,  1885,  124. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.8  :  1-3  //.  —  filaments.      Flagella  peritrichic,  8-14, 

long,  undulate. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :   round,  gray  to  yellowish  brown,  entire.     Surface : 

at  first  small,  punctiform,  becoming  flat,  roundish,  gray,  glistening,  with 

irregular    borders  ;    microscopically,    colorless,    translucent,    becoming 

grayish  yellow,  darker  in  the  centre,  marmorated ;  border  undulate  to 

lobate ;  strongly  refracting. 
Gelatin  stab.      Growth   in    depth    filiform  —  beaded  —  tuberculate  ;    on   the 

surface,  growth  thin,  whitish,  irregular. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  less  so  than  B.  colt. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated,  only  slightly  acid.- 
Potato.     Growth  a  pure  white  glistening  streak,  not  very  thick,  or  scarcely 

visible. 


214  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent,  slimy,  spreading. 

Litmus  milk.     After  some  time  a  slight  acid  reaction ;  variable.     Indol  not 

produced.      Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites.     H2S  produced.      Lactic  acid 

produced  in  glucose  bouillon. 
Pathogenesis.     Inoculation  of  experimental  animals  with  moderate  quantities 

usually   negative;   with   large   quantities   death   by   toxaemia.      Filtered 

cultures  toxic  to  test  animals. 
Habitat.     In  the  spleen  in  cases  of  typhoid  fever;  also  in  greater  or  less 

numbers  in  the  intestinal  lesions,  mesentery  glands,  liver,  bile,  kidneys,. 

etc. ;  also  in  the  stools  of  typhoid  patients,  and  in  infected  water. 

22.  B.  pseudo-typhosus  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  383. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  identical  with  the  preceding.  Differen- 
tiated by  the  absence  of  the  serum  reaction.  (See  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene^ 
XXI,  238.) 

Habitat.  Isolated  by  Pansini  from  a  liver  abscess,  and  by  Losener  from  the 
peritoneal  fluid  of  a  hog,  water,  etc. 

23.  B.  Billingsi 

Bacillus  of  corn-stalk  disease  of  cattle  Billings :   Baumgarten's  Jahresbericht,  1889,  184. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  identical  with  B.  typhosus.  Cultural  characters  indis- 
tinguishable from  B.  typhosus. 

Pathogenesis.  Inoculations  of  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits  cause  general 
septicaemia. 

Habitat.  Isolated  by  Billings  from  corn-stalk  disease  of  cattle,  and  by  Nocard 
from  bronchopneumonia  in  oxen. 

24.  B.  paradoxus  Kruse 

Typhus  ahnlicher  Bacillus  Kruse- Pasquale :   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVI,  1894,  X9* 
B. paradoxus  Kruse:    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  373. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  B.  typhosus. 

Potato.     Growth  spreading,  invisible. 

Lactose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  produced.     Pathogenic  for  mice. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  liver  from  a  case  of  dysentery  in  Alexandria. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  21$ 

25.   B.  pestis  (Lehmann-Neumann) 

Cocco-bacille  de  la  peste  Yersin :   Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1894,  666. 

Pest  Bacillus  Aoyama  :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIX,  1896;  Zettnow,  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene 

XXI,  1895-96,  165. 

Bact.  pestis  Lehmann-Neumann :    Bakt.  Diag.,  1896,  194. 
B.pestis-bubonicce  Kruse:   Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  429. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  short,  ovals  to  longer  rods,  4-5  times  their  breadth  ;  also 
chains  of  short  elements.  A  uniform  or  polar  stain.  Flagella  demon- 
strated by  Gordon,  one  at  the  end,  often  one  at  the  side,  long,  spiral. 
Grow  better  at  room  temperatures  than  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  white  to  yellowish  white.  Surface :  flat,  with 
a  granular  border;  do  not  grow  larger  than  a  pin's  head.  According  to- 
Klein,  the  colonies  are  small,  gray,  round  to  angular  points,  similar  to 
young  colonies  of  B.  vulgar  is. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  often  arborescent,  like  anthrax  (Klein)  • 
surface  growth  flat. 

A  gar  slant.     Growth  composed  of  confluent  viscid  colonies. 

Potato.     A  scanty  growth,  white  to  gray. 

Bouillon.  Shows  a  turbidity  of  various  grades,  or  with  flocculent  particles 
adhering  to  walls  of  the  tube. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Litmus  milk.  Reddened  in  24  hours.  According  to  Klein,  unaltered.  Indol 
produced.  Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 

Pathogenesis.  Pathogenic  to  mice,  rats,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits.  An  oedema 
at  the  point  of  inoculation ;  swelling  of  lymph  spaces  and  congestion  of 
the  internal  organs.  Death  in  a  few  days ;  bacilli  in  the  blood  and 
organs. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  suppurating  glands,  etc.,  in  bubonic  plague. 


26.    B.  solitarius  Ravenel 

I.e.,  29. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  slender,  straight,  3-7  times  their  breadth  ;  ends  rounded ; 

occur  singly.     Aerobic.     Bacilli  rotatory,  non-progressive;  flagella  not 

demonstrated. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  round,  white,  slightly  granular;  margins  notched. 

Later  the  colonies  show  a  zoned  and  marmorated  structure.     Surface : 

round,  grayish,  floccose  to  filamentous.     In  70  hours,  the  colonies  have  a. 


:2i6  BACTERIOLOGY 

diameter  of  I  mm. ;  show  a  gray-white  central  nucleus,  with  an  irregular, 

indistinct,  filamentous  border,  and  an  outer  orange  zone.     In  7  days,  the 

colonies  are  round,  white,  entire,  and  elevated. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  porcelain-white,  spreading. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  filiform  ;    surface  growth  elevated,  umbilicate, 

i  mm.  in  diameter. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  whitish,  becoming  thick,  pasty,  and  the  color  of  putty. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  pellicle. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid.     Decolorized  in  7  days  ;  alkaline. 
Litmus  milk.     Becomes   darker,   and  afterward   is  decolorized.     Indol  not 

produced.     Grow  at  35°-37°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

27.     B.  geminus  Ravenel 

B.  geminus-minor  Ravenel :  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  very  short  rods,  with  rounded  ends,  2-4  times  their 
breadth  ;  occur  singly.  Motility  slight ;  flagella  not  demonstrated. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  yellowish,  granular,  entire.  Surface:  yellow- 
ish, granular,  entire,  becoming  in  1-2  days  elevated,  convex,  dense,  and 
pearly  white.  Colonies  small,  1.5  mm. 

Gelatin  stab.  A  filiform  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  bead,  becoming 
larger  and  more  spreading,  with  corrugated  edges. 

Potato.  Growth  thin,  spreading,  becoming,  in  10  days,  dirty  white,  moist, 
and  glistening. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  slight  pellicle. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid.     Becomes  cherry-red  in  10  days.  . 

Litmus  milk.  Rendered  alkaline.  Indol  produced.  Nitrates  reduced  to 
nitrites.  Grow  at  35°-36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

28.    B.  aquatilis-sulcatus-quartus  Weichselbaum 

Osterreichische  Sanitatswesen,  1889;  Dyar,  I.e.,  359. 

From  descriptions  (Dyar),  indistinct  from  the  preceding. 
Habitat.    Water. 

29.    B.  primus-Fullesi  Dyar 

I.e.,  360. 

From  descriptions,  indistinct  from  B.  geminus,  except  milk  cultures  emit  a 

disagreeable  odor. 
Habitat.     Water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  2I/ 

30.     B.  tracheiphilus  Smith 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  I,  2d  Abt.,  1895,  364. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.7  :  1.2-2.5  /"*•     Grow  poorly  in  gelatin. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  smooth,  moist,  glistening,  milky-white,  limited. 

Agar  stab.     Lateral  outgrowths  from  the  line  of  puncture  ;  on  the  surface  the 

growth  is  thin. 
Potato.    Growth  thin,  smooth,  moist,  glistening ;  the  color  of  the  potato.    Does 

not  grow  in  alkaline  media. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  cloudy,  but  not  turbid. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Acid;  no  gas.     Cultures  very  viscid.     No  growth  at  37°. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  a  disease  of  melons  and  curcurbits. 

31.     B.  pinatus  Ravenel 

I.e.,  32. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender,  short,  3-5  times  their  breadth  ;  occur  singly  and 
in  short  chains.  Motile ;  flagella  not  demonstrated.  Facultative  anae- 
robic. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  entire,  yellowish,  granular.  Surface :  puncti- 
form  ;  do  not  exceed  I  mm. ;  centre  yellowish  brown,  granular,  border  clear. 

Gelatin  stab.  A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  raised,  2  mm., 
porcelain-white,  umbilicate. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  watery. 

Potato.    Growth  thin,  colorless  to  light,  dirty  brown,  smooth,  moist,  glistening. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  flakes  ;  no  pellicle  on  the  surface. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid.     Decolorized,  alkaline. 

Litmus  milk.  Becomes  a  darker  indigo  blue.  Indol  produced.  Nitrates 
reduced  to  nitrites. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

32.    B.  Raveneli 

B.  geminus-major  Ravenel :  I.e.,  27. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  thick,  ends  rounded,  of  variable  length  ;   occur  singly 

and  in  short  chains.     Rods  show  deeply  stained  points,  2-3  in  each  rod. 

Motility  slight ;  flagella  not  demonstrated.     Aerobic. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep',  brownish,  granular,  entire.     Surface:  like  typhoid, 

but  more  granular  and  coarser. 
Gelatin   stab.     Delicate   offshoots  from  the   line  of    stab ;    on    the   surface, 

growth  thin,  spreading,  with  irregular  borders. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent,  spreading. 
Potato.     Growth  honey  yellow,  moist,  glistening,  becoming  chocolate-brown. 


2i8  BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  clear. 
Pepton  rosolic  acid.     Slightly  darker  in  10  days.  i 

Litmus  milk.     Amphoteric  to  slightly  alkaline.     Indol  not  produced. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

33.     B.  alcaligenes  Petruschky 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIX,  1896,  187. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  have  perithrichic  flagella.  Indistinguishable  from  B* 
typhosus,  except  in  the  alkaline  reaction  in  milk  (not  invariably  constant)- 
Differentiated  also  by  the  serum  reaction. 

Potato.     Growth  brown. 

Habitat.     Faeces. 

34.     B.  Friedbergensis  Gaffky-Paak 

See  No.  37. 

35.    B.  solanacearum  Smith 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Ag.,  Div.  Veg.  Path.  Bull.,  XII,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-1.0  /u,  variable;  flagella  several. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  yellowish  to  brownish,  granular,  entire.  Sur- 
face: round,  thin,  white. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  scanty ;  on  the  surface,  growth  thin,  white. 

Gelatin  slant.  Growth  white,  smooth,  moist,  glistening,  with  finger-like  ex-- 
tensions into  the  gelatin.  :  ••;' •  .;  ' 

Agar  slant.  Growth  smooth,  white,  moist,  glistening,  becoming  yellowish 
brown  to  brown  ;  agar  stained  brown. 

Bouillon.     Zooglcea  in  the  upper  layer ;  uniform  turbidity  on  shaking. 

Potato.     Growth  dirty  white,  becoming  brownish  to  smoke-black. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  slowly  saponified  to  a  yellowish,  translucent  fluid. 

Litmus  milk.     Rendered  alkaline.     Grow  at  40°. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  acid  or  gas  production. 

Bouillon.     Rendered  alkaline. 
•  Habitat.    Associated  with  a  disease  of  tomato,  egg-plant,  and  the  Irish  potato. 

36.    B.  Weichselbaumii 

B.  aquatilis-sulcatus  No.  5,  Weichselbaum  :   Osterreichische  Sanitatswesen,  1889. 
B.  aquatilis-sulcatus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896/410. 

Morphological   and   cultural    characters    like    B.    typhosus.     Diff.   aerobic; 

in  depth,  in  gelatin  stab  cultures,. little  or  no  growth.     Do  not  reduce 

nitrates.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Water. 


\ 

V 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  2IQ 

37.    B.  Friedbergensis  Kruse 

B.  der  Friedberger  Fleichvergiftung  Gaffky-Paak :    Mitteilu.ngen  a.  d.  Kaiserl.  Gesund- 

heitsamte,  1890,  159. 
B.  Friedbergensis  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  378. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  about  one-third  smaller  than  B.  typhosus. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :    round,  yellowish,  homogeneous,  often  concentric. 

Surface :  round,  spreading  ;  centre  yellowish,  border  paler,  marmorated  ; 

between  aerogenes  and  colon  types. 
Gelatin  stab.     Good  growth  in  depth ;  surface  growth  thin,  spreading  to  the 

walls.  %  "', 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white,  slimy. 
Potato.     Growth  whitish  to  grayish  yellow  to  reddish. 
Pathogenesis.     Pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits,  by  subcutaneous 

inoculation.     Pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs  and  mice  by  feeding ;  slightly  so 

to  dogs,  cats,  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  poisonous  sausage,  in  meat  poisoning. 


^  38.  *B.  phasiani  Kruse 

Bacillus  of  an  infectious  disease  of  young  pheasants  Klein :  Jour,  of  Path,  and  Bac- 

teriol.,  1893. 
B. phasiani-septicus  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  410. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  B.  colt,  but  smaller.     Cultural  characters  like  those 

of  B.  colL 
Pathogenesis.     Inoculation  of  pheasants  causes  death  in  24  hours  of  general 

septicaemia ;  fowls,  pigeons,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits  refractory. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  the  above  disease. 


}  39.    B.  Schafferi  v.  Freudenreich 

Ann.  Micrographie,  III,  1891. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  I  .o  :  2-3  /x ;  threads. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  small,  round,  yellowish,  granular.     Surface:  white 

(porcelain),  spreading,  slightly  irregular. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  to  brownish. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish. 
Habitat.     Milk,  cheese. 


220  BACTERIOLOGY 

40.    B.  rugosus 

B.    No.  27  Conn  :  I.e.,  1893,  54. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  1.3-2  ^.     Grow  at  35°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Transparent,  elevated,  spreading,  wrinkled  on  edges. 
Gelatin  stab.      In  depth,  growth  beaded ;  on  the  surface,  growth  thin,  trans- 
parent. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  elevated. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  yellowish,  spreading. 
Milk.     Alkaline,  bad  odor ;  peptonized  to  a  brownish  fluid. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle  and  sediment. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

41.    B.  avisepticus 

B.  der  Kanarienvogelseptikamie  Rieck :  Deutsche  Zeitsch.  f.  Thier.  Med.,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.2-2.5  /x  long;  show  a  polar  staining. 
Potato.    Growth  grayish  yellow,  otherwise  in  cultures  like  B.  cholera-gallinarum. 
Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  septicaemia ;  of  canary 
birds,  sooty  discoloration  of  the  skin,  liver  necrosis,  and  septicaemia. 

42.    B.  avium  Kruse 

B.  de  la  diphtheric  aviaire  Loir-Duclaux :  Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1894,  599. 
B.  diphtheria  avium  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  410. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  those  of  fowl  cholera.     Cultural  characters  not  fully 

described. 
Pathogenesis.     Pathogenic  for  all  kinds  of  birds.     Subcutaneous  inoculations 

of  rabbits  cause  septicaemia,  with  death  in  6-10  days ;   an  exudate  in 

pharynx. 
Habitat.     The  cause  of  an  epizootic  among  chickens,  pigeons,  turkeys,  and 

canary  birds  in  Tunis. 

43.    B.  meleagris 

B.  of  epizootic  pneumo-pericarditis  in  the  turkey  MacFadyean :   Jour,  of  Comp. 
Path,  and  Therap.,  VI,  1893,  334. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  those  of  fowl  cholera. 

Pathogenesis.     Pathogenic  to  turkeys;   nasal  catarrh,  "rattles"  in  the  throat, 

pneumonia,  and   pericarditis ;    bacilli  in  the  lungs  and  organs.      Only 

slightly  pathogenic  to  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  221 

44.  B.  tetraonis 

B.  of  grouse  disease  E.  Klein  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  VI,  1889,  593. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.4-0.6-1.0  /x,,  often  coccoid. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  small,  round.     Surface:  thin,  spreading,  irregular. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  flat. 

Pathogenesis.  By  subcutaneous  inoculations  it  is  pathogenic  to  mice  in  75  per 
cent  and  to  guinea  pigs  in  50  per  cent  of  the  cases.  Lungs  hyperaemic, 
hepatized ;  spleen  not  enlarged  ;  kidneys  hyperaemic  ;  bacilli  in  the  blood 
and  organs.  In-  grouse :  pneumonia,  local  hyperaemia  of  the  intestines, 
enlargement  of  liver  and  kidneys.  Bacilli  in  the  blood  and  organs. 

45.  B.  cygneus 

Septikamie  bacillus  der  Schwane  Fiorentini :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XIX, 

1896,  929. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  those  of  fowl  cholera  but  larger,  0.5  :  i  .5-2  /n  threads. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Granular,  concentric  ;  the  border  radiate  ciliate. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  beaded  growth ;  on  the  surface,  growth  white, 
lobed,  and  toothed. 

Agar  slant.     Round,  white  colonies,  becoming  coalescent. 

Potato.  Growth  of  colonies,  becoming  coalescent,  elevated,  yellowish  brown, 
with  a  bad  odor. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  white  sediment. 

Pathogenesis.  Pathogenic  to  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  heris,  pigeons,  geese;  a 
comatose  condition,  followed  by  death.  In  affected  swans,  oedematous 
infiltration  of  the  lungs  ;  ecchymoses  of  serous  membranes,  hyperaemia  of 
intestinal  mucous  membrane,  and  turbid  degeneration  of  liver  cells. 

46.  B.  aerobius 

Ein  neuer  B.des  malig.  Oedems  Klein  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  X,  1891, 186. 
B. pseudo-oedemata  maligni  Sanfelice:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893,  353. 
B.  oedematis-aerobius  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  1.6-2.4-24  /A. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  brownish.  Surface:  thin,  spreading,  typhoid- 
like,  marmorated. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  beaded;  on  the  surface,  growth  thin,  transparent, 
dentate. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white,  smeary. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  pellicle. 


222  BACTERIOLOGY 

Potato.     Growth  viscid,  yellowish. 

Pathogenesis.     Cultures  quickly  lose  their  virulence.     Fresh,  first  generation 

cultures  kill  guinea  pigs  in  i  cc.  bouillon  culture  doses.     There  is  bloody 

oedema,  with  gas  ;  a  reddening  of  the  muscles,  and  an  enlargement  of  the 

liver  and  spleen. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  guinea  pigs  which  have  been  inoculated  with  faeces, 

earth,  dust,  etc. 

47.    B.  pneumosepticus  Kruse 

Pneumonie  bacillus  Klein  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  V,  1889,  625. 
B. pneumosepticus  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,408. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.4  :  0.8-1.6  //, ;  in  chains.     Show  the  polar  stain. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  small,  round.     Surface:  thin,  iridescent,  spreading, 

erose. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  flat. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  whitish-brownish. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  slimy,  brownish. 
Pathogenesis .     Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  mice  is  fatal  in  60  per  cent  of  the 

cases.     Inflammation  at  the  point  of  inoculation  and  in  the  lungs  ;  spleen 

enlarged ;  hemorrhagic  enteritis.     Guinea  pigs  die  in  25  per  cent  of  the 

cases,  with  lobular  pneumonia,  pleuritis,  etc. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  rusty  sputum  of  pneumonia  patients. 

48.    B.  monachae  v.  Tubeuf 

Forst.  Naturwiss.  Zeitsch.  I,  1892,  34;  ref.  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XII,  1892,  268. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  i.o  //, ;  occur  singly,  in  twos,  and  in  short  chains. 
Acid  gelatin  colonies.     Transparent,  opalescent,  with  mother-of-pearl  lustre; 

microscopically,  central  portion   ochre-yellow,  sometimes  zoned;    edge 

erose,  lobed. 
Bouillon .     Turbid. 
Potato.     Growth  moist,  gray. 
Pathogenesis.     Infection  experiments  positive.  " 
Habitat.     Found  in  the  body  fluids  of  diseased  "  nun-moth  "  larvae  (Liparis 

monacha} . 

49.    B.  cuniculi  Lucet 

B.  septicus-cuniculi  Lucet:  Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1892,  558. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  1-3  /a. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Smooth,  very  convex,  slimy. 
Bouillon.     39°-4o°,  growth  in  stringy  masses.     No  growth  on  potato. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  223 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  rabbits  cause  death  in  24  hours ; 
a  local  oedema ;  serous  membrane  inflamed ;  spleen  enlarged ;  bacilli  in 
all  the  organs.  Subcutaneus  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs  causes  local  ab- 
scess formation  ;  intraperitoneal  inoculation  causes  death.  Chickens  and 
pigeons  refractory. 

Habitat.    Associated  with  a  spontaneous  epizootic  of  rabbits. 

50.    B.  venenosus  Vaughan 

»        Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  1892,  107. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  2-4  times  their  breadth  ;  ends  rounded. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Aerogenes-like. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  light  brown.     In  Parietti's  solution  a  good 

growth.     In  Uffelman's  gelatin  a  feeble  to  a  good  growth. 
Pathogenesis.     Pathogenic  to  rats,  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Water. 

51.    B.  glischrogenus  Malerba 

Malerba  and  Sanna-Salaris :  Lavori  Esequiti  nell  Institute  fisiologico,  Napoli,  1888. 
Characters  of  Bact.  aerogenes.     Milk  and  urine  rendered  slimy. 
Pathogenesis.     Pyogenic  to  the  smaller  animals.     Causes  nephritis  in  dogs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  urine. 

52.    B.  albus  Paglinni 

Giorn  della  Soc.  Ital.  d'igiene,  IX,  1887,  587. 
Weisser  bacillus  Eisenberg :  Bak.  Diag.,  1888,  38. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  aerogenes-like. 

Potato.     Growth  rugose,  yellowish  white,  limited. 

Habitat.     Water. 

53.    B.  granulatus 

B.  aquatilis-solidus  Lustig:  Diag.  Bak.  des  Wassers,  1893. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  3  times  their  width. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Aerogenes-like,  granular. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  white  to  yellowish.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.     Water. 

54.    B.  stolonatus  Adametz 

Mitth.  Oest.  Versuchstat.  f.  Braueri  u.  Malz.  Wien,  1888,  844. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  2-3  times  their  breadth. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Capitate,  whitish-brownish. 


224 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Agar  slant.    Growth  composed  of  large  rhizoid  colonies. 
Potato.     Growth  dirty  white. 
Habitat.     Water. 

55.  B.  invisibilis  Vaughan 

Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  1892,  107. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  ends  rounded,  2-5  times  their  breadth.     Grow 

at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Pale  yellow,  burr-like,  with  irregular  outlines. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  in  depth  ;  a  scanty  growth  on  the  surface. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  white,  limited. 
Potato.     Growth  invisible.     Grow  in  Parietti's  solution  and  in  Uffelmann's 

gelatin. 
Habitat.     Water. 

56.  B.  venenosus  Vaughan 

B.  venenosus-invisibilis  Vaughan :   Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  1892,  107. 
Not  clearly  differentiated  from  the  above. 

57.  B.  murinus 

B.  of  rat  plague  Issatschenko :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXIII,  1898,  873. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  variable  in  size.     Flagella  peritrichic. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  brownish  yellow,  with  coli-like  structure. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  in  depth,  with  outgrowths ;  on  the  surface,  a 

white  layer. 

Bouillon.     A  white  scum  and  sediment.  ,• 

Potato.     Grows  slowly,  becoming  in  6  days  a  bright  yellow,  scarcely  visible 

layer. 
Pathogenesis .     Strongly  pathogenic  to  rats  and  mice.     By  ingestion  death  of 

rats  in  8-14  days  ;  of  mice,  in  4-8  days.     Non-pathogenic  to  rabbits  and 

pigeons. 
Habitat.    Isolated  from  the  spleen  and  liver  of  rats  attacked  in  St.  Petersburg 

by  a  plague. 

58.   B.  denitrificans  Burri-Stutzer 

B.  denitrificans,  I,  Burri-Stutzer:   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  I,  2te  Abt.,  1895,  356. 

Morphology.    Bacilli ;  on  agar  small  rods,  0.5  :  0.5-1. o/u. ;  in  bouillon,  1.0-2.5  \L. 

Motility  rarely  progressive. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:   small,  white,  entire.      Do  not  generally  appear  at 

the  surface ;  when  they  do  they  are  soft,  dry,  with  a  translucent  border, 

which  is  puckered  and  torn. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  225 

Gelatin  stab.      Growth   filiform  in   depth ;    surface  growth  white,   scarcely 

visible,  covers  the  entire  surface. 
Gelatin  slant.     A  limited  yellowish  white  stripe,  with  a  thin  colorless  border, 

and  with  outgrowths. 
Agar  colonies.     In  1-2  days  at  30°,  the  deep  colonies  are  small,  white,  and 

entire;    the  surface  colonies  thin,  soft,   colorless,   limited,   with  erose 

borders. 

Nitrate  bouillon.     A  membrane  on  the  surface  ;  reduction  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.     Straw,  earth,  and  horse  manure. 

59.   B.  Stutzeri  (Lehmann- Neumann) 

B.  denitrificans,  II,  Burri-Stutzer :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV,  1898. 
Bact.  Stutzeri  I^ehmann-Neumann,  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  2te  Abt.,  1898,  408. 

Morphology.     Bacilli ;  on  agar  rods  with  rounded  ends,  often  spindle-shaped, 

0.5-1.0:  i. 5-2. 5-4 /A;  in  bouillon,  only  0.25-0.3  /x,  thick.     Polar  stain. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  4  days  the  deep  colonies  are  small,  white,  entire;  the 

surface  colonies  thin,  whitish,  translucent,  with  somewhat  ragged  edges. 
Agar  colonies.     In  2  days  at  30°  the  deep  colonies  are  small,  yellowish  white, 

entire;  the  surface  colonies  thin,  5-10  mm. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  soft,  flat,  dry,  grayish,  becoming  rather  moist,  glistening. 
Gelatin   slant.      Growth    thin,   milky-white,   with   fine   radial   striping  and 

undulations. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  growth  pearly ;  on  the  surface  growth  milky-white, 

soft,  dry,  becoming  somewhat  slimy. 
Nitrate  bouillon.     A  weak    turbidity;    in   2   days   a  membrane.      Nitrates 

reduced. 
Habitat.     Straw,  earth,  air. 

60.  B.  centropunctatus  (Jensen) 

Bact.  centropunctatum  Jensen  :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV, 
2te  Abt.,  1898,  410. 

Morphology.     Bacilli ;  on  agar  coccoid,  0.3-0.5  /x,  with  a  capsule.     In  nitrate 

bouillon,  morphology  like  B.  Stutzeri.     In  anaerobic  cultures  bacilli  large, 

ovoid,  0.5-1.0  /A. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  4  days  the  deep  colonies  are  small,  white,  entire ;  the 

surface  colonies  thick,  moist,  glistening,  grayish,  becoming  whitish. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  soft,  becoming  in  2  days  thick,  glistening,  grayish,. 

slightly  raised  in  the  middle. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  milky-white,  slimy,  glistening,  with  long  outgrowths. 
Q 


226  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  pearly  ;  on  the  surface  growth  milky-white. 
Nitrate  bouillon.     In  2  days  at  30°  a  strong  turbidity,  and  a  membrane  on  the 

surface ;  nitrates  reduced. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cow  and  guinea  pig  manure. 

6 1.  B.  agilis  Amp.-Gar. 

£.  denitrificans-agilis  Ampola-Garino :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  II,  2te  Abt.,  1896,  673 ; 
Jensen,  I.e.,  IV,  1898,  408. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.5  :  1.0-2.5  //,,  or  smaller.     No  polar  stain. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  5  days  scarcely  visible ;  white,  entire,  homogeneous. 
Agar  colonies.     Small,  white,  slimy,  not  spreading. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white,  slimy,  limited,  or  spreading  where  the 

.  medium  is  moist. 
Gelatin  slant.     Growth  in  6-8  days  grayish  white,  slimy,  limited,  somewhat 

knobby. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  pearly ;  on  the  surface  the  growth  in  8  days 

is  grayish  white,  I  mm.  in  diameter. 

Nitrate  bouillon.     In  1-2  days  turbid,  with  a  membrane;  nitrates  reduced. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  cow  manure. 

62.  B.  Hartlebii  (Jensen) 

Bact.  Hartlebii  Jensen  :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV,  ate  Abt.,  1898,  449. 

-Morphology.     Bacilli  on  agar  and  in  nitrate   bouillon   0.7 : 2-3 -4 /A.     Polar 

stain  rare. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  4-5  days  the  deep  colonies  are  small,  white,  entire ;  the 

surface  colonies,  I  mm.,  white,  translucent,  with  entire  or  erose  borders. 

In  2-3  weeks  the  colonies  are  watery,  slimy,  and  1-3  mm.  in  diameter. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  pearly  growth  ;  on  the  surface  the  growth  is  white, 

slimy,  and  3-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  white,  moist,  glistening,  raised,  limited. 
Agar  slant.     In  2-3  days  at  30°  growth  thick,  grayish  white,  moist,  glistening, 

watery. 
Agar  colonies.     In  3  days  at  30°  the  deep  colonies  are  small,  white,  entire  ;  the 

surface  colonies  translucent,  watery. 
Nitrate  bouillon.      Rendered   strongly   turbid,   with   a   membrane ;    nitrates 

reduced. 
Habitat.     Soil. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  22/ 

j   CLASS   II.     WITHOUT    ENDOSPORES.     AEROBIC   AND    FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.      COLONIES    ON    GELATIN    PLATES    NOT    AMEBOID 
OR   PROTEUS-LIKE.     GELATIN    NOT    LIQUEFIED.     STAINED    BY 
GRAM'S   METHOD. 
-I.    Colonies  on  gelatin  plates  flat,  spreading,  B.  colt-like 

A.  Gelatin  surface  distinctly  coli-like  ;  rather  thick,  and  yellowish  brown 

by  transmitted  light,  or  granular. 

1 .  Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

63.  B.  muripestifer  Kruse. 

64.  B.  aerogenes  (Schow). 

2.  No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

65.  B.  Shigce. 

3.  Action  on  glucose  bouillon  not  stated. 

66.  B.  colorabilis  Kruse. 

B.  Gelatin  surface  colonies  thin,  translucent. 

67.  B.  exanthematicus  Kruse. 

68.  B.  accidentalis  Kruse. 

II.    Colonies  on  gelatin  of  the  aerogenes  type. 

69.  B.  endocarditis  Weichselbaum. 

63.    B.  muripestifer  Kruse 

B.  der  Mauseseuche  Laser:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XI,  1892,  184. 
B.  muripestifer  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  432. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  rods,  with  polar  stain.     Flagella  peritrichic. 

Gelatin  colonies :     Deep:  round,  brownish.     Surface:  spreading,  coli-like. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  flat. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  slight  membrane. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish. 

Litmus  milk.     Acid. 

Pathogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  and  field  mice  cause  death 
in  2  days,  and  by  feeding  in  3-10  days;  bacilli  in  all  the  organs.  Patho- 
genic to  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  and  pigeons.  Very  similar  to  B.  murium, 
but  distinguished  by  the  Gram  reaction. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  a  plague  of  field  mice. 

64.    B.  aerogenes  Schow 

Coccobacillus  aerogenes-vesica  Schow:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XII,  1892,  749. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  short  coccoid  ;  no  threads. 

G&latin  colonies.  The  deep  colonies  are  small,  round,  and  yellowish ;  surface 
•colonies,  flat,  yellowish  white,  glistening ;  borders  irregular  to  erose,  be- 
coming the  size  of  millet  seed  and  yellowish. 


228  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  the  growth  is  beaded,  with  gas  production ;  surface 

growth  like  a  gelatin-plate  colony. 
Gelatin  slant.      Growth  white,  glistening,  waxy,  with  folded  edges,  rather 

broad. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  light  yellow,  with  a  granulated  surface,  raised,  3-4  mm. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  clear,  with  a  heavy  white  sediment.     In  urine  a 

turbidity,  alkaline  reaction,  and  gas,  with  an  aromatic  odor. 
Pathogenesis .     Inoculations  into  dogs  result  in  cystitis. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  urine  in  cystitis. 

65.    B.  Shigae 

B.  of  Japanese  dysentery  Shiga:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  JXXIII,  1898,  599. 

Morpfwlogy.  Bacilli  short ;  ends  rounded.  Morphology  quite  like  B.  typho- 
sus,  showing  involution  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Sharp,  yellowish,  finely  granulated,  never  very  flat  like  B. 
typhosus. 

Agar  colonies.  In  24  hours  quite  large,  round,  moist,  glistening,  brownish, 
translucent,  becoming  larger  and  irregular. 

Potato.  Growth  scarcely  visible,  white,  dry,  becoming  reddish  brown  after 
some  weeks. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Glucose  bouillon.  No  gas.  Indol  not  produced.  Bacilli  show  a  distinct  ag- 
glutination reaction  with  serum  of  persons  ill  with  dysentery,  but  not 
with  serum  of  sound  men. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs  gives  a  strong  infiltra- 
tion at  the  point  of  inoculation,  with  subsequent  suppuration.  Intraperi- 
toneal  injections  cause  blood  extravasation  or  peritoneal  hemorrhage. 
Dogs  fed  on  cultures  show  in  1-2  days  slimy  stools.  Subcutaneous  inoc- 
ulations of  man  result  in  chills  and  fever,  headache,  etc.  The  point  of 
inoculation  is  strongly  infiltrated  and  painful.  The  serum  of  man  so. 
treated  possesses  agglutinating  properties. 

Habitat:    Isolated  from  the  dejecta  of  34  cases  of  Japanese  dysentery. 

66.    B.  colorabilis  Kruse 

B.  coli-colorabilis  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  434. 

B.  der  Gallenblase  Naunyn  :  Deutsch.  med.  Wochenschrift,  1891,  No.  5. 

B.  cuniculicida-Havaniensis  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick,  like  Bact.  aerogenes,  often  in  twos  and  short 

filaments. 
Potato.     Growth  grayish  to  yellowish  brown. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  229 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  by  septicaemia. 

Guinea  pigs  but  slightly  affected;  rabbits  negative  (?). 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  contents  of  the  gall  bladder  and  from  faeces,  and 

from  yellow  fever  cadavers  by  Sternberg. 

67.    B.  exanthematicus  Kruse 

B.  der  Typhus  exanthematique  Babes-Oprescu :  Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1891,  273. 
B.  exanthematicus  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  426. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.5  JJL  thick,  often  very  short,  and  in  8-shaped  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.  The  deep  colonies  are  round  and  yellowish  brown ;  the 
surface  whitish,  translucent,  spreading,  irregular. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  glistening,  gray,  translucent. 

Potato.     Growth  gray-brown,  translucent. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  sediment  and  a  membrane. 

Pathogenesis.  Pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  rabbits,  and  pigeons ;  death 
in  2-4  days  ;  local  inflammation,  enlargement  of  the  spleen,  and  a  brown- 
ish color  of  the  organs  ;  bacilli  present. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  hemorrhagic  infection  in  man. 

68.    B.  accidentalis  Kruse 

^ 

Eine  neue  pathogene  Bakteriumart  im  Tetanusmaterial  Belfanti-Pescarolo  :  Cen- 

tralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  IV,  1888,  513. 
B.  accidentalis-tetani  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  short,  with  polar  stain. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded;  surface  growth  thin,  iridescent. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish,  glistening. 

Pathogenesis.  Pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits.  Death  in  a  few 
days  ;  bacilli  in  the  blood ;  spleen  swollen  ;  often  paralysis,  with  convul- 
sions. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  wound  pus  of  a  person  dead  of  tetanus. 

69.    B.  endocarditis  Weichselbaum 

B.  endocarditis-griseus  Weichselbaum  :  Ziegler's  Beitrage,  IV,  119. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  typhoid-like  in  size  ;  diphtheria-like  in  form. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Aerogenes-like  ;  like  Friedlander's  bacillus,  but  of  a  grayer 

color. 
Potato.     Growth  dry,  greenish  yellow  —  yellowish  brown. 


230 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Pathogenesis.      Subcutaneous   inoculations  of  mice  and  rabbits  cause  local 

inflammation  and  suppuration. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  endocarditis. 

CLASS  III.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES  ;  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC;  COLONIES  ON  GELATIN  PLATES  NOT  AMEBOID 
OR  PROTEUS-LIKE  ;  GELATIN  LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Grow  well  on  nutrient  gelatin. 

A.   Colonies  on  gelatin  at  all  stages  round,  with  no  radiations  from  their 

edges. 
i .    Gelatin  liquefied  rather  quickly. 

a.  Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon.     B.  CLOACA  GROUP. 
Milk  coagulated. 

jo.  B.  cloaca  Jordan. 
Milk  not  coagulated. 

71.  B.  fermentationis. 

b.  No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon ;  milk  not  coagulated. 
Growth  on  potato  smooth. 

Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  in  stab  cultures  crateriform-strati- 
form. 

72.  B.  formosus  Ravenel. 

Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  in  stab  cultures  funnel-formed. 

73.  B.  stoloniferus  Pohl. 
Growth  on  potato  rough  or  folded. 

74.  B.  antenniformis  Ravenel. 

c.  Gas  production  in  glucose  bouillon  not  stated. 

*   Potato  cultures  reddish,  pinkish,  or  flesh-colored. 

v75-  B.  bucalis  Sternberg. 
**   Potato  cultures  yellowish  to  brownish. 

In  gelatin  stab  cultures  a  funnel-formed  liquefaction. 

76.  B.  hydrophilus  Sanarelli. 

77.  B.  pyogenes,  var.  liquefadens  Lanz. 

78.  B.  liquefadens  Frankland. 

.  In  gelatin  stab  culture  a  crateriform  liquefaction. 

79.  B.  Matazooni. 

***   Potato  cultures  whitish  to  grayish. 
Milk  coagulated. 

Growth  and  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  more  rapid  than  the 
evaporation  in  stab  cultures. 


THE    CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  231 

80.  B.  delict  at  ulus  Jordan. 

Evaporation  more  rapid  than  the  growth  and  liquefaction  of 
the  gelatin  in  stab  cultures ;  funnel  partly  empty. 

8 1.  B.  circulans  Jordan. 
Milk  not  coagulated. 

82.  B.putidus. 

83.  B.  albus-putidus. 

d.  Gas  produced  in  ordinary  gelatin  or  bouillon. 

*  Grow  at  37°  and  more  or  less  pathogenic. 

84.  B.  tachyctonus  (Fischer). 

85.  B.  dubius  Kruse. 

**   Do  not  grow  at  37°,  water  bacteria. 

86.  B.  gasoformans  Eisenberg. 
2.    Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly. 

a.  Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

*  Milk  coagulated. 

87.  B.  Kralii  Dyar. 

88.  B.  lactis. 

89.  B.  tartar icus  Grimbert-Fiquet. 
**  No  growth  in  milk  (?). 

90.  B.  halophilus  Russell. 

b.  No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

91.  B.  nitrificans  Burri-Stutzer.  • 

c.  Gas  production  in  glucose  bouillon  not  stated. 
*   Grow  on  potato. 

Rods  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  thick  ovals. 

92.  B.  guttatus  Zimmerman. 

Rods  several  times  longer  than  broad. 

93.  B.  inunctus. 

**   Do  not  grow  on  potato. 

Evaporation  equals  or  excels  the  evaporation  of  the  gelatin, 
causing  cavities  in  the  latter. 

94.  B.  litoralis  Jordan. 

Liquefaction  equals  or  excels  the  evaporation  of  the  gelatin. 

95.  B.  superficialis  Jordan. 

B.   Colonies  on  gelatin  with  filamentous  borders  or  radiate. 

B.  DEVORANS  GROUP. 
i.   Grow  well  upon  potato. 

a.  Margins  of  gelatin  colonies  fibrillous-floccose. 

*  Growth  on  agar  dry,  dull,  tough,  becoming  rough,  warty. 


232 


BACTERIOLOGY 


96.  B.  hyalinus  Jordan. 

**   Growth  on  agar  thin,  smooth,  glistening. 

97.  B.  pestifer  Frankland. 
b.  Gelatin  colonies  rosulate. 

98.  B.  radiatus. 

99.  B.  reticularis  Jordan. 
2.   Little  or  no  growth  on  potato. 

a.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  becoming  an  empty  funnel  from  the  evapora- 

tion of  the  slowly  liquefying  gelatin ;  rods  short. 

100.  B.  devorans  Zimmerman. 

b.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  not  characterized  as   before;  rods  long 

and  slender. 

101.  B.  aquatilis  Frankland. 

C.  Colonies  on  gelatin  erose-lobed,  coli-like.     B.  DIFFUSUS  GROUP. 

1.  Grow  on  potato. 

a.  Potato  growth  grayish  to  yellowish. 

102.  B.  diffiisus  Frankland. 

b.  Potato  growth  yellowish  brown ;  characters  like  B.  coli. 

103.  B.  sulcatus  Kruse. 

2.  No  growth  on  potato. 

104.  B.  Havaniensis  Sternberg. 

D.  Colonies  on  gelatin  irregular  —  fragmentary. 

105.  B.  leporis. 

II.  Grow  poorly  on  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin  unless  urea  is  added. 

1 06.  B.  Madoxi  (Miquel). 


70.  B.  cloacae  Jordan 

Report  of  the  Mass.  State  Board  of  Health,  1890,  836. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7-1.0:  0.8-1.9 /x.     Grow  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     The  deep  colonies  are  round  and  yellowish ;  the  surface 

colonies  are  thin,  bluish,  entire  —  erose,  with  a  dark  centre  and  a  clear 

outer  zone  ;  liquefaction  crateriform. 
Gelatin  stab.  '  Liquefaction  napiform. 
Bouillon.    Turbid,  with  a  slight  membrane. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  porcelain-white. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish. 

Acid-  &  =  ;•' 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  233 

Habitat.  Water,  sewage.  Moore  (U.  S.  Dept.  of  Ag.  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  Bull.  10,  1896,  45)  holds  B.  zece  Burrill  (bacterial  disease  of 
corn)  to  be  identical  with  B.  cloaca.  The  corn  bacillus  as  described  by 
Moore  is  characterized  as  follows  :  Bacilli  1 .3-2  //, ;  occur  singly,  usually  in 
short  chains  and  clumps. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish,  viscid. 

Gelatin  stab.  Gelatin  slowly  liquefied  along  needle  track  ;  on  the  surface  the 
growth  is  grayish,  beneath  which  the  gelatin  is  softened;  liquefaction 
occurs  slowly ;  liquefied  gelatin  clear,  with  a  viscid,  grayish  sediment ; 
reaction  alkaline. 

Potato.     Growth  dull,  grayish,  not  viscid. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  in  24  hours.    • 

Milk.     Coagulated  in  18  days. 

Ghtcose  boititton.     Gas  and  acid. 

Saccharose  bouillon.     Gas. 

Lactose  bouillon.     Gas  developed  more  slowly. 

Pathogenesis.    Non-pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 

71.  B.  fermentationis 

B.fcetidus-liquefaciens  Tavel :  Ueber  Aetiol.  der  Strum itis,  Basel,  1892. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  along  the  line  of  stab,  with  a  bad  odor. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Gas. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  membrane. 

72.  B.  formosus  Ravenel 

I.C.,  12. 

Morphology.      Bacilli  slender;    ends   rounded,   7-11   times    their    breadth. 

Motility  slight. 
Gelatin  colonies.    The  deep  colonies  are  round,  entire,  yellowish,  and  slightly 

granular ;  the  surface  colonies  are  round,  entire,  yellowish ;  centres  gray, 

edges  granular;  later  a  concentric  structure. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  moist,  glistening,  limited  ;  edges  notched. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  crateriform,  becoming  stratiform. 
Potato.     Growth  moist,  white,  spreading  to  creamy. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  sediment. 
Litmus  milk.     Alkaline,  becoming  decolorized  in  10  days.     Indol  negative. 

Grow  at  37° ;  optimum  20°. 
Habitat.     Water. 


234  BACTERIOLOGY 

73.    B.  stoloniferus  Pohl 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XI,  1892,  142. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8-1.2  p. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round ;  borders  sharp. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  funnel. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  thick,  with  streaming  outgrowths. 
Potato.     Growth  of  small,  pin-head  colonies,  which  are  spreading. 
Lactose  bouillon.     No  gas. 
Litmus  gelatin .     Red.  ( 
Milk.     Amphoteric. 

Litmus  milk.     Unchanged  in  24  days.      Indol  and  phenol  negative.      Non- 
pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Swamp  water. 

74.    B.  antenniformis  Ravenel 

l.c.,  25. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  large  straight  rods  with  rounded  ends,  8-10  times  their 

breadth  ;  occur  singly.     Actively  motile. 
Gelatin  colonies.   The  deep  colonies,  oval,  yellowish,  granular ;  from  the  poles 

fine  short  projections  like  the  antennas  of  insects,  disappearing  in  36  hours. 

Surface  colonies  small,  with  orange-brown  centres,  with  a  fringe  of  wavy 

lines  ;  border  colorless,  of  parallel  filaments,  dentate  ;  liquefaction  crateri- 

form,  with  a  pellicle,  becoming  folded.     In  7  days  the  colonies  are  6  mm. 

in  diameter,  circular,  with  entire  borders. 
Gelatin  stab.     Crateriform,  becoming  stratiform. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  smooth,  grayish. 
Potato.     Growth  invisible  in  2  days  ;  in  3-4  days  the  growth  is  spreading,  and 

thrown  into  fine  folds  like  herpetic  vesicles,  becoming  putty-colored  and 

dryer,  and  folds  more  numerous. 
Bouillon.     Scanty  growth. 

Litmus  milk.    Decolorized,  becoming  watery  and  slightly  acid.    Indol  negative. 
Habitat.  ,  Water. 

75.    B.  bucalis  Sternberg 

B.j  Vignal:  Archiv  Phys.,  VIII,  1886,  342. 

B.  bucalis-fortuitus  Sternberg  :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  685. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  with  square  ends,  1 .4-3.0  /x,  often  in  pairs  joined  at  an 

angle. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  48  hours  small,  round,  white,  becoming  liquefied  in  4-5 

days. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  235 

•  Gelatin  stab.     Scanty  growth  in  depth  ;  surface  growth  punctiform,  becoming 

in  4-5  days  spread  over  the  entire  surface ;  liquefaction  stratiform. 
t  Agar  slant.     Growth  of  small,  white,  opaque  colonies, 
i  Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  membrane. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  slightly  spreading,  pinkish. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  saliva. 

76.    B.  hydrophilus  Sanarelli 

B.  hydrophilus-fuscus  Sanarelli :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  IX,  1891,  222. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6:  1.3  /x — filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  translucent. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  bluish  gray  to  brownish,  thin. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  slight  membrane. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown. 

Pathogenesis.      Subcutaneous  inoculation  causes  hemorrhagic  septicaemia  in 

frogs,  salamanders,  fish  ;  also  in  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  water,  and  from  frogs  dead  of  septicaemia. 

77.    B.  pyogenes  var.  liquefaciens  Lanz 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriologie,  XIV,  1893,  269. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.7  /x,  of  variable  length.     Cultures  have  a  bad  odor. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Not  described. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  funnel. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  whitish,  glassy. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Potato.     Growth  citron-yellow,  with  gas  bubbles. 

Pathogenesis.     Intravenous  inoculations  of  rabbits  cause  a  multiple  suppurative 

inflammation  of  the  joints. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  brain  abscess  after  otitis-media. 

78.    B.  liquefaciens  Frankland 

Microorganisms  of  Water,  1894,  461. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  rather  thick  ;  ends  rounded. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  entire,  crateriform  ;  contents  white,  slimy. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  napiform  ;  sediment  whitish,  granular. 

Agar  slant.     A  dirty  white  expansion. 

Potato.     Growth  light  yellow. 

Habitat.     Water. 


236  BACTERIOLOGY 

79.   B.  Matazooni 

B.  No.  46  Conn  :  I.e.,  1894,  80. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.4  :  0.8  /A,  in  chains.     Grow  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     A  central  nucleus  ;  border  crenate  ;  clear  outer  zone. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  whitish  to  yellowish. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown. 

Milk.     Slowly  coagulated  ;  amphoteric  to  alkaline. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  yellowish  sediment. 

Habitat.     Milk  from  Matazoon. 

80.    B.  delictatulus  Jordan 

Report  of  the  Mass.  State  Board  of  Health,  1890,  837. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o  :  2.0  /x.     Grow  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Whitish,  homogeneous  entire,  with  radiating  edges  ;  in  2 

days  a  dark  nucleus,  with  a  clear  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  2  days  a  funnel  of  liquefaction,  with  a  surface  membrane  and 

a  brownish  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  glistening,  porcelain-white. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  gray. 
Milk.     Acid. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  sediment  and  a  scum.     Nitrates  reduced. 
Habitat.     Water. 

81.    B.  circulans  Jordan 


Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o:  2-5  /A;  chains.     Grow  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  brownish  ;   becoming  depressions  in  the  liquefied 

gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  along  the  line  of  stab  ;  a  conical  cavity,  with  a 

precipitate  in  the  bottom,  the  liquefied  gelatin  drying  out,  leaving  a  partly 

empty  cone. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent. 
Potato.     A  scanty  growth,  the  color  of  the  potato. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  membrane. 

Milk.     Slowly  coagulated  and  slightly  acid.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.     Water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  237 

82.    B.  putidus  Roger 

B.  septicus-putidus  Roger :  Revue  de  Med.,  1893,  10. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  B.  vulgaris. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  cholera  corpse. 

83.  B.  albus-putidus  Maschek 

Adametz,  Die  Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  1888. 

From  descriptions,  not  differentiated  from  the  preceding. 
Habitat.     Water. 

84.  B.  tachyctonus  (Fischer) 

Bact.  tachyctonum  Fischer:  Deutsche  med.  Wochensch.,  1894,  Nos.  26-28. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized  to  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  cholera. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform,  becoming  saccate ;  with  a  membrane. 

Bouillon.     Gas  production,  with  a  membrane. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  brownish. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  brown,  becoming  reddish  brown. 

Pathogenesis .     Subcutaneous  and  intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  not  too  small 

quantities  cause  septicaemia  and  bloody  oedema  in  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and 

rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  faeces  in  cholera  nostras. 

85.    B.  dubius  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Zur  Bak.  Differentialdiagnose  der  Cholera  (Bacillus  not  named)  Bleisch :  Zeitsch. 
f.  Hygiene,  XIII,  1893,  31. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  that  the  growth  is  pale  yellow  from  the  beginning. 

On  bouillon  there  is  no  membrane,  and  the  cultures  are  less  virulent. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  faeces. 

86.    B.  gasoformans  Eisenberg 

Bak.  Diag.,  1891,  107.    Tils :  Zeit.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1890,  315. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  crateriform,  spread  rapidly. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate,  turbid,  with  much  gas. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  white. 

Potato.     Growth  light  yellowish. 

Habitat.     Water. 


238  BACTERIOLOGY 

87.    B.  Kralii  Dyar 

l.c.,  376. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  short,  with  rounded  ends,  0.7  : 0.8  /u, ;  occur  singly. 
Gelatin.    Liquefied  after  30  days.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 
Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 
Lactose  litmus.     Red,  becoming  blue. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  opaque. 
Habitat.     A  culture  from  Krai's  laboratory. 

88.   B.  lactis 

B.  b  Guillebeau:  Ann.  Micrographie,  XI,  225. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o:  1.2  /x.     Growth  like  B.  aerogenes. 
Milk.     Quickly  coagulated. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  milk. 

89.    B.  tartaricus  Grimbert-Fiquet 

Jour.  Pharm.  et  de  Chim.,  July  6,  1897. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  1.0-2.0  /x.  Stain  by  Gram's  method,  facultative  anae- 
robic. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Resemble  B.  colt;  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  slow,  begin- 
ning in  10-15  days. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  scum. 

Milk.  Coagulated  in  8  days.  Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites.  Indol  not  pro- 
duced. Fermentes  glucose,  lactose,  saccharose,  dextrin,  mannit,  with  the 
production  of  acetic  and  succinic  acids,  CO2,  H  and  alcohol.  Decomposes 
tartarates,  with  production  of  succinic  and  acetic  acids,  CO2  and  H. 

90.    B.  halophilus  Russell 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XI,  1891,  200. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.7  :  1.5-3.5  //,.  Grow  only  in  gelatin  ;  best  in  sea-water 
gelatin. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  grayish,  white,  translucent. 

Gtlatin  stab.  Liquefaction  slow  ;  evaporation  causes  an  empty  funnel.  Cul- 
tures rendered  alkaline,  with  much  gas. 

Habitat.     Sea  water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  239 

91.    B.  nitrificans  Bum-Stutzer 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  I,  1895,  2te  Abt.,  735. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5  :  0.7-1.5  //, ;  involution  forms  ;  stain  badly  in  aqueous 
analine  colors. 

Gelatin  colonies .  Deep  colonies:  round,  gray.  Surface:  round,  slimy,  color- 
less, which  after  8  days  are  sunken  in  the  liquefied  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.  Surface  growth  spreading,  colorless  to  bluish,  2-3  mm.,  which 
after  a  time  begins  to  sink  in  the  liquefied  gelatin.  In  3  weeks  a  crateri- 
form  to  napiform  liquefaction. 

Bouillon.  Slightly  turbid,  with  a  small  amount  of  a  whitish  to  reddish  sedi- 
ment. Oxidizes  nitrites  to  nitrates. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  soil. 

92.     B.  guttatus  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Trink  u.  Nutzwasser,  Chemnitz,  1890,  56. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.9  :  i  .o  /u,. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies  have  a  brownish  centre  and  bright  borders. 

Surface  colonies  are  small  and  round. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  limited. 
Potato.     Growth  slimy,  yellowish  gray. 
Habitat.     Water. 

93.     B.  inunctus  Pohl 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XI,  1892,  143. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  0.8-0.9 :  3-5  /"*• 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  entire. 

Gelatin  stab.     Radiating  outgrowths  from  the  line  of  stab ;  surface,  growth 

thick,  glistening. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  whitish. 
Potato.     Growth  slimy. 
Habitat.    Water. 

94.    B.  litoralis  Russell 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XI,  1891. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  2-4  times  their  breadth  ;  grow  slowly. 

Gelatin  colonies.  The  deep  colonies  in  3  days  are  small,  brownish ;  the  sur- 
face colonies  are  entire,  shining  to  opalescent,  and  granular ;  liquefaction 
takes  place  in  5-8  days.  The  evaporation  causes  depressed  colonies. 


240 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Gelatin  stab.     Growth  in  depth  scanty ;  on  the  surface,  the  growth  is  thin, 

becoming  depressed. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  slimy,  white. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  membrane. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  mud  bottom  of  the  Gulf  of  Naples. 

95.    B.  superficialis  Jordan 

Mass.  State  Board  of  Health,  1890,  833. 

MorpJwlogy.     Bacilli  i.o:  2.2  /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  round,  segmented,  cracked.  Surface  colonies r 
punctiform,  translucent,  slowly  liquefied.  Microscopically,  round,  homo- 
geneous to  finely  granular ;  centres  yellowish,  brown  edges,  translucent. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  none,  or  only  a  scanty  growth ;  growth  almost  en- 
tirely on  the  surface. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated  in  20  days,  slightly  acid. 

Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid ;  no  membrane. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sewage. 

96.     B.  hyalinus  Jordan 

Mass.  State  Board  of  Health,  1890,  836. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o  :  5.4  /x  to  chains.     Facultative  anaerobic. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  24  hours,  plainly  visible  to  the  naked  eye ;  centre  dark, 

translucent.     Microscopically,  centres  coarsely  fibrillous,  with  short  fibrils 

radiating  from  the  edges.     In  2  days  the  colonies  reach  a  diameter  of  15 

mm. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  funnel-formed  to  saccate;    in  8  days  a  highly 

tenacious  scum. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dry,  dull,  tough,  becoming  rough  to  warty. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  scum. 
Potato.  ,  Growth  as  in  agar  slant. 

Milk.    Coagulated  in  2  days,  acid.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.     Water. 

97.    B.  pestifer  Frankland 

Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  London,  1888,  277. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  i.o:  2.3  //,;  filaments.  Grow  slowly  at  room  tempera- 
ture. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  irregular.  Surface  colonies  show  smooth 
centres,  with  margins  of  wavy  bundles. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  241 

Agar  slant.     Growth  glistening,  translucent. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  irregular,  flesh-colored. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  air. 

B.  No.  9  Pansini,  from  sputum,  and  B.  pneumonicus-agilis  Fliigge.  indistinct: 
from  tthe  preceding.  Comp.  B.  vermicularis  Frankland. 

98.    B.  radiatus 

B.  aerogenes-meningitidis  Centanni :  Archiv  per  le  Scienze  Mediche,  XVII,  1893,  *• 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3  :  2-2.5  /*  5  seldom  in  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Daisy-shaped,  rosulate. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  slow,  with  gas. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  porcelain-white. 

Bouillon.     Turbid. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  yellow,  uneven,  rough. 

Pathogenesis .  Subdural  inoculations  of  rabbits  cause  death  in  a  few  hours  to- 
days or  weeks,  with  progressive  palsy,  emaciations,  and  lung  complica- 
tions, hyperemia  of  meninges,  etc. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  two  cases  of  meningitis. 

99.    B.  recticularis  Jordan 

Report  Mass.  Board  of  Health,  1890,  834. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  long,  rather  slender,  ends  slightly  rounded,  I  :  5  \L  ;  may 
occur  in  chains  of  8-10  individuals.  In  many  bacilli  there  are  large 
vacuoles,  with  strongly  refracting  edges.  Grow  better  at  37°  than  at 

2I°-23°. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies  send  out  long  spiral  filaments,  which  under 
a  low  magnification  look  like  so  many  jellyfish  with  streaming  tentacles. 
The  surface  colonies  at  first  form  irregular  expansions.  The  gelatin  is 
liquefied  so  slowly  that  the  liquid  evaporates  almost  as  soon  as  formed. 
The  colonies  then  resemble  slight  hollows  or  cups  in  the  gelatin,  which 
show  an  irregular,  reticulated  structure. 

Gelatin  stab.  The  surface  growth  as  in  gelatin  plates.  Filamentous  out- 
growths from  the  line  of  stab. 

Agar  stab.     Surface  growth  dry,  dull,  convex ;  a  poor  growth  in  depth. 

Potato.  In  2  days,  growth  white,  dull,  dry.  In  5  days,  growth  of  a  character- 
istic woolly  appearance. 

Milk.     Coagulated  in  1 5-20  days  at  room  temperatures,  acid. 
R 


242  BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon.     Becomes  slowly  turbid,  with  a  slight  stringy  sediment.     Nitrates 

reduced  to  nitrites. 
Habitat.     Water. 

100.     B.  devorans  Zimmerman. 

Bak.  Trink.  u.  Nutzwasser,  Chemnitz,  1890. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  : 0.9-1.2  /u, ;  occur  singly  and  in  pairs  and  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies .    Deep  colonies:  small,  white.    Surface  colonies :  round,  white, 

granular  to  filamentous  ;  yellowish  gray,  margin  fringed. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  filiform,  with  a  bubble  above,  under  which 

there  is  a  whitish  growth.     The  funnel  forms  without  visible  liquefaction, 

with  growth  along  the  walls  of  the  funnel. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  gray,  spreading. 
Habitat.     Water. 

101.  B.  aquatilis  Frankland 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889,  381. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  2.5  //,;  filaments  1 7.0  JJL  long.     Grow  very  slowly  in  the 

usual  culture  media. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Surface  colonies  show  yellowish  brown  centres,  from  which 

twisted  yellowish  brown  filaments  are  given  off. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  scarcely  visible  at  first ;  liquefaction  begins 

later,  then  progresses  more  rapidly;    on  the  surface,  a  small  yellowish 

colony. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  glistening,  yellowish,  limited. 
Potato.     Scarcely  any  growth,  or  a  faint  yellowish  lirce  only. 
Habitat.     Water. 

102.  B.  diffusus  Frankland 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889,  396. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-1.7  ju,;  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies :  round,  granular,  with  erose  edges.     Surface 

colonies:  thin,  bluish  gray,  spreading.     Microscopically,  granular,  erose- 

edged;  a  central  nucleus,  with  a  pale  blue,  irregular-edged,  outer  zone. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  only  on  the  surface,  which  is  thin,  glistening,  grayish 

yellow ;  the  gelatin  is  slowly  liquefied. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  light  yellow  to  creamy. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  sediment  grayish  yellow,  with  flocculi  on  the  surface. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  smooth,  greenish  yellow,     titrates  slowly 

reduced. 
Habitat.     Earth. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  243 

103.     B.  sulcatus  Kruse 

B.  sulcatus-liquefaciens  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  318. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies:  round,  small,  yellowish.     Surface  colonies  i 

large,  spreading,  translucent,  incised,  marmorated ;  liquefaction  slow. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  gray. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown. 
Habitat.     Water. 

104.     B.  Havaniensis  Sternberg 

B.  Havaniensis-liqucfaciens  Sternberg :  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1892,  686. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  variable  length. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Milky  white,  surrounded   by  erose,  transparent   borders; 

soon  liquefied. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  along  the  line  of  stab,  turbid,  becoming  clear. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  brownish.     No  growth  on  potato.     Not  pathogenic  to 

rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  surface  of  the  human  body. 

105.    B.  leporis  (Sternberg) 

B.  leporis-lethalis  Sternberg:  Manual,  1892,  453. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  1-3  /x ;  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :.  round,  translucent,  light  yellow.  Surface :  trans- 
parent, resembling  small  fragments  of  broken  glass ;  later  liquefaction 
occurs. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white,  translucent,  glistening. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  spreading,  light  yellow. 

Pathogenesis .  Intraperitoneal  injections  of  1-3  cc.  of  culture  cause  in  2-3 
hours  a  somnolent  condition,  with  drooping  head,  and  death  from 
toxaemia. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  intestines  of  man  ill  of  yellow  fever. 

1 06.     B.  Madoxi  (Miquel) 

Urobacillus  Madoxi  Miquel :  Ann.  d.  Micrographie,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-1.0  /x;  usually  in  pairs. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small,  translucent,  milky,  with  urea  in  the  gelatin,  colonies 
surrounded  by  a  zone  of  crystals. 


244 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  whitish,  with  a  slight  greenish  tint. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  membrane. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  fermenting  urine. 

CLASS  IV.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE  ANA- 
EROBIC, COLONIES  ON  GELATIN  PLATES  BECOMING  STREAMING, 
FORKED,  AMEBOID,  TWISTED,  IRREGULAR,  COCHLEATE.  GELA- 
TIN LIQUEFIED.  STAINED  BY  GRAM'S  METHOD. 

I.   Gelatin  colonies  typical  of  the  group,  i.e.  ameboid  —  cochleate. 

A.  Agar  smear  cultures  smooth. 

I  .    Potato  cultures  white,  gray-yellowish,  not  distinctly  brown. 

a.  Milk  coagulated. 

107.  B.  vulgaris  (Hauser). 

108.  B.  mirabilis  (Hauser)  Trev. 

109.  B.  No.   VII  Pansini. 

b.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

Wo.   B.  sulphur  eus  (Holschewnikoff). 
2.    Potato  cultures  brownish  ;  cause  septicaemia  in  mice. 
in.   B.  septiciis  (Babes). 

B.  Agar  smear  cultures  crumpled. 

112.    B.  StrassmanniTrev. 

II.  Gelatin  colonies  ciliate  —  radiate;    related  to  B,  centrifugans.    Stained 
by  Gram's  method. 

A.  Pathogenic  to  the  smaller  animals.  , 

113.'^.  dysenteries  Kruse.- 

B.  Not  pathogenic  to  the  smaller  animals. 

114.   B.  Pansini. 

107.    B.  vulgar  is  (Hauser) 

,    .     Proteus  -vulgaris  Hauser:  Ueber  Faulnissbakterien,  1885. 
fi.  $fnt£i£s  Trevisan:  Genera,  1889. 


Morphology.    Bacilli  0.6:  1.2-4.0  p  —  threads  to  chains,  in  floccose  arrange- 

ment.    Flagella  numerous,  peritrichic. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  6-8  hours,  small  depressions,  which  contain  liquefied 

gelatin  and  grayish  white  masses  of  bacteria;  from  the  edge,  ameboid 

processes. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate. 
Agar  slant.    Growth  slimy,  moist,  glistening,  translucent. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  245 

Milk.     Coagulated,  acid,  becoming  yellowish. 

Potato.  Growth  yellowish  white,  raised.  Albuminous  fluids  give  a  putrefac- 
tive odor  and  an  alkaline  reaction. 

Gas.  In  glucose  and  saccharose  bouillon;  no  gas  in  lactose  bouillon,  ^y  =  — 
H2S  positive.  Indol  positive.  Urea  converted  into  ammonia. 

Pathogenesis.  Not  properly  pathogenic  to  the  smaller  animals.  Injections 
of  large  quantities  of  filtered  cultures  cause  toxaemia. 

Habitat.     Commonly  found  in  putrefying  fluids,  water,  etc. 

108.    B.  mirabilis  (Hauser)  Trev. 

Proteus  mirabilis  Hauser:  I.e. 

B.  mirabilis  Trevisan :  Genera,  1889,  17. 

A  variety  of  B.  vulgaris.     Morphological  and  cultural  characters  as  above ; 

may  liquefy  gelatin  a  little  more  slowly.     Deep  colonies  in  gelatin  coch- 

leate. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  putrefying  fluids,  etc. 

109.     B.  No.  VII  Pansini 

Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII. 

From  descriptions-,  indistinguishable  from  B.  vulgaris. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sputum. 

no.    B.  sulphureus  (Holschewnikoff) 

Bact.  sulphureum  Holschewnikoff:  Ann;  de  Microgr.,  1889,  261. 

In  morphological  and  cultural  characters,  apparently  identical  with  B.  vulgaris. 
Milk.     Remains  unaltered,  but  gradually  becomes  peptonized  without  coagula- 
tion, and  has  a  yellowish  color.     H2S  produced  on  cooked  egg. 
Habitat.    Water.  \ 

in.     B.  septicus  (Babes) 

Proteus  septicus  Babes :  Septische  Processe  des  Kindesalters,  1889. 
B.  proteus-septicus  Kruse  rFliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,279. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  middle-sized,  0.4  /x  thick,  length  variable,  comma  forms 

to  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  those  of  B.  vulgaris. 
Potato.     Growth  elevated,  bright  brown. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  a  reticulated  layer. 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  by  septicaemia. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  organs  of  a  child  dead  with  septicaemia  symptoms. 


246  BACTERIOLOGY 

112.  B.  Strassmanni  Trev. 

B.  albus-cadaveris  Strassmann :  Zeitsch.  f.  Medicinalbeamte,  1888. 
B.  Strassmanni  Trevisan :  Genera,  1889,  103. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  2.5  /x ;  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Ameboid,  liquefied  rapidly ;  have  a  bad  odor. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  crumpled. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  whitish  yellow,  granular. 

Pathogenesis.     Mice  and  guinea  pigs  die  of  toxic  symptoms  with  compara- 
tively small  doses. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  blood  of  a  four-days-old  cadaver. 

113.  B.  dysenteriae  Kruse 

B.  of  Japanese  dysentery  Ogata:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XI,  1892,  264. 
B.  dysenteri<z-liquefaciens  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  284. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender  rods,  mostly  in  twos. 

Gelatin  colonies.     With  short  radiations. 

Gelatin  stab.  A  funnel  of  liquefied  gelatin,  which  is  turbid  and  has  a  mem- 
brane on  the  surface. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  local  oedema.  Sub- 
cutaneous inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  oedema ;  gray  knots  in  the 
liver,  spleen,  and  large  intestines,  with  hemorrhagic  infiltration  of  the 
large  intestines. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  Japanese  dysentery. 

114.    B.  Pansini 

B.IX  Pansini:  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII,  1890. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  of  variable  length. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Edged  with  radiating  filaments. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  transparent,  stringy. 

Potato.     Growth  stains  the  medium  green ;  bad  odor.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  sputum  of  a  consumptive. 

CLASS  V:  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE  ANA- 
EROBIC. COLONIES  ON  GELATIN  PLATES  BECOMING  AMEBOID, 
ETC.  GELATIN  LIQUEFIED.  NOT  STAINED  BY  GRAM'S  METHOD, 
OR  INDETERMINATE. 

I.    Potato  growth  whitish  to  grayish. 

A.   Gelatin  liquefied  rather  quickly  ;  pathogenic. 

115.  B.  murisepticus  Karlinsky. 

1 1 6.  B.  Wesenbergii. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  247- 

B.    Gelatin  liquefied  slowly  ;  non-pathogenic. 

117.  B.  larvicida  Dyar. 

1 1 8.  B.  dendriticus  Lustig. 

115.     B.  murisepticus  Karlinsky 

B.  murisepticus-pleormorphus  Karlinsky :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  V,  1889,  193. 
Morphology.    Bacilli  variable,  coccoid-oval  forms  —  spiraloid  proteus  forms. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Like  B.  vulgaris  and  mirabilis. 
Agar  colonies.     Like  B.  vulgar  is. 

Potato.     Growth  whitish  gray,  homogeneous,  spreading. 
Pathogenesis .     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  in  24  hours,  of 

septicaemia. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  pus. 

1 1 6.    B.  Wesenbergii 

B.  der  Fleischvergiftung  Wesenberg :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXVIII,  1898,  484. 

Closely  related  to  B.  vulgaris. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.8  :  1.2-2.0  /x ;  in  twos  and,  in  old  bouillon  cultures, 

in   chains.      No   involution   forms.      Not  stained   by   Gram's   method. 

Flagella  peritrichic,  mostly  8-12,  rarely  20.     Grow  at  37°.     Spores  not 

observed. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  3  days,  liquefied,  with  a  central  yellowish  colony,  from 

which  outgrowths  proceed  ;  in  4  days,  the  whole  plate  is  liquefied. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  in  depth ;  on  the  surface,  liquefaction  begins 

under  the  growth  and  extends  downward. 
Agar  colonies.     In  36-48  hours,  at  37°,  nearly  the  entire  surface  of  the  plate  is. 

covered  with   a  moist,  glistening,  slimy  layer,  with  often  a  brownish 

shimmer. 

Bouillon.     In  24  hours,  turbid  and  alkaline,  with  a  scum. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized,  alkaline. 
Potato.     Growth  grayish  white,  slimy. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Gas  and  acid  production.     Indol  not  produced.     Cultures- 
have  a  foul  odor. 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  poisonous  meat  in  meat  poisoning. 

117.    B.  larvicida 

Dyar:  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  i.o  /n.     Gelatin  liquefied  in  14-22  days. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Proteus-like. 


:248  BACTERIOLOGY 

Milk.    Coagulated.     Nitrates  reduced. 

Agar  slant.    Growth  thin,  translucent.     Lactose  litmus  red,  becoming  blue. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  silk  larvae  of  Clisiocampa  fragilis. 

1 1 8.    B.  dendriticus  Lustig 

Diag.  Bak.  des  Wassers,  1893,  99. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.8  :  0.8-2.0  //,. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Large,  raised,  white,  moist,  glistening,  with  8-10  branches: 

liquefied  very  slowly. 
Gelatin  stab.    In  depth,  growth  white,  beaded  ;  on  the  surface,  a  semispherical 

bead. 

Agar  slant.     Growth4  a  thin,  iridescent  layer. 

Bouillon.     A  membrane  adhering  strongly  to  the  walls  of  the  tube. 
Potato.     Growth  white,  moist. 
Habitat.     Water. 

-4. 
g* 

CLASS  VI.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE  ANAE- 
ROBIC.  COLONIES  ON  GELATIN  PLATES  BECOMING  AMEBOID, 
ETC.  GELATIN  NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.   Little  tendency  to  grow  in  the  depth  of  the  gelatin,  especially  in  gelatin 
stab  cultures. 

119.  B.  Zopfi  (Kurth). 

1 20.  B.  Zenkeri  (Hauser). 

II.   Decided  growth  along  the  entire  length  of  ,the  needle  in  gelatin  stat 
cultures. 

A.  Growth  on  potato  very  slow  and  scanty,  light,  becoming  yellowish 

never  brownish. 

121.  B.  arbor escens  Ravenel. 

B.  Potato  growth  brownish,  abundant ;  strongly  pathogenic  for  mice  am 

rabbits. 
IM.   B.  let alis  (Babes). 

119.     B.  Zopfi   (Kurth) 
Bact.  Zopfi  Kurth :  Ber.  d.  Deutsch.  Bot.  Gesellschaft,  February,  1883. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  B.  mirabilis. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Colonies  generally  grow  just  beneath  the  surface,  as  brand 
ing  zob'glcea,  radiate  and  filamentous  forms. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  249 

Gelatin  stab.  'But  little  growth  in  depth,  but  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  line 
of  puncture  a  radiately  filamentous  growth,  as  in  plate  cultures.  But 
slight  growth  at  37°.  Indol  not  produced,  or  doubtful. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  intestines  of  fowls. 

B.  alantoides  Klein:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  VI. 

Proteus  Zenkeri  Kuhn  :  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XIII. 

According  to  Kruse,  identical  with  the  preceding. 

120.    B.  Zenkeri  (Hauser) 

Proteus  Zenkeri  Hauser:  Ueber  Faulnissbakterien,  1885. 
Indistinguishable  from,  and  probably  identical  with,  the  preceding. 

121.    B.  arborescens  Ravenel 

ip 

B.  arborescens  non-liquefaciens  Ravenel:  I.e.,  39. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender  rods,  7-13  times  their  breadth  ;  occur  singly  and 
in  chains  of  several  elements. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  48  hours  bluish  indistinct  cloudy  dots,  easily  over- 
looked, resembling  colonies  of  B.  ramosus,  but  less  distinct  and  finer,  i.e. 
radiate,  filamentous,  branched. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  fine  outgrowths,  becoming  beaded  below;  on  the 
surface,  growth  irregular,  white,  concentric,  thicker  in  the  centre. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  a  faint,  colorless  line,  with  lines  of  wavy 'colonies  on 
each  side. 

Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  becoming  clear. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 

Litmus  milk.     Coagulated  in  10  days,  decolorized,  acid. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Optimum  temperature  36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

122.    B.  lethalis  Babes 

Proteus  lethalis  Babes :  Progres  Medical  Roumain,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  1.5  /x;  thick,  short,  flask-shaped  rods  to  filaments. 
Gelatin   colonies.      Raised,   whitish,   translucent;    later,   outgrowths,   which 

branch  on  the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  a  thick,  opaque,  yellowish  layer. 
Potato.     Growth  brownish. 
Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  and  rabbits  cause  death  in 

4  days,  with  local  redema,  septicaemia,  enteritis,  peritonitis. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  lung  gangrene  in  man. 


250  BACTERIOLOGY 

CLASS  VII.     WITHOUT   ENDOSPORES.     AEROBIC   AND    FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.     CHROMOGENIC;    PIGMENT  YELLOWISH.     GELATIN 
LIQUEFIED. 
I.    Gelatin  colonies  conglomerate  —  warty. 

123.  B.  citreus  (Unna-Tommasoli)  Kruse. 

II.  Gelatin  colonies  simple,  not  conglomerate  or  warty. 

A.  Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  near  the  surface  in  gelatin  stab  cultures,  i.e. 

crateriform  —  stratiform. 
1230.   B.  Rheni. 

124.  B.  aurescens  Ravenel. 

125.  B.  cuticularis  Tils. 

B.  Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  along  the  entire  length  of  the  needle  in  stab 

cultures,  i.e.  funnel-formed  —  saccate. 

1 .  Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly. 

126.  B.  tremelloides  Tils. 

2.  Gelatin  liquefied  rapidly. 

127.  B.  Kornii. 

128.  B.  Schirokikhi. 

III.  Gelatin  colonies  ameboid,  proteus-like  to  zooglcea  masses. 

129.  B.  dianthi  Arthur-Bolley. 

IV.  Gelatin  colonies  not  described. 

A.  Milk  coagulated,  at  least  on  boiling. 

130.  B.  Hudsoni  Dyar. 

B.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

1.  Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

131.  B.  theta  Dyar. 

2.  Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 

132.  B.  gamma  Dyar. 

123.    B.  citreus  (Unna-Tommasoli)  Kruse 

Ascobacillus  citreus  Unna-Tommasoli :  Monatschrift  f.  prakt.  Dermatol.,  IX,  60. 
B.  citreus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  489. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3  :  1.3  ^ ;  occur  singly  or  in  bundles. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Conglomerations  of  small  spheres. 

Gelatin  stab.      Small  flakes  in  the  liquefied  funnel ;  on  the  surface  a  slimy 

citron-yellow  layer. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  abundant,  with  honey-drop-like  protuberances. 
Potato.     Growth  slimy,  citron-yellow,  becoming  in  2  weeks  greenish  yellow. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  surface  of  the  human  body  in  eczema. 


,THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  25 1 

1230.    B.  Rheni 

Rhine  water  Bacillus  (Burri)  :  See  Frankland,  Microorganisms  of  Water,  1894,  483. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  2.5-3.5 /A,  ends  rounded,  sometimes  slightly  bent. 

In  bouillon  long  filaments  and  chains.     Motility  rotatory  and  progressive. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies  dirty  yellow  dots,  round,  entire,  granular. 

Surface  colonies  convex,  colorless,  transparent,  becoming  yellowish,  with 

an  outer  zone  of  clear  liquid  gelatin.     Microscopically,  the  borders  are 

wavy,  and  contents  rough  and  irregular. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  scanty,  in  depth  ;  liquefaction  shallow,  funnel-formed ; 

yellow  flocculent  masses  in  the  liquefied  gelatin,  and  a  bluish  gray  opal- 

escence  on  the  surface  of  the  still  solid  gelatin. 
Glycerin  agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  dry,  tough,  honey-colored. 
Potato.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  thin,  flat ;  orange-  or  rust-colored. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  bright,  orange-colored  pellicle  and  a  yellow  deposit. 
Milk.     Coagulated  only  partially  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube ;  the  cream 

layer  pale  yellow  ;  serum  alkaline.     No  growth  at  37°.     No  gas  in  glucose 

bouillon. 
Habitat.     Rhine  River  water. 

124.    B.  aurescens  Ravenel 

I.e.,  8. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  short,  spindle-shaped,  2-3  times  their  breadth  ;  occur 
singly. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Surface  colonies  minute  whitish  points,  which  are  granular, 
brownish,  and  entire.  In  4  days  0.5  mm.,  yellowish  brown,  homogene- 
ous, and  entire. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface  a  yellow  button ;  in  18- 
20  days  a  crateriform  dry  depression. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  yellowish,  limited,  becoming  golden  yellow. 

Potato.     Growth  yellow,  thick,  rnoist,  spreading,  becoming  orange-yellow. 

Bouillon,,     Slightly  turbid,  with  a  dense,  flocculent  sediment. 

Litmus  milk.     Reduced,  no  acid,  not  coagulated.     Indol  negative. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Grow  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

125.    B.  cuticularis  Tils 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1890,  282. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.5  :  2.0-3.0  //, —  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Coli-like.  The  deep  colonies  are  brown,  irregular — entire; 
the  surface  colonies  have  brown  centres  and  colorless  borders. 


252  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface  a  yellow  membrane. 
Potato.     Growth  scanty,  slimy,  yellow. 
Habitat.     Water. 

126.    B.  tremelloides  Tils 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1890,  282. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.2  :  i.o  /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Raised,  which  later  become  spreading. 
Potato.  Growth  coarsely  granular,  crumpled,  yellowish. 
Habitat.  Water. 

127.    B.  Kornii 

B.  of  liver  abscess  Korn  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXI,  1897,  438. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick  rods,  two  times  their  breadth,  or  larger  forms 

0.4-0.6:  2-5  ju;  often  in  chains.     Not  stained  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  24  hours  round,  yellowish,  granular.     Gelatin  liquefied 

quickly,  with  an  irregular,  ragged  nucleus. 
Gelatin  stab.      Liquefaction   infundibuliform ;    an   ochre-yellow   membrane; 

liquefaction  progresses  rapidly,  with  a  yellowish  fluid  and  sediment. 
Agar  slant.     At  30°  growth,  abundant,  raised,  glistening,  yellowish. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  raised,  glistening,  yellow,  becoming  brownish. 
Milk.     Becomes  yellowish,  syrupy,  and  alkaline.     Pigment  insoluble  in  water, 

slightly  so  in  alcohol. 
Pathogenesis.    Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  mice  with  o.  1-0.25  cc-  °f  a  bouillon 

culture  cause  death  with  tonic  cramps ;   no  change  in  internal  organs,  but 

an  abscess  at  point  of  inoculation. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  liver  abscess. 


128.    B.  Schirokikhi 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  II,  1896,  205. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.5  times  their  thickness  ;  in  chains  of  2-8.     Show  polar 

stain.     Motility  slow.  ^ 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  3  days  visible ;  the  gelatin  is  liquefied  to  a  bright  blue 

fluid,  with  yellowish  granules.     In  5  days  the  colonies  are  1-2  mm.  in 

diameter. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  rapid,  infundibuliform:  liquefied  gelatin  grayish 

to  yellowish,  with  a  granular  sediment. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  253 

Agar  colonies.  In  2  days  like  snow  crystals,  punctiform  in  centre,  surrounded 
by  a  bluish  toothed  zone,  becoming  round ;  2-4  cm. ;  medium-colored 
yellowish  brown. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  crumpled,  viscid.     Nitrates  reduced. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  horse  manure. 

129.    B.  dianthi  Arthur- Bolley 

Indiana  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.  Bull.,  59,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  oval,  occur  singly,  rarely  united,  0.9-1.0  :  1-2  j*.     In  rich 

fluid   media   more  united,  forming  short   filaments,   afterward   forming 

zooglcea. 
Neutral  gelatin  colonies.     Zobglcea  bodies,  with  a  surrounding  irregular  area 

of  coalescing  forms,  which  appear  as  large  viscid  drops. 
Acid  gelatin   colonies.     Zooglcea   make   up   nearly   the   entire   body  of  the 

colony,  with  a  more  irregular  outline  and  a  lobed,  wrinkled  appearance  of 

the  surface  ;  color,  light  orange. 
'elatin  slant.     Growth  smooth,  limited,  creamy,  becoming  rough,  tuberculate, 

light  orange. 
'elatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  arborescent  — 

feathery. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  bacteriosis  of  carnations. 

130.     B.  Hudsoni  Dyar 

l.c.,  369. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.6:  0.7-1.5  ft;  occur  singly  and  in  pairs. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  translucent,  ochreous  —  orange. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  mustard-colored. 

Lactose-litmus.     Reddened,  variable. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged.     Nitrates  not  reduced. 

Habitat.     Air. 

131.     B.  theta  Dyar 

I.e.,  375. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.7  :  1.0-1.3 /x, ;  in  pairs.     Motility  doubtful. 
Agar  slant.    'Growth  translucent,  ochreous. 
Gelatin.     Liquefied  slowly,  after  24  days. 
Lactose-litmus.     Blue. 


254 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Bouillon.     A  membrane. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  spreading,  glistening,  ochreous  —  brown. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 

Habitat.     Air. 

132.     B.  gamma  Dyar:  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5-0.7  :  1.0-1.5  /x. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  spreading,  translucent,  ochreous,  concentrically  marked; 

comes  off  in  pieces  under  the  needle. 
Bouillon.     A  thick  membrane. 
Milk.     Slowly  peptonized. 
Lactose-litmus.     Blue,  reduced. 
Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Unchanged. 
Habitat.    Air, 

CLASS  VIII.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  CHROMOGENIC,  PIGMENT  YELLOWISH.  GELATIN 
NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

"     , 
I.   Gelatin  colonies  large,  spreading. 

A.  Chromogenic  function  weak,  pale  yellow. 

133.  B.  subflavus  Zimmerman. 

B.  Chromogenic  function  strong,  deep  or  golden  yellow. 

1.  The  gelatin  acquires  a  green  fluorescence. 

134.  B.  fluorescens  Zimmerman. 

2.  Do  not  cause  a  fluorescence  of  the  gelatin. 

135.  B.  flavus  Adametz. 
II.   Gelatin  colonies  aerogenes-like. 

136.  B.  aurantiacus  Frankland. 

137.  B.  flavescens  Frankland. 

138.  B.  Winkleri. 

133.     B.  subflavus  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Trink  u.  Nutzwasser,  1890,  62. 

B.  Jlavescens  Pohl :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XI,  1892,  144. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  1.5-3.0  /u,. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies:  round,  yellowish,  white.     Surface  colonies: 

punctiform,  becoming  spreading ;  borders  irregular. 
Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface,  growth  thin,  yellowish  gray. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  255 

Agar  slant.     Growth  pale  yellow,  spreading,  becoming  darker,  pale  chrome- 
yellow  to  ochre-yellow. 
Potato.     Growth  scanty,  clay-yellow. 
Habitat.     Water. 

134.     B.  fluorescens  Zimmerman 

B.  fluorescens-aureus  Zimmerman  :  I.e.,  24. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  2.0  /*.     Optimum  temperature  20°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  round,  granular,  light  yellow.     Surface:  yellowish 

gray,  thickest  in  the  middle. 
Gelatin  stab.     But  slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  thin  layer,  which 

is  yellowish  and  spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  ochreous  —  golden  yellow. 
Potato.     As  in  agar  slant. 
Habitat.     Water. 

135.     B.  flavus  Adametz 

B.  aureo-flavus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  310. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  1.5-4  /u,.     Grow  slowly  at  room  temperatures. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  eight  days,  small  white  points,  becoming  round,  yellowish, 

opaque,  1-4  mm. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth ;  on  the  surface,  small  round  colonies, 

crowded  to  make  a  dark  chrome-yellow  layer. 
Potato.     Convex  colonies,  becoming  a  chrome-yellow  layer,  becoming  reddish 

brown  in  old  cultures. 
Habitat.     Water.     Surface  of  the  body  in  eczema.     (Tommasoli)  Mon.  prak. 

Dermatol.,  IX. 

136.     B.  aurantiacus  Frankland 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889,  390. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick,  variable,  often  in  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies:  small,  round,  granular.     Surface  colonies: 

aerogenes-like,  opaque,  homogeneous,  bright  orange. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth;  on  the  surface,  growth  glistening, 

orange. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  limited,  orange. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  thin  pellicle,  and  orange  sediment. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  glistening,  orange-red.     Nitrates  slowly  reduced. 
Habitat.    Water. 


256  BACTERIOLOGY 

137.     B.  flavescens  Frankland 

No  name  Pohl :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XI,  1892,  144. 
B.  flavescens  Frankland  :  Microorganisms  of  Water,  1892,  448. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  2.0  /n.     Slightly  motile. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Punctiform,  yellow,  granular.     Grow  very  slowly. 

Gelatin  stab.     Grows  in  depth,  and  is  spread  over  the  entire  surface. 

Agar  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded,  yellow ;    on  the  surface,  it  spreads 

slowly. 

Potato.     Growth  slimy,  yellow,  spreading. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  marsh  water. 


138.    B.  Winkleri 

B.  mesentcricus-aureus  Winkler :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  V,  1899,  577. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7 :  2-3  /JL.     Actively  motile. 

Wort  gelatin  colonies.  In  24  hours,  small,  snow-white  colonies,  roundish,, 
sharp,  lobate.  Microscopically,  cloudy,  becoming  vitreous  drops,  becom- 
ing golden  yellow,  becoming  slowly  liquefied,  with  a  concentric  flocculent 
zone ;  outside  of  this  a  zone  of  radiate  outgrowths,  and  outside  of  this 
again,  and  in  the  solid  medium,  are  numerous  secondary  colonies. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small,  coarsely  granular,  with  a  central  brownish  nucleus 
and  an  ameboid  border.  In  36  hours,  colonies  0.25  mm.  in  diameter. 
They  are  round,  entire,  with  granular  borders  ;  centres  cloudy,  and  contain 
long,  spiral  bacterial  aggregates,  or  irregular  aggregates  variously  placed, 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  smooth,  yellow. 

CLASS  IX.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  CHROMOGENIC,  PIGMENT  REDDISH.  GELATIN 
LIQUEFIED. 

I.   Pigment  bright  carmine  or  fuchsin-red. 

A.  On  liquefied  gelatin  in  stab  cultures,  the  production  of  a  membrane. 

1.  Pigment  carmine-red  on  agar  and  potato. 

139.  B.piscatorus  (Lehmann-Neumann). 

2.  Pigment  brick-red  on  agar  and  potato. 

140.  B.  indicus  (Koch)  Trevisan. 

B.  No  membrane  on  the  liquefied  gelatin  in  stab  cultures. 
I.   Pigment  granules  in  the  rods. 

141.  B.  rubus  Kruse. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  257 


2.   No  pigment  granules  in  the  rods. 

142.  B.  prodigiosus  (Ehrenberg)  Fliigge. 

143.  B.fuchsinus  Bokhont-de  Vries. 
II.   Pigment  flesh-colored. 

144.  B.  carneus  Kruse. 

139.   B.  piscatorus  (Lehmann-Neumann) 

B.  ruber-sardince  Du  Bois  Saint  Sevrin  :   Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1894,  31. 
Bact. piscatorum  Lehmann-Neumann:    Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  263. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  short  rods,  0.5-0.6  //.,  mostly  in  twos.  Gelatin  liquefied 
with  a  strong  membrane  of  a  carmine-red  color.  Pigment  production 
weaker  in  bouillon  or  on  agar  when  grown  at  37°. 

Potato.  Growth  of  a  beautiful  carmine-red  color.  Culture  gives  a  strong, 
odor  of  trimethylamine. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sardine  oil. 

140.   B.  indicus  (Koch)  Trev. 

M.  indicus  Koch  :   ref.  indt. 

B.  indicus-ruber  Fliigge  :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Bact.  indicum  Crookshank  :    Manual.  1887,  240. 

B.  indicm  Trevisan :    Genera,  1889,  17. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  very  short: 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies  golden  yellow,  erose.     Surface  colonies  have 

incised,  torn  edges. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate ;  on  the  surface  a  fragile,  red  membrane ; 

sediment  white. 

Agar  slant  2cs\&  potato.     Growth  brick -red. 
Pathogenesis.      Intravenous   inoculations  of  large   doses   into  rabbits  -cause 

death  with  toxaemia. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  stomach  of  an  ape. 

141.  B.  rubus  Kruse 

Der  rather  Bacillus  Lustig:  Diag.  der  Bak.  des  Wassers,  1893,  72. 
B.  ruber-aquatilis  Kruse  :   Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  303. 

•Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  2-3  times  their  breadth,  red   pigment  granules 

within  the  rods. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Erose,  reddish,  becoming  liquefied. 


258  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform.     No  pigment  in  depth  or  at  37°. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  raspberry  red. 
Habitat.     Water. 

142.  B.  prodigiosus  (Ehrenberg)  Flugge 

Serratia  marcrescens  Bizio :    Polent  porporp.  in  Bilb.  Ital.,  XXX,  1823,  288. 

Zoogalactina  immetropa  Sette  :    Mem.  Venezia,  1824,  51. 

Monas prodigiosa  Ehrenberg:    Monatsber.  K.  Akad.,  Berlin,  1848. 

M. prodigiosus  Cohn:    Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  1872,  153. 

B.  prodigiosus  Flugge  :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  0.5-1.0  ;  coccoid  forms;  filaments  in  acid  bouillon. 

Optimum  temperature  22°-25°.     No  pigment  at  38°-39°.     Flagella  peri- 

trichic,  6-8. 

Gelatin  colonies.    Deep  colonies  round  —  oval,  entire,  reddish-brownish  ;  trans- 
.     lucent  borders.     Deep  colonies  irregular,  with  rough  contours ;  granular, 

gray-brown,  liquefied,  when  the  red  color  of  the  colony  appears. 
1  Agar  slant.     Growth  whitish,  becoming  reddish. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate  ;  sediment  reddish. 
v  Milk.     Coagulated,  acid,  jteptonized,  yellowish-reddish. 
Potato.     Growth  rose-red,  moist,  becoming  dark  red  to  purple-red ;  odor  of 

trimethylamine. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  reddish,  with  a  slight  pellicle.     Pigment  soluble  in  alcohol 

and  ether.      The  solution  becomes   orange-yellow  on  the   addition   of 

alkalies  and  violet-red  with  acids. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Gas  production  variable ;  no  acid.     H2S   negative.     Indol 

slight. 

Pathogenesis.     Scarcely  pathogenic,  toxic  in  very  large  doses. 
Habitat.    Commonly  present  on  articles  of  food,  particularly  starchy  materials  ; 

also  meat,  water,  etc. 

143.   B.  fuchsinus  B6khout-de  Vries 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  IV,  1898,  497. 
Morphology.      Bacilli  0.5-0.7:1-1.5  //,.      Facultative  anaerobic,  btft  oxygen 

necessary  for  the  formation  of  pigment.     Optimum  temperature  22°-25°. 

No  pigment  at  36°. 

Agar  colonies.     White,  becoming  reddish,  thin,  metallic,  sharp. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth,  but  no  pigment;  on  the  surface,  growth 

bright  red. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  carmine-red,  with  a  metallic  shimmer.     Grow  best  on 

slightly  alkaline  or  neutral  media. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  259 


Potato.     Growth  reddish,  later  shows  a  bronze  shimmer. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized. 

Glucose  bouillon.  No  gas,  acid.  Pigment  soluble  in  alcohol,  chloroform, 
and  carbon  bisulphide,  less  so  in  ether,  and  with  difficulty  in  water.  The 
addition  of  an  alkali  renders  the  red-violet  solution  of  the  pigment  yellow. 
The  most  suitable  medium  is  a  sodium  tartrate  pepton  agar. 

144.  B.  carneus  Kruse 

Fleischfarbiger  Bacillus  Tils :    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  IX,  1890,  316. 
B.  carneus  Kruse:   Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 
B.  carmcolor  Frankland  :    Microorganisms  of  Water. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  2.0  //,. 

Gelatin  colonies.      In  2  days  round,  sharp;  liquefaction  crateriform ;  centre 

darker  and  finely  granular ;  outer  zone  colorless  or  concentric. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform,  with  a  rose-colored  sediment. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  flesh  red. 
Habitat.     Water. 

CLASS  X.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  CHROMOGENIC  ;  PIGMENT  REDDISH.  GELATIN 
NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Small,  slender  bacilli. 

146.  B.  rubefaciens  Zimmerman. 
II.    Large,  stout  bacilli. 

147.  B.  rubescens  Jordan. 

146.   B.  rubefaciens  Zimmerman 

Bak.  Trink  u.  Nutzwasser,  1890. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3  :  0.7-1 .6  /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :    round,   small,   yellowish   brown.      Surface :    flat, 

white-reddish. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  uniform  growth ;  on  the  surface,  growth  grayish 

white  to  yellowish,  becoming  wine-colored. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  grayish  blue. 
Potato.     Growth  yellow-brown,  with  flesh-colored  edge. 
Habitat.     Water. 


260  BACTERIOLOGY 

147.  B.  rubescens  Jordan 

Mass.  State  Board  of  Health,  1890,  368. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.9-4.0 /x;   pairs  —  filaments;  rods  sometimes  slightly 

curved.     Motility  slight.     Grow  at  37°. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Punctiform,   porcelain-white,   round,   entire;    later    of  a 

brownish  cast. 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  porcelain-white  bead. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  smooth,  white,  glistening,  becoming  wrinkled  after  some 

time,  with  a  slight  pinkish  tinge. 
Potato.     Growth  light  brown,  becoming  pink. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  alkaline  ;  in  old  cultures  a  pinkish  tinge  on  the  surface. 
Bouillon.     Turbid;  a  surface  membrane,  viscous  ;  becoming  clear.     Nitrates 

not  reduced. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sewage. 

CLASS  XI.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  CHROMOGENIC;  PIGMENT  BROWNISH  BLACK  OR 
GRAY  ON  GELATIN. 

I.    Gelatin  liquefied. 

148.    B.  cyanofuscus  (Beijerinck). 
13.9.    B.  aeris. 

150.  B.  ferrugineus  (Rullman). 
II.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

151.  B.  fuscus. 

148.    B.  cyanofuscus  Beijerinck 

Bot.  Zeit.,  XLIX,  1891,  Nos.  43-47. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.2-0.6  /x,  and  one-half  as  thick.  Cultures  in  solutions 
containing  0.5  per  cent  of  pepton  become  greenish  blue  —  brownish  black. 
Gelatin  colonies  surrounded  by  a  black  zone  in  which  crystals  are  formed. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  glue,  cheese.  % 

149.    B.  aeris 

B.violaceus-sacchari  Ager-Dyar:    N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  1894. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  0.5  :  0.7-1.0  p ;  occur  singly  and  in  short  chains. 

Gelatin.     Liquefied  quickly. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent ;  a  greenish  fluorescence  of  the  medium. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Decolorized. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  261 

Lactose-litmus.  Red.  Nitrates  not  reduced.  A  green  fluorescence  and  a  black- 
ish color  in  the  presence  of  glucose,  lactose,  and  glycerin.  A  violaceous 
pigment  especially  noted  in  old  milk  cultures. 

Habitat.     Air. 

150.    B.  ferruginous  Rullman 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXIV,  1898,  465. 

Morphology.  Bacilli,  in  bouillon,  0.8  ;  2.0  /x;  on  potato,  0.5  -.1.4  /A;  with  or 
without  polar  stain. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  slightly  brownish.  Surface:  on  the  first  day  deep 
brown.  On  gelatin  media  an  intense  brown  pigment  penetrates  the  latter. 

Beer-wort  agar.  Large  round  colonies  with  dark  brown  nuclei  and  bright 
brown  borders. 

Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  rusty  brown. 

Milk.  The  upper  fat  layer  becomes  dark  yellow ;  the  milk  below  slightly 
colored. 

Loffler^s  blood  serum.     A  liquefaction  after  some  days. 

Glucose  bouillon.  No  gas.  Reaction  of  cultures  strongly  alkaline.  Non- 
pathogenic  to  mice. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  canal  water. 

151.    B.  fuscus 

B.  fuscus-limbatus  Scheibenzuber :  Allgemeine  Wiener  med.  Zeitung,  1889,  171. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short. 

Gelatin  colonies.     As  brownish  clumps. 

Gelatin  stab.      In  depth,  growth  uniform,  with  short  outgrowths ;    surface 

growth,  slightly  spreading.     Gelatin  near  stab  slightly  brownish. 
Agar  slant.     A  brown  color  to  the  medium. 
Potato.     Growth  brownish. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  decayed  eggs. 

CLASS  XII.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  CHROMOGENIC ;  PIGMENT  BLUE-VIOLET  ON  GEL- 
ATIN OR  AGAR. 

I.    Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.   Pigment  violet  on  potato. 

1.  Pigment  violet  on  agar. 

152.  B.  violaceus  Jordan. 

2.  Pigment  blue-black  on  agar. 

153.  B.  li-vidus  Flugge-Proskauer. 


262  BACTERIOLOGY 

152.    B.  violaceus  Jordan 

B.  violaceus-laurentius  Jordan:  Mass.  State  Board  of  Health,  1890,  838. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  3.0-4.6  /x.     In  bouillon  the  pigment  is  formed  only 

in  the  presence  of  nitrates.     Nitrates  reduced. 
Potato.     Growth  violet. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  acid.     {Indol  produced,  pepton  rosolic  acid  unchanged^ 

Dyar.) 
Habitat.     Water. 

153.     B.  lividus  Fliigge-Proskauer 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  1887,  n,  463. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender,  medium-sized. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Resemble  drops  of  ink ;    gelatin  liquefied  slowly,  with  a 

bluish  violet  deposit. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth ;   surface  growth  violet ;   liquefaction 

slow. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  blue-black. 
Potato.     Growth  violet. 
Habitat.     Water. 

154.    B.  amethystinus 

B.  amethystinus-mobilis  Germane:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XII,  1892,  516. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender,  long,  not  in  filaments.     No  growth  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Membranaceous  ;  liquefied  slowly,  becoming  violet. 

Bouillon.     A  rugose  membrane. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  scanty. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish. 

Milk.     Coagulated. 

Habitat.     Air. 

CLASS  XIII.  WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  CULTURES  SHOW  A  GREENISH  FLUORESCENCE. 
GELATIN  LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Gelatin  liquefied  slowly. 

A.  Growth'  on  potato  greenish. 

155.  B .  Lesagei  Tre visan . 

B.  Growth  on  potato  brownish,  or  becoming  eventually  so. 
i .  Grow  well  at  37°. 

a.    Very  small  slender  rods  (one-half  the  size  of  tubercle  bacilli). 

156.  B.  smaragdinus  Reimann. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  263 

b.    Much  larger  rods  to  coccoid  forms,  variable. 

157.  B.  urines. 

158.  B.  Ellitigtonii. 
II.    Gelatin  liquefied  quickly. 

A.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  arborescent;  potato  cultures  floccose  —  curled. 

159.  B.  luccEmice  Lucet. 

B.  Cultures  on  gelatin  and  potato  not  characterized  as  above, 
i .  Cultures  have  a  decided  aromatic  odor. 

1 60.  B.  helvolus. 

155..  B.  Lesagei  Trev. 

B.  de  la  diarrhee  verte  des  enfants  Lesage  :  Bull.  Acad.  Med.,  Paris,  October,  1887. 

B.  Lesagei  Trevisan  :  Genera,  1889,  14. 

B.viridis  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7:  1.0-2.4  P\  filaments.     Optimum  temperature  35°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Thin,  spreading,  erose,  with  green  fluorescence. 

Gelatin  stab.     Grow  only  on  the  surface. 

Potato.     Growth  dark  green,  rarely  reddish,  with  odor  of  old  urine. 

Pathogenesis.      Intravenous   inoculations   and    feeding  of  rabbits   produces 

"  green  diarrhoea.1' 
Habitat.     Associated  with  "  green  diarrhoea  "  of  children. 

156.    B.  smaragdinus  Reimann 

B.  smaragdino'faetidus  Reimann:    Phil.  Diss.,  Wiirzburg,  1887. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  as  characterized,  somewhat  bent.  Optimum  tempera- 
ture 37°;  scanty  or  slow  growth  at  20°. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  occurs  along  line  of  stab;  on  the  surface,  a 
greenish  fluorescence. 

Agar  colonies.     Irregular,  fluorescent. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  yellow. 

Potato.     Growth  chocolate-brown. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  secretions  in  ozsena. 

157.    B.  urinae 

B.proteus-fluorescens  Jager:   Zeit^ch.  f.  Hygiene,  XII,  1892,  525. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  variable,  cocci  —  filaments,  variable  also  in  thickness. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Proteus  —  coli-like,  with  a  green  fluorescence.      Cultures 

stink  as  in  proteus. 
Gelatin  stab.     Gas  often  produced. 


264  BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  slant.     Warty  drops,  becoming  thick,  yellowish  white,  with  a  green 

fluorescence. 

Potato.     Growth  slimy,  light  yellow,  becoming  dark  brown. 
Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  and  intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  mice  cause 

death  in  3  days  to  2  weeks  ;  fatty  degeneration  of  liver  and  kidneys,  spleen 

enlarged,  intestines  hemorrhagic,  with  bacilli  in  the  organs. 
Habitat.      Isolated   from   persons   in   icterus   with   nephritis ;    from   urinary 

sediment,  etc. 

158.    B.  Ellingtonii 

B.  No.  21  Conn  :   I.e.,  1893,  52. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8 :  2.0  /u,  —  chains.     Grow  at  35°. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  opaque,  liquefied  quickly,  becoming  large,  greenish, 

granular,  with  a  central  granular  nucleus. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform,  becoming  a  broad  funnel ;  a  pellicle 

on  the  surface  ;  gelatin  clear,  green. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white,  transparent,  slightly  spreading;  medium 

becomes  greenish. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  moist,  brownish. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  alkaline,  slowly  peptonized. 
Bouillon.    Turbid,  a  slight  pellicle,  medium  slightly  greenish,  later  a  tenacious 

pellicle  on  the  surface. 
Habitat.     Milk,  Ellington  creamery. 

159.    B.  leucaemias  Lucet 

B.  leuccemia-canis  Lucet :    Baumgarten's  Jahresberichte,  1891,  319. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender,  3.0  p  long. 

Gelatin  stab.  From  the  line  of  stab,  lateral  outgrowths ;  a  liquefaction  and 
fluorescence  of  the  surface  growth. 

Potato.     Growth  abundant,  floccose  —  curled. 

Pathogenesis.  Inoculations  of  rabbits  cause  death  in  10  days,  with  nodu- 
lar formation  on  the  inner  organs,  containing  bacilli.  Guinea  pigs 
immune. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  dog  with  leukocythemia. 

1 60.    B.  helvolus 

B.  chromo-aromaticus  Sternberg :   Manual,  1892. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  green,  with  a  yellowish  white  membrane. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  265 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white. 

Potato.     Growth  brown. 

Pathogenesis .     Intravenous  inoculations  of  rabbits  cause  death  in  2-3  weeks ; 

pneumonia,  pleuritis,  pericarditis. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  hog  with  bronchopneumonia  and  enteritis. 


;LASS  xiv.   WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.   OBLIGATE  ANAEROBIC.  GEL- 
ATIN NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

[.   Grow  at  room  temperatures  and  in  nutrient  gelatin. 
1 6 1.     B.  tumidus 

B.  I  Sanfelicc  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893. 


^Morphology.     Bacilli  of  variable  length,  with  bladdery  swellings.      Motility 

slight. 
elatin  colonies.     Round,  glistening,  finely  granular ;  edges  floccose,  or  with 

B.  Zopfi-\\Vit  outgrowths. 

4gar  slant.     Growth  thick,  floccose  —  tomentous. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  death,  growth  beaded,  with  gas  production. 
habitat.     Isolated  from  putrefying  flesh. 

[.   No  growth  at  room  temperatures  or  in  nutrient  gelatin. 
162.    B.  thermophilus 

?i»  neuer  anaerober  Bacillus  des  malignen  Oedems  Novy:   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII, 

1894,  209. 
3.  cedematis-thermophilus  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  242. 

id 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.8-0.9  :  2.5-5.0.  Numerous  lateral  flagella.  Stained 
by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Floccose. 

"-lucose  bouillon.  Gas,  without  odor,  or  that  of  butyric  acid.  Reduces  litmus. 
No  growth  below  24°. 

*athogenesis .  Very  virulent  for  mice,  rats,  guinea  pigs,  rabbits,  cats,  and 
pigeons  by  subcutaneous  inoculation  of  0.1-0.25  cc.  There  is  an  oedema, 
with  much  gas ;  abdominal  muscles  red  with  hemorrhagic  flecks';  pleural 
and  abdominal  cavities  contain  a  colorless  exudate. 

habitat.  Isolated  from  a  guinea  pig  which  was  inoculated  with  a  contami- 
nated nuclei n  culture. 


266  BACTERIOLOGY 

CLASS  XV.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  RODS  NOT  SWOLLEN  AT  SPORULATION.  GELA- 
TIN LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Gelatin  stab  cultures  arborescent. 

164.  B.  Prausnitzii  Trevisan. 

165.  B.  aureus  Pansini. 
II.    Gelatin  stab  cultures  not  distinctly  arborescent. 

A.  Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  begins  only  after  7  days. 

URO-BACILLUS  GROUP. 

1.  Grow  in  ordinary  culture  media  only  upon  the  addition  of  urea  or 

by  rendering  media  distinctly  alkaline  with  NH4HO. 

166.  B.  Pasteuri  (Miquel). 

167.  B.  Freudenreichii  (Miquel). 

1 68.  B.  Madoxi  (Miquel). 

2.  Grow  on  ordinary  culture  media. 

a.  Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution  decolorized. 

169.  B.fissuratus  Ravenel. 

b.  Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution  not  decolorized. 

*  No  growth  on  potato. 

170.  B.  alpha  Dyar. 

tJ   Growth  on  potato  abundant,  but  nearly  invisible. 

171.  B.  beta  Dyar. 

B.  Gelatin  liquefied  quickly,  i.e.  in  less  than  7  days. 

i.   Potato  cultures  becoming  crumpled.     POTATO  BACILLUS  GROUP. 
a.   Color  of  potato  cultures  whitish-yellowish. 

*  Gelatin  liquefied  very  rapidly. 

|   Agar  smear  cultures  white-gray,  not  yellowish,  wrinkled. 
§   Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

172.  B.  Pammelii. 

§§   No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

%   Milk    not    coagulated,    or    at    most    only    slimy ; 

peptonized. 
9    Milk  shows  a  slimy  fermentation. 

173.  B.  vulgatus  Trev. 

174.  B.  lactis  No.  2  Fliigge. 

175.  B.  peptonans  Sterling. 
Consistency  of  milk  unchanged. 

176.  B.  megatherium  var.  Ravenelii. 

177.  B.  Scheurleni  Sternberg. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  267 

Jt    Milk  coagulated. 

178.  B.  liodermos  Fliigge. 

ft    Agar  smear  cultures  yellowish-brownish,  wrinkled. 

179.  B.  mesentericus  Trevisan. 

1 80.  B.  lactis  No.  4  Fliigge. 

tff   Agar  smear  cultures  smooth  or  scarcely  wrinkled. 

181.  B.  tennis  Trevisan. 

fffj-    Agar  smear  cultures  not  described ;  broad  bacilli  up  to 
1.7  microns. 

182.  B.  tumescens  Zopf. 
**    Gelatin  liquefied  slowly. 

t    Gas  produced  in  saccharose  bouillon. 

183.  B.  gummosus  Happ. 

ft    No  gas  produced  in  saccharose  bouillon. 

184.  B.  stellatus. 

185.  B.  cremoris. 

b.    Color  of  potato  cultures  becoming  eventually  brownish. 

*  Gelatin  colonies  round,  without  radiations, 
f    Reduce  nitrates  to  nitrites. 

1 86.  B.  denitrificans  Schirokikh. 
ft   Do  not  reduce  nitrates  to  nitrites. 

187.  B.  detrudens  Wright. 

188.  B.  maidis  Paltauf-Heider. 

**   Gelatin  colonies  proteus-like  or  with  outgrowths. 

189.  B.plicatus. 

190.  B.  gangr&nce  Arkb'vy. 
***   Gelatin  colonies  filamentous  —  floccose. 

191.  B.  aromaticus. 
****   Gelatin  colonies  not  described. 

192.  B.  magnus. 

193.  B.  Hueppei  Trev. 

2.   Potato  cultures  not  becoming  crumpled.     B.  SUBTILIS  GROUP. 
a.    Potato  cultures  becoming  dry,  mealy. 

*  Potato  cultures  whitish -gray. 

194.  B.  subtilis  (Ehrenberg)  Cohn. 

195.  B.  lactis-albus  Sternberg. 

196.  B.  leptosporus  Klein. 
**   Potato  cultures  yellowish. 


268  BACTERIOLOGY 

f   Very  thick  bacilli,  approaching  2.5  microns. 

197.  B.  megatherium  De  Bary. 

198.  B.  Ellenbachensis  (alpha)  Stutzer-Hartleb. 
ff    Bacilli  not  exceeding  i.o  micron  in  width. 

199.  B.  siibtilis-similis  Sternberg. 

200.  B.  cereus. 

b.  Potato  cultures  rough,  granular. 

*  Gelatin  liquefied  quickly. 

20 1.  B.  capillaceus  Wright. 
**   Gelatin  liquefied  slowly. 

202.  B.  rudis. 

c.  Growth  on  potato  thin,  scanty,  or  none,  and  the  color  of  the 

medium,  i.e.  white-gray. 

*  Gelatin  colonies  round,  entire,  without  radiations. 

203.  B.  circulans  Jordan. 

**   Gelatin  colonies  with  radiating  projections  or  proteus-like. 

204.  B.  limosus  Russell. 

205.  B.  sputi. 

***   Gelatin  colonies  not  described. 

206.  B.  vacuolosis  Sternberg. 

d.  Growth  on  potato  thick,  white. 

*  Colonies  of  the  anthrax  type,  floccose. 

207.  B.  pseudo-anthracis  Kruse. 

e.  Growth  on  potato  thick,  yellowish-brownish. 

208.  B.  vaculatus  Ravenel. 

f.  Growth  on  potato  white-gray,  but  not  otherwise  described. 

*  Colonies  with  radiating  outgrowths  or  ciliate  margins. 

209.  B.  Fluggei. 

210.  B.  crinatus. 

g.  Sterilized  potato  inoculated  undergoes  a  wet  rot  or  putrefactive 

fermentation. 

211.  B.  Krameri. 

164.    B.  Prausnitzii  Trev. 

B.  ramosus-liquefaciens  Flvigge  :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886,  290. 
B,  Prausnitzii  Trevisan  :    Genera,  1889,  20. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Beset  with  bristles  ;  liquefaction  slow. 

Gelatin  stab.     Radiations  from  all  sides. 

Habitat.     A  contamination  in  cultures. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  269 

165.  B.  aureus  Pansini 

Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender  threads. 

Gelatin  colonies.     With  a  Strahlenkranz. 

Gelatin  stab.    With  lateral  outgrowths,  a  membrane,  and  a  yellowish  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  rugose. 

Potato.     Growth  sulphur  —  golden  yellow.     Bouillon  turbid,  with  a  membrane. 

Habitat.     Sputum. 

1 66.  B.  Pasteuri  Miquel 

Urobacillus  Pasteuri  Miquel:  Ann.  Micrographie,  1889-92. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  dimensions  variable. 

Gelatin  colonies.  With  urea,  in  24  hours,  minute,  surrounded  by  dumb-bell- 
shaped  crystals ;  give  off  odor  of  NH3.  In  urine,  an  alkaline  fermenta- 
tion and  an  abundant  deposit  of  ammonia-magnesic-phosphate  and 
alkaline  urates.  This  deposit  acquires  a  blackish  color. 

Habitat.     Urine. 

167.     B.  Freudenreichii  Miquel 

Urobacillus  Freudenreichii  Miquel :  I.e. 
Not  clearly  differentiated  from  the  preceding. 

1 68.     B.  Madoxi  Miquel^ 

Urobacillus  Madoxi  Miquel :  I.e. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o  :  3.6 /x. 

Gelatin  colonies.     With  urea,  small,  round,  opaque,  surrounded  by  crystals. 
Gelatin  stab.     Fail  either  to  grow,  or  a  scanty  development  of  colonies,  with 

the  formation  of  crystals. 
Bouillon.     Rendered  alkaline,  with  formation  of  NH3;  a  dense  turbidity  of 

the  medium. 
Habitat.     Water  and  sewage. 

169.     B.  fissuratus  Ravenel 

I.e.,  38. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  small  straight  rods,  with  rounded  ends;  occur  singly. 

Motility  slight. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Light  yellow,  irregular,  darker  in  centre  ;  look  like  flakes  of 

mineral  matter  or  bits  of  shell.    In  2  days,  the  surf  ace  colonies  are  round, 

irregular ;  centre  brown  ;  broken  and  fissured  in  every  direction,  2-3  mm. ; 

gelatin  slowly  softened.  » 


2/0 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  greenish  white,  translucent. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth,  with  later  spherical  outgrowths ;  sur- 
face growth  capitate,  sunken  in  the  gelatin ;  evaporation  exceeds  lique- 
faction. 

Potato.  In  3  days,  a  bluish  discoloration  along  the  line  of  inoculation, 
becoming  yellowish,  moist,  glistening. 

Bouillon.     A  slight  turbidity,  becoming  clear. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Decolorized. 

Litmus  milk.  Alkaline,  not  coagulated.  In  two  weeks  becomes  translucent 
and  violet. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Optimum  temperature  36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

170.    B.  alpha  Dyar 

I.e.,  366. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  0.8  :  1-2  /*;  occur  singly  and  in  chains. 

Gelatin.     Not  liquefied  for  1 1  days  or  more. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  glistening,  white. 

Litmus  milk.    Not  coagulated  ;  not  reddened.    Reduction  of  nitrates  negative 

or  slight.     Indol  production  slight. 
Habitat.    Air. 

171.  B.  beta  Dyar 

I.e.,  366. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  rounded,  0.6:  1.5-2.0  /u,. 

Gelatin.     Liquefied  slowly.     Surface :  growth  thin,  feathery. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  glistening,  white. 

Litmus  milk.    Not  coagulated ;  not  reddened.    Reduction  of  nitrates  negative 

or  slight.     Indol  production  slight. 
Habitat.     Air. 

172.  B.  Pammelii 

B.-gasoformans  Pammel :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  II,  1896,  642. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.2-1.4:3.7-4  /x,  variable;  in  chains  of  2-5.     Motility 

slight. 

Gelatin  colonies-.     Lenticular. 
Gelatin  slant.     Growth  white,  limited. 
Gelatin  slab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  wrinkled. 
Bouillon.     Good  growth,  with  a  pellicle. 
Potato.     Slightly  granular,  large  wrinkles,  spreading. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  2/1 


Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized,  alkaline. 

Glucose  and  saccharose  bouillon.     Gas.     No  gas  in  lactose  bouillon. 

Habitat.     Cheese. 

173.     B.  vulgatus  Trevisan. 

B.  mesentericus-vulgatus  Fliigge :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
B.  vulgatus  Trevisan :  Genera,  1889,  19. 
Potato  bacillus  of  various  authors. 

Morphology .  Bacilli  0.8:1.6-5.0  /x;  somewhat  shorter  and  smaller  than 
B.  subtilis.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Without  radiations  like  B.  subtilis.  Surface  colonies :  round, 
becoming  crateriform,  with  a  grayish  white,  delicate,  crumpled  membrane. 
Microscopically,  in  early  stage,  border  of  colony  segmented. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  narrow  tube  ;  on  the  surface,  a  crateriform  to  strati- 
form liquefaction,  with  a  surface  membrane. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  gray  white,  glistening,  becoming  crumpled. 

Bouillon.  Weakly  turbid;  a  membrane  which  is  firm  and  not  easily  broken 
by  shaking. 

Milk.     Coagulated  slowly,  alkaline,  slimy,  peptonized. 

Potato.  Growth  thin,  white,  crumpled,  becoming  light  yellowish.  Indol 
negative.  H2S  production  feeble. 

Habitat.    Widely  distributed. 

174.    B.  lactis  No.  2  Flugge 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894,  272. 

From  descriptions,  not  differentiated  from  the  preceding. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

175.     B.  peptonans  Sterling 

B.  lactis-peptonans  Sterling:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  I,  1895,  473. 
From  descriptions,  not  differentiated  from  173. 

176.    B.  megatherium  var.  Ravenelii 

B.  megatherium  Ravenel :  I.e.,  II. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  thick,  rounded,  3-5  times  their  breadth  ;  occur  in  chains, 
in  which  rods  are  bent  on  each  other ;  lengths  unequal.  Motility  slight, 
ameboid. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin    colonies.      Deep:    brown,    entire,    homogeneous.       Surface-,    light 

brown ;  margins  irregular ;  centres  dense,  becoming,  in  3  days,  liquefied, 

crateriform,  4  mm.,  with  white  irregular  centres  and  greenish  borders, 

in  which  are  tangled  filaments. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  glistening,  elevated,  sometimes  yellowish ;  odor 

of  sour  milk. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform,  becoming  stratiform  or  infundibuli- 

form. 
Potato.    Growth  elevated,  white,  moist,  glistening,  spreading,  rugose,  becoming 

smoother ;  odor  of  stale  milk. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  flocculent  sediment,  becoming  clear. 
Litmus  milk.     Decolorized  slowly,  and  peptonized ;  amphoteric  — alkaline. 

Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

177.     B.  Scheurleni  Sternberg 

Manual,  1892,  680;    Dyar,  I.e.,  367.  V" 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7-1.0:  1.0-2.5  /x;  occur  singly  and  in  short  chains. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  transparent.     Grow  slowly  at  room  temperature. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  surface  of  the  skin,  mammae  of  woman,  air,  etc. 

178.    B.  liodermos  Fltigge 

Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  thick,  rounded,  1.2:  3.5  /K;  in  pairs  and  chains. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform  ;  a  membrane  on  the  surface. 
Agar  slant.    Growth  a  white,  rosette-like  layer. 
Potato.     A  gummy,  translucent  layer ;  gum  soluble  in  water,  precipitated  by 

alcohol. 
Milk.    Coagulated,  peptonized ;  butyric  acid.    Related  to,  perhaps  a  variety  of,, 

B.  "vulgatus. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  potato  and  from  milk.  • 

179.    B.  mesentericus  Trev. 

B.  mesentericus-fuscus  Fliigge :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
B.  mfsentericus  Trevisan :  Genera,  1889,  19. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  2-4  /x ;  ends  rounded.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies  gray-yellow,  irregular,  with  outgrowths. 
Surface  colonies,  small,  round,  gray-white,  becoming  sunken  in  the  gelatin 
like  B.  subtilis.  Microscopically,  centres  gray-brown,  opaque,  with  ciliate 
borders. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  273, 

Gelatin  stab.    Liquefaction  infundibuliform  —  saccate,  with  a  white-gray  pellicle- 

Agar  slant.     GroVth  yellow-brown,  moist,  glistening,  crumpled. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle. 

Potato.      Growth  gray-yellow,  moist,  glistening,  raised,  becoming  crumpled  ~ 

H2S  produced.     Indol  production  feeble. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  slightly  alkaline. 
Habitat.     Widely  distributed. 

VARIETIES.     B.  mesentericus-fuscus-granulatus  Dyar. 

Agar  cultures  coarsely  granulated ;  reduce  nitrates  vigorously. 
B.  mesentericus-fuscus-consistens  Dyar. 

Gelatin  colonies  approaching  in  character  to  those  of  B.  vulgaris. 

1 80.    B.  lactis  No.  4  Fliigge 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894,  294. 

From  descriptions,  not  differentiated  from  the  preceding. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

181.    B.  tenuis  Trev. 

Tyrothrix  tenuis  Duclaux :  Le  Lait,  Paris,  1887. 
B.  tenuis  Trevisan :  Genera,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6 :  3  o  /x  —  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Growth  on  agar,  in  milk,  and  in  bouillon  like  B.  subttlis. 

Potato.     Growth  like  B.  vulgatus. 

Habitat.     Milk  and  cheese. 

182.  B.  tumescens  Zopf 

Spaltpilze,  1885,  82.    A.  Koch :  Bot.  Zeitung,  1888,  313. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  about  1.7  /u,  broad;  or  filaments,  which  are  bent 

and  twisted. 

Potato.     Growth  white,  viscid,  somewhat  crumpled. 
Habitat.     Found  in  beets. 

183.  B.  gummosus  Happ    r 

Philos.  Diss.,  Basel,  1893.  ^ 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  feebly  motile. 

Potato  and  agar  slant.      Growth  white,  crumpled.      Ferments  cane  sugar; 

medium  viscous,  with  production  of  lactic  and  butyric  acids  and  CO2. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  a  slimy  fermentation  of  digitalis  infusions,  etc. 
T 


.2/4 


BACTERIOLOGY 


184.  B.  stellatus 

B.  lactis  No.  g  Fliigge :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894,  294. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  long. 

Gelatin  colonies.     With  radiating  outgrowths. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  waxy,  crumpled. 

Potato.     Growth  whitish  yellowish,  crumpled. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  crumpled  pellicle. 

Milk.     Peptonized. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

185.  B.  cremoris 

B.  lactis  No.  10  Fliigge :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small  —  filaments.     Like  the  preceding  in  cultural  char- 
acters, but  with  a  thick  creamy  layer  on  bouillon. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

1 86.    B.  denitrificans  Schirokikh 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  II,  1896,  204. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.5-2  /A  times  their  breadth,  ends  rounded,  in  chains  of 

2-8.     Obligate  aerobic.     Optimum  temperature,  37°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  2  days,  1-2  mm.,  round  —  irregular;   liquefied  gelatin 

bluish  ;  containing  granules. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform,  with  a  granular  sediment.    ', 
Agar  colonies.      In  24  hours  at  37°  starred,  or  like  a  snow  crystal ;  centres 

papillate,  yellowish,  elevated, 
Potato.     Growth  brownish,  crumpled,  stringy. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  white,  crumpled  pellicle.  t 

Milk.     Peptonized. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  horse  manure. 

187.    B.  detrudens  Wright   V- 

l.c.,  452. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized,  blunt,  2-3  times  their  breadth.     Flagella 

peritrichic. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep  colonies  :   round  —  oval,  brownish,  entire,  or  beset  with 

plaques  or  buds.      Surface  colonies:  round,  whitish,  translucent,  entire 

disks.     Microscopically,  brownish,  granular,  entire,  with  a  wide  zone  of 

clouded,  liquefied  gelatin. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  creamy  white,  opaque,  and  glistening. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  2/5 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  slight  pellicle. 

Potato.     Growth  spreading,  light  brown,  reticulately  wrinkled. 
Litmus  milk.     Decolorized,  amphoteric,  coagulated. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  production  slight  or  doubtful.     Grow  at  36°. 
.Habitat.     Water. 

1 88.    B.  maidis  Paltauf-Heider 

Wiener  Med.  Jahrb.,  1888,  383. 

Not  differentiated  from  B.  uulgatus^  except  potato  growth  is  wrinkled,  and 

yellow-brown. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  spoiled  corn. 

189.    B.  plicatus 

B.  lactis  No.  7  Flugge :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894.  294. 

.Morphology.     Bacilli  long. 

Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  brown,  crumpled. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  slight  pellicle. 

Milk.     Peptonized,  toxic. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

190.    B.  gangraenae  Arkovy 

B.gangrcence-pulpcB  Arkovy:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol..  XXIII.,  1897,  921. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  4.0  /x,  square-ended  ;  occur  singly  and  in  chains.  Occa- 
sionally as  filaments  or  coccoid  forms,  with  other  degeneration  forms  in 
old  agar  cultures.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  Spores  oval,  in  the  centre 
of  the  rods. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  24  hours,  white,  mealy.  Microscopically,  finely  granular, 
golden  yellow,  round,  with  outgrowths;  in  about  30  hours  the  gelatin  is 
liquefied ;  on  the  fluid  gelatin  a  white,  crumpled  membrane ;  a  stinking, 
cheesy  odor. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  24  hours  a  small  funnel  with  a  white  membrane;  liquefaction 
extending  to  walls  of  the  tube.  The  membrane  becomes  dirty  brown,  the 
gelatin  reddish  brown  and  alkaline. 

Agar  colonies.     In  24-30  hours  white,  mealy,  like  gelatin  colonies. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  limited,  crumpled,  becoming  in  5-6  days  ash-gray ;  the 
medium  a  beautiful  brownish  gray. 

Blood  serum.     A  brownish  stripe,  liquefied. 

Bouillon.     A  membrane  ;  medium-colored,  like  the  liquefied  gelatin. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  brown,  crumpled. 

Milk.    Coagulated. 


2/6 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Pathogenesis .  By  subcutaneous  inoculations  mice  die  in  4-12  days  with  symp- 
toms of  diarrhoea ;  bacilli  in  the  blood.  With  rabbits  there  is  elevated 
temperature,  and  a  portion  die.  Guinea  pigs  die  in  a  ^proportion  of  the 
inoculations.  Inoculation  of  human  teeth  results  in  a  gangrenous'  altera- 
tion of  the  pulp. 

Habitat.    Associated  with  gangrene  of  tooth  pulp  and  caries  of  teeth,  chronic  !•• 
alveolar  abscess,  etc. 

191.  B.  aromaticus 

B.  lactis  No.  n  Fliigge  :   I.e. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  slender. 
Gelatin  colonies.     An  irregular  tangle  of  threads. 
Gelatin  stab.     Show  lateral  outgrowths,  slowly  liquefied. 
Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  thick,  leathery,  channelled,  becoming  bright 

brown. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  slowly  peptonized,  with  an  aromatic  odor. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

192.  B.  magnus 

B.  lactis  No.  8  Fliigge :   l.c. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  thick. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  glistening. 
Potato.     Growth  white  —  yellow  —  brown,  crumpled. 
Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  pellicle. 
Milk.     Peptonized. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

193.    B.  Hueppei  Trev. 

B.  butyricus  Hueppe:   Miteillungen  Kaiserlich.  Gesundheitsamte,  II,  1884,  309. 
Clostridium  Hueppei  Trevisan  :    Genera,  1889,  22. 
B.pseudo-butyricus  Kruse:    Fliigge;  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  207. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  whitish-bluish,  smooth. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish,  becoming  crumpled. 

Lactose  bouillon.     No  gas  ;  butyric  acid  produced. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  not  acid,  peptonized,  with  production  of  leucin,  tyrosin,. 

and  ammonia. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

194.    B.  subtilis  (Ehrenberg)  Cohn 

• 

Vibrio  subtilis  Ehrenberg:  Infusionsthierchen  als  volkommene  Organismen,  Leipzig,  1838. 

B.  subtilis  Cohn:  Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  Heft  2,  1875. 

14, 
Morphology.     Bacilli  i .*2  :  3-4  /x,  —  filaments  —  chains  ;  ends  rounded.     Spore 

germination  equatorial.     Flagella  peritrichic.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 


TH-E   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  277 

Gelatin  colonies.  Crateriform,  turbid ;  microscopically,  round,  entire,  becom- 
ing ciliate ;  dense  flocculi  in  the  liquefied  gelatin  —  felted,  floccose, 
densest  in  the  centre. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  crateriform  —  saccate  —  stratiform,  with  a  pellicle 
on  the  surface. 

Agar  colonies.     Anthrax-like. 

Bouillon.  Turbid ;  a  membrane  on  the  surface  adhering  to  the  walls  of  the 
tube. 

Potato.     Growth  white,  thick,  mealy. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  crumpled. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized,  slightly  alkaline.     Indol negative. 

Habitat.     Widely  distributed.^ 

195.    B.  lactis-albus  Steinberg 

Described  but  not  named  Loffler :    Berliner  klin.  Wochenschrift,  1887,  Nos.  33-34. 
B.  lactis-albus  Sternberg:    Manual,  1892,  680. 

As  far  as  described  like  the  preceding.     In  milk,  the  production  of  butyric 

acid,  leucin,  and  tyrosin. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

196.    B.  leptosporus  Klein 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  VI,  1889,  6. 

In  fluid  media  like  B.  subtilis.     Characters  on  solid  media  not  described. 

Spore  germination  polar.     (See  Fig.  6.) 
Habitat^.     A  culture  contamination. 

197.    B.  megatherium  De  Bary 

Vergl.  Morph.  Phys.  u.  Biol.  der  Pilze,  Strassburg,  1884. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  very  large,  approaching  2-5  microns  in  thicknes-s ;  in 
cultures,  after  successive  -generations  much  smaller,  0.6-0.8  /x,  somewhat 
bent  and  curved.  .Numerous  peritrichic  flagella.  Aerobic.  Stain  by 
Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies  gray  white,  translucent,  denser  in  the  centre, 
granular,  ciliate.  Surface  colonies  raised,  centres  dense,  borders  ciliate. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate  ;  no  membrane. 

Agar  colonies.  Elevated,  white,  grayish,  moist,  glistening;  microscopically, 
segmented. 

Agar  slant  and  potato.  Growth  like  B.  subtilis,  slightly  yellowish.  Indol 
negative.  H2S  positive. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  cabbage  infusion. 


2/8  BACTERIOLOGY 

198.    B.  Ellenbachensis  alpha  Stutzer-Hartleb 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  ate  Abt.,  IV,  1898,  31. 

Morphologically  like  B.  mycoides  and  B.  megatherium.  In  long  filaments- 
Spore  formation  and  germination  like  B.  megatherium.  Spores  oval. 

Glucose  gelatin  colonies.  Round,  with  a  thick  central  nucleus  and  a  turbid 
border ;  becoming  sunken  in  the  liquefied  gelatin ;  border  filamentous ; 
odor  cheesy. 

Agar  colonies.  In  24  hours  at  20°,  round,  glistening,  grayish  white.  Micro- 
scopically, dark  gray  and  granular  in  the  interior ;  border  filamentous  — 
floccose. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  gray,  soft,  flat ;  border  indented. 

Milk.    Weakly  acid. 

Asparagin  agar.    Growth  soft,  with  mycelial-like  threads  from  the  edge. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  alinite. 

199.    B.  subtilis-similis  Sternberg 

Manual,  1892,  679. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  i.o:  2-4  /*  —  filaments.  Facultative  anaerobic.  Gela- 
tin liquefied  more  slowly  than  B.  subtilis ;  a  membrane  on  the  surface  of 
the  liquefied  gelatin. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  B.  subtilis. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  creamy  white. 

Potato.     Growth  dry,  yellowish. 

Agar  stab.    Growth  arborescent. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  liver  of  yellow  fever  cadaver. 

200.    B.  cereus 

B.  lactis  No.  5  Fliigge  :   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  1894,  294. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  long,  slender. 

Gelatin  colonies.     With  outgrowths. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  smooth. 

Potato.     Growth  bright  yellow,  dry,  becoming  faintly  crumpled. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  membrane. 

Milk.    Peptonized. 

Habitat.     Milk. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  279 

201.  B.  capillaceus  Wright 

l.c.,456. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  ends  blunt,  in  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  small,  round,  hazy;  microscopically,, 
dark,  granular,  irregular  —  stellate  —  branched,  composed  of  smaller 
daughter  colonies  and  filamentous  outgrowths.  Surface  cjknies :  in 
2-3  days  crateriform,  2  mm.,  denser  and  grayish  in  the  centre ;  micro- 
scopically, dense  central  clumps  and  ciliate  borders. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  crateriform-stratiform 
liquefaction  and  a  wrinkled  pellicle.  Acid  gelatin.  Slight  growth, 
becoming  alkaline. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  grayish,  frosted,  becoming  moist,  glistening;  the  agar 
becomes  brownish. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  alkaline, 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  rough,  slightly  granular,  purple-pink. 

Litmus  milk.     Coagulated,  decolorized,  amphoteric. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  slight  or  doubtful.     Grow  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

202.    B.  rudis  . 

B.  lactis  No.  6  Fliigge  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender. 
Gelatin  colonies.     With  fine  outgrowths. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  crumpled. 
Potato.     Growth  twisted  ;  surface  rough. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  slight  pellicle. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

203.    B.  circulans  Jordan  • 

Report  Mass.  Board  of  Health,  1890,  831. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o:  2-5  /u,,  in  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  2-4  days,  round,  brownish ;  later,  depressions,  due  to 

liquefaction. 
Qelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth,  a  conical  cavity ;  evaporation  exceeds 

rate  of  liquefaction. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent. 

Potato.     Growth  somewhat  scanty,  the  color  of  the  medium. 
Bouillon.     In  3-4  days,  turbid  ;  no  pellicle. 


28o  BACTERIOLOGY 

Milk.     Slightly  acid,  coagulated  slowly  or  not  at  all.     Nitrates  reduced  to 

nitrites. 
Habitat.    Water. 

204.    B.  limosus  Russell 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XI,  1891,  196. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  rather  slender ;  plasma  granular,  1.2  :  3-4  /A. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Slightly  transparent,  with  slender  filaments  extending  into 

the  gelatin  ;  later,  larger  liquefied  depressions,  with  thorn-like  projections. 
Gelatin  stab  (gelatin  made  with  sea  water).     Liquefaction  infundibuliform  — 

saccate. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  white. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  grayish  white. 
Habitat.     Sea  water. 

205.    B.  sputi 

B.  No.  VI  Pansini:  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXI  I,  1890. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender. 
Colonies.     Proteus-like. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  porcelain-white. 
Potato.     An  invisible  growth. 
Bouillon.     A  membrane  ;  no  odor. 
Habitat.     Sputum. 

206.    B.  vacuolosis  Steinberg 

Manual,  1892,  717. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o:  1.5-5  —  filaments;  ends  rounded. 
•Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform  ;  liquefied  gelatin  viscid  ;  a  pellicle  on 

the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  creamy  white. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  creamy  white. 
Pathogenesis .     Non-pathogenic  to  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  stomach  and  intestines  of  yellow  fever  cadavers. 

207.    B.  pseudo-anthracis  Kruse 

Mihbrandahnlicher    Bacillus    aus    Sudamerik  anise  hem    Fleischfuttermehl    Burri :    Hyg. 

Rundschau,  1894,  No.  8,  ref.  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVI,  374. 
B. pseudo-anthracis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  233. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  anthrax,  I  :  3-6  —  filaments  ;  slowly  motile. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  anthrax. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  more  rapid  than  in  anthrax,  without  outgrowths. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  28 1 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  membrane,  becoming  clear. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  smooth,  not  floccose  or  crumpled. 

Potato.     Growth  gray-white,  soft,  becoming  moist,  glistening. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  amphoteric. 

Pathogenesis .     Non-pathogenic  to  mice. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  South  American  bran. 

208.    B.  vaculatus  Ravenel 

I.e.,  31. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  straight,  with  rounded  ends ;   occur  singly ;    stain  like 

Klebs-Lbffler  bacillus. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Deep  colonies:  yellowish,  granular,  entire.    Surface  colonies : 

in  2  days,  0.5   mm.,  yellowish,  entire,  granular,  mottled;    liquefaction 

crateriform. 
Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  raised ;  in  3  days,  a  crateriform  liquefaction, 

becoming  stratiform,  with  a  membrane. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent,  moist,  glistening  ;  agar  stained  a  faint 

greenish. 

Potato.     Growth  light  brown,  slimy,  thick,  moist,  becoming  yellowish  brown. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  clear. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     In  12-14  days,  a  cherry-red. 
Litmus  milk.     Rendered  alkaline,  becoming  watery,  translucent,  decolorized, 

peptonized,  alkaline  ;  not  coagulated. 
Ghicose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  positive.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

209.  B.  Fliiggei 

B.  lactis  No.  i  Fliigge :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  thick,  short. 

Gelatin  colonies.     With  outgrowths. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white. 

Potato.    Growth  gray-white. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  flocculent  sediment. 

Milk.     Peptonized,  toxic. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

210.  B.  crinatus 

B.  No.  V  Pansini:  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  rather  more  slender  than  B.  subtilis. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Coli-like,  with  fine,  undulating  radiations. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate. 


282  BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  flat,  white. 

Potato.     Growth  flat,  white,  with  odor  of  rotten  cheese. 

Habitat.     Sputum. 

211.    B.  Krameri 

B.  der  Nassfaiile  der  Kartoffeln  Kramer:  Osterr.  landwirtsch.  Centralblatt,  1891,  n. 
B.  of  potato  rot  Sternberg:  Manual,  1892,  716. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7-0.8  :  2.5  /u —  chains,  filaments. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform. 

Gelatin  slant.    In  24  hours,  a  dirty  white  line  of  growth,  with  scalloped  margins. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  of  dirty  white,  slimy  drops. 

Milk.    Coagulated,  but  no  putrefactive  change  ;  dextrin  decomposed  to  butyric 

acid  and  CO2 ;  dissolves  starch  without  decomposing  it. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  wet  rot  of  potato. 

CLASS  XVI.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE  AN- 
AEROBIC. RODS  NOT  SWOLLEN  AT  SPORULATION.  GELATIN 
NOT  LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Pathogenic,  animal  habitats. 

212.  B.  Koubasoffii. 

213.  B.  Afanassieffi  Trevisan. 

214.  B.  Cladoi  Trevisan. 
II.    Non-pathogenic. 

A.  Milk  rendered  acid. 

215.  B.  punctiformis .  *, 

216.  B.  Weigmanni. 

B.  Milk  rendered  alkaline,  or  unchanged  in  reaction. 

217.  B.  siccus. 

218.  B.  ginglymus  Ravenel. 

C.  Milk  cultures  not  described. 

219.  B.  cuticularis  Tataroff. 
230.   B.  Foutini. 

212.    B.  Koubassoffii 

B.   der  krebsartigcn  Neubildungen    Koubassoff:     Vortrag.    Moskauer  Militararztlichen 

Verein,  No.  22,  1888.     Ref.  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  VII,  1890,  317. 
B.  of  Koubassoff  Sternberg :  Manual,  1892,405. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  2-3  times  the  length  of  tubercle  bacilli,  and  3-4  times.* 
as  thick ;  ends  rounded,  or  one  end  pointed.     Grow  at  36°.     Facultatii 
anaerobic. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  283 

Glycerin  gelatin  stab.  Growth  in  depth,  slender,  jagged ;  on  the  surface,  a 
bluish  membrane  in  the  form  of  a  funnel. 

Agar  slant.     At  36°  growth  bluish  white. 

Potato.     Growth  at  first  typhoid-like,  becoming  a  granular  membrane. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  death  in  1-2 
weeks.  There  is  emaciation,  paralysis  of  the  sphincter  muscles,  nodular 
elevations  on  the  mucous  wall  of  stomach,  etc. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  growths  on  the  stomach  of  a  person  who  died  of  can- 
cer of  the  stomach. 

213.    B.  Afanassieffi  Trevisan 

0 

B.  des  Keuchhustem  Afanassieff :  St.  Petersburg  med.  Wochensch.,  1887,  No.  39-42. 
B.  Afanassieffi  Trevisan :  Genera,  1889,  13. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-2.2  /A;  solitary  in  pairs  and  in  short  chains. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round  —  oval,  light  brown  ;  microscopically,  finely  granular 

and  dark  brown. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth ;  on  the  surface  the  growth  is  grayish 

white. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  gray,  limited. 
Potato.       Growth    yellowish    glistening   dew-like   drops,   becoming    thicker, 

brownish,  and  spreading. 
Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  into  the  air  passages  and  pulmonary  parenchyma 

of  young  dogs  and  rabbits  cause  bronchial  catarrh,  bronchopneumonia, 

and  sporadic  coughing ;  bacilli  in  the  bronchial  and  nasal  secretions. 

214.    B.  Cladoi  Trevisan 

Bacille peduncule  Clado  :  Bull.  Soc.  Anat.,  Paris,  1887,  339. 

B.  Cladoi  Trevisan  :  Genera,  1889,  14. 

B.  septicus-vesicce  Sternberg  :  Manual,  1892,  475. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5  :  1.6-2.0  /*;  never  in  pairs  —  chains.  Stain  by 
Gram's  method.  Facultative  anaerobic.  Grow  at  36°. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Do  not  exceed  1.2  mm.,  round,  oval,  transparent,  yellowish 
white  —  dark  gray,  with  a  zone  of  yellow. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  thin,  jagged. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  scanty,  a  grayish  yellow  stripe. 

Potato.     Growth  flat,  dry,  brown. 

Pathogenesis.  Inoculations  of  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits  cause  toxaemia 
and  septicaemia. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  urine  of  a  person  with  cystitis. 


284  BACTERIOLOGY 

215.    B.  punctiformis 

B.  No.  2j  Conn  :  I.e.,  1893,  53. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  plump  rods,  0.8  :  1.5  /*,  in  twos,  no  chains.     Facultative 

anaerobic.     Grow  at  35°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small  round  transparent  beads,  0.5  mm. ;  in  5  days  I  mm., 

small,  white,  glistening. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  thin,  rough,  somewhat  transparent. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  somewhat  elevated,  spreading. 
Potato.     Growth  moist,  white,  glistening,  elevated,  becoming  brownish. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated,  thickens  to  a  pasty  mass,  becoming  brownish,  acid. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  sediment ;  no  pellicle. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

217.    B.  siccus 

•  B.  No.  25  Conn  :  I.e.,  53. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.7  :  2.0 /A;  no  chains.     Facultative  anaerobic.    Grow  at 

36°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  round,  with  concentric  wrinkles,  becoming  i  mm., 

with  a  central  nucleus  and  a  darker  rim,  separated  by  a  partly  clear  space  ; 

the  edge  may  be  rough  or  lobed. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  thin,  spreading,  transparent,  dry,  white. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  somewhat  elevated. 
Potato.    Growth  grayish,  dry,  elevated,  yellowish  brown. 
Milk.     Slightly  alkaline. 
Bouillon.    Turbid,  with  a  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

218.    B.  ginglymus  Ravenel 

I.e.,  37. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  straight,  3-7  times  their  breadth ;  occur  singly  arid  in 
chains  of  2-3  elements  ;  ends  rounded. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  yellowish,  granular,  0.5  mm.  Surface  colo- 
nies: in  24  hours,  minute,  white,  punctiform,  gray,  granular ;  edges  irregu- 
lar;  in  36  hours  0.25  mm.,  white  ;  centre  orange-brown,  marmorated  with 
an  outer  gray  zone  ;  do  not  exceed  0.5  mm.  In  7  days  a  colorless  border, 
finely  veined,  with  a  brown  centre. 

Agar  slant.     A  grayish  white  line,  moist,  glistening,  i  mm.  wide. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  10  days,  indistinct  globular  outgrowths;  on  the  sur- 
face a  grayish  button,  2-3  mm. 

Potato.  Growth  thin,  spreading,  yellowish,  moist,  glistening,  becoming 
brownish. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  285 

Bouillon.     Turbid. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Becomes  lighter ;  decolorized  in  2  weeks. 

Litmus  milk.     Alkaline,  not  coagulated,  becoming  translucent,  and  in  2  weeks 

violet. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

219.    B.  cuticularis 

B.  cuticularis-albus  Tataroff :  Die  Dorpater  Wasserbakterien,  Dorpat,  1891,  24. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  3.2  /x  long,  variously  bent  filaments,  in  pairs. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies:  round  —  oval,  entire.  Surface  colonies:  irreg- 
ular, bluish  white,  opalescent ;  microscopically,  brownish,  edge  irregular, 
granular. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  beaded ;  later  with  ligulate  outgrowths ;  surface 
growth,  irregular  —  rosette-shaped,  white,  glistening,  spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white,  glistening,  spreading. 

Bouillon.  Turbid,  white  sediment,  flocculent  particles  in  the  fluid,  and  a 
whitish  pellicle. 

Potato.  Growth  thick,  moist,  glistening,  brownish  ;  surface  irregular,  becom- 
ing reddish  brown  —  yellowish  brown. 

Habitat.     Water. 

220.    B.  Foutini 

Bacillus  D  Foutin  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  VII,  1890,  373. 
Morphology.     Bacilli   1.0:5-20  /x,  thinner  at  the  poles,  which  are  slightly 

rounded;  one  to  four  spores  in  a  single  rod ;  slightly  motile. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded  ;  on  the  surface,  a  nailhead  growth. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  limited,  rather  thick,  with  mother-of-pearl  iridescence. 
Potato.     Growth  somewhat  raised,  yellow,  limited. 
Pathogenesis.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  hail. 

CLASS  XVII.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  RODS  NOT  SWOLLEN  AT  SPORULATION.  POTATO 
CULTURES  DEVELOPING  A  RED  PIGMENT,  CHROMOGENIC  IN 
PART. 

I.    Agar  smear  cultures  yellowish  to  reddish. 

221.    B.  coccineus  Pansini. 
II.    Agar  smear  cultures  whitish  or  grayish. 

1.  Milk  coagulated. 

223.  B.  viscosus. 

2.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

224.  B.  vitalis. 


286  BACTERIOLOGY 

221.    B.  coccineus  Pansini 

Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXII,  1890. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large,  slightly  motile. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Ciliate. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform  ;  a  thin,  yellowish  membrane,  and 

a  white  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish  —  reddish. 
Potato.     Red  points  coalescing,  with  grayish  folds  between. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  with  a  delicate  membrane. 
Habitat.     Sputum. 

223.    B.  viscosus 

Roter  Kartoffelbacillus  Vogel :    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXVI,  1897,  404. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender ;   ends  rounded  ;   no  chains.     Small,  glistening 

spores.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Flat,  crateriform  ;  the  dark  nucleus  shows  spiny  outgrowths. 
Agar  colonies.     Gray  brown  ;  a  thick  nucleus  with  delicate  outgrowths. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  dry,  gray  white. 

Potato.     Growth  reddish  yellow,  becoming  rose-red,  rugose. 
Milk.     Coagulated. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  thick  membrane.     Optimum  temperature  37°. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  stringy  bread. 

224.    B.  vitalis 

B.  mesentericus-ruber  Globig:   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  III,  1888,  322. 

Morphology.      Bacilli   0.4:1-4^  —  filaments.      Stain    by   Gram's    method. 

According  to  Globig,  cultures  withstand  boiling  for  5-6  hours.     Spores? 
Gelatin  colonies.     Vary  in  character  from  those  of  B.  typhosus  to  those  of 

B.  subtilis. 
Gelatin  stab.     Typhoid-like,  later  a  shallow  funnel  of  liquefied  gelatin,  with  a 

membrane  on  the  surface. 
Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  thick  membrane. 
Potato.     Growth  becomes  red  to  reddish  brown. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated,  slightly  alkaline. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     H2S  negative. 
Pathogenesis .     Non-pathogenic  to  mice  and  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  potato. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  287 

CLASS  XVIII.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.  RODS  BECOMING  SPINDLE-SHAPED  AT  SPORU- 
LATION,  OF  THE  CLOSTRIDIUM  TYPE. 

I.   Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.  Grow  in  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin. 

1 .  Growth  along  needle  track  in  gelatin  shows  filamentous  radiations. 

a.  Gelatin  colonies  becoming  ameboid  or  proteus-like. 

225.  B.  akuei  Chesire-Cheyne. 

226.  B.  licheniformis  Weigmann. 

b.  Gelatin  colonies  seldom  with  outgrowths. 

227.  B.  inflatus  A.  Koch. 

2.  Growth  along  needle  track  in  gelatin  stab  eroded  —  funnelled. 

228.  B.  erodens  Ravenel. 

3.  No  growth  in  the  depth  of  the  gelatin  ;  obligate  aerobic. 

229.  B.  saprogenes  Kramer. 

230.  B.'Baccarinii  Macchiati. 

B.  Grow  in  nutrient  gelatin  only  upon  the  addition  of  NH4HO  or  urea. 

231.  B.  Dudauxi  (Miquel). 
II.    Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

232.  B.  cinctus  Ravenel. 
III.    Action  on  gelatin  not  stated. 

233.  B.  catemtla  (Duclaux). 

234.  B.  urocephalus  (Duclaux). 

235.  B.filiformis  (Duclaux). 

225.    B.  alvei  Chesire-Cheyne 

Jour.  Roy.  Mic.  Soc.,  1885,  582. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  2.5-5  /*• 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  entire,  becoming  ameboid. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  arborescent,  becoming  liquefied. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  white. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  slightly  acid,  peptonized.     Pathogenic  for  bees. 
Habitat.     Associated  with/<?w/  brood  of  bees. 

226.    B.  licheniformis  Weigmann 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV,  1898,  822. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.6-0.8 :  1.8-2.6 /u, —  long  filaments.  Clostridium  — 
clavate  forms  at  sporulation.  Spores  0.45  : 1.3  /A.  Spore  germination 
polar.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method.  Flagella  numerous  peritrichic. 


288  .        BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  colonies.     Cochleate,  with  filamentous  outgrowths  like  B.  Zopfi. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep  colonies :  densely  floccose  in  the  centre,  loosely  fila- 
mentous on  the  border.  Surface  colonies:  round,  watery,  becoming 
spreading,  becoming  dry  and  membranaceous,  yellowish  gray;  border 
lobate. 

Potato.     Growth  yellow,  flat,  spreading,  slimy. 

Agar  slant.     A  dry,  spreading,  membranous  growth. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.  In  14  days  a  funnel  of  liquefaction,  with  filamentous 
outgrowths  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  thick  rugose  membrane. 

Milk.  In  3-4  days  at  37°  slimy  —  thick,  amphoteric  —  slightly  alkaline  ;  in  5 
days,  coagulated,  slightly  alkaline,  becoming  slowly  peptonized  ;  a  cheesy 
odor. 

Bouillon.     A  surface  growth. 

Habitat.     Cheese. 

227.  B.  inflatus  A.  Koch 

Bot.  Zeitung,  1888,  328. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-0.8  : 4-5  p  —  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  seldom  with  outgrowths. 
Gelatin  stab.     Short,  delicate  radiations  ;  liquefied  slowly. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  slimy,  brown. 
Bouillon.     A  smooth  membrane  on  the  surface. 
Habitat.     A  contamination. 

228.  B.  erodens  Ravenel 

I.e.,  35- 
Morphology.      Bacilli  straight,  thick   rods,  3-7  times  their  breadth ;   occur 

singly;  ends  rounded. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  24  hours,  minute,  white,  reticulate  —  moruloid ;  in  36 

hours,  i.o  mm.,  round,  entire,  dark  gray;  show  swarming  movements. 

In/}  days,  2  mm. ;  tunnels  run  out  from  edge  of  colonies,  with  often  curled 

ends. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  spreading,  translucent,  greenish,  with  white  raised 

points. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  3  days,  a  small  funnel,  curled  at  bottom,  walls  of  main 

funnel  eroded  with  minor  curled  tunnels  from  the  former. 
Potato.     In  3  days,  growth  thin,  moist,  glistening,  honey-colored. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  clear ;  no  pellicle. 
Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.      Unchanged ;  in  5-6  weeks  slightly  deeper  in 

color. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  289 

Litmus  milk.     Color  discharged  in  12  days,  alkaline,  not  coagulated. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

229.  B.  saprogenes  Kramer 

B.  saprogenes-vini  No.  VI  Kramer :    Bakteriologie  Landwirtsch.,  1890,  139. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  i.o  :  2.0  /x.     Obligate  aerobic. 

Gelatin  stab.      Surface  growth   dirty   white ;    liquefied   rapidly.      Ammonia 

developed  in  old  cultures. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  diseased  wine. 

230.  B.  Baccarinii  Macchiati 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV,  1898,  332. 

Morphology.  In  gelatin  cultures  rods  0.7-0.8:2.0-3.5  /tx,  straight  —  slightly 
curved;  occur  singly,  in  chains,  and  as  zobgloea.  In  bouillon,  long 
filaments  like  Leptothrix.  Flagella  peritrichic.  Rods  swollen  in  the 
middle  at  sporulation,  oval.  Spore  germination  polar. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  4-5  days,  an  empty  shallow  funnel,  beginning  with  an  air 
bubble  above,  lined  with  a  white  growth,  with  a  membrane  on  the  lique- 
fied gelatin.  The  gelatin  of  old  cultures  is  colored  black,  and  is  fluores- 
cent. 

Agar  slant.     Raised,  yellowish  colonies,  becoming  gray,  spreading. 

Milk.     In  3-4  days,  coagulated ;  in  14  days,  peptonized,  acid. 

Potato.  Growth  light  yellow,  becoming  straw  yellow;  potato  liquefied  or 
softened.  Optimum  temperature  23-25°,  maximum  40°. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  mal-nero  of  the  vine. 

231.     B.  Duclauxi  Miquel 

Urolacillus  Duclauxi  Miquel:  Ann.  Micrographie,  II,  1889,  58. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-0.8  :  2-10  //,;   chains.     Gelatin  slowly  softened. 
Bouillon  (made  alkaline  with  NH4HO).    Turbid,  becoming  viscous  ;  bad  odor. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  canal  and  river  water. 

232.     B.  cinctus  Ravenel :  I.e. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  straight,  variable,  involution  forms.     Rods  show  deeply 

stained  spots. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  24  hours,  minute,  yellowish,  granular,  entire  ;  in  72  hours, 
0.5  mm.,  nucleus  surrounded   by  a  yellowish  zone,  then  a  gray-veined 
zone,  with  irregular  margins.     In  8  days,  i  mm.,  grayish  white,  round,- 
elevated,  entire,  finely  veined  —  mottled,  often  with  ferny  outgrowths, 
u 


290  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.     Good  growth  in  depth ;  on  the  surface,  an  irregular  growth, 

2  mm. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  becomes  a  faint  yellow. 
Potato.     In  3  days,  a  thin  yellow  moist  glistening  growth. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  clear,  the  medium  a  faint  greenish. 
Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     In  3-4  days,  slightly  darker. 
Litmus  milk.     Darker,  becoming  decolorized,  not  coagulated,  alkaline. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

233.     B.  catenula  (Duclaux) 

Tyrothrix  catenula  Duclaux :  Le  Lait,  Paris,  1887,  249. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-1.0  /x,  thick,  in  filaments. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  gas  produced,  peptonized ;  production  of  leucin,  tyrosin, 

butyric  acid,  and  ammonia. 
Habitat.     Cheese. 

234.    B.  urocephalus  (Duclaux) 

Tyrothrix  urocephalus  Duclaux :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  thick,  filaments. 

Milk.     Coagulated  at  body  temperature,  at  ordinary  temperatures  scarcely 

altered ;  on  the  surface,  a  gelatinous  mass ;  production  of  acid,  leucin, 

and  tyrosin. 
Habitat.     Cheese. 

235.     B.  filiformis  (Duclaux) 

Tyrothrix  filiformis  Duclaux  :  l.c; 

Morphology.     Bacilli  in  milk  0.8  /A  thick,  filaments. 
Milk.     In  2-3  days,  unaltered,  becoming  peptonized  to  a  turbid  fluid ;  on  the 

surface,  a  crumpled  membrane  ;  production  of  leucin  and  tyrosin. 
Habitat.     Cheese. 

CLASS  XIX.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  AEROBIC  AND  FACULTATIVE  AN- 
AEROBIC. RODS  SWOLLEN  AT  ONE  END  AT  SPORULATION,  OF 
THE  TETANUS  TYPE 

I.   Gelatin  liquefied,  at  least  in  gelatin  stab  cultures. 

A.  Grow  rapidly  in  nutrient  gelatin. 

236.  B.  sublanat^ls  Wright. 

B.  Grow  very  poorly  in  nutrient  gelatin. 

237.  B.  lacteus. 
II.   Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

238.  B.  putrifictis  Flugge. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  2QI 

236.    B.  sublanatus  Wright :  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  of  medium  size ;  ends  rounded ;  occur  in  pairs  and  in 
long  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  colonies :  round,  brownish,  granular,  entire.  Surface 
colonies:  in  two  days,  1-2  mm.,  round  grayish  disks.  Microscopically, 
granular,  dense  toward  centre,  margins  more  translucent  and  sharp.  In 
3  days,  the  colonies  are  crateriform ;  centres  yellowish  white,  borders 
ciliate. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  napiform  to  stratiform 
liquefaction,  with  a  white  pellicle  on  the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  a  translucent  thin  grayish  narrow  stripe. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  the  medium  becomes  greenish  in  tint. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish,  thin,  granular,  moist,  spreading. 

Litmus  milk.     Not  coagulated,  decolorized,  alkaline,  slowly  peptonized. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  slight  or  doubtful.     Grow  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

237.    B.  lacteus 

B.  lactis  No.  12  Fliigge :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  thin,  slender. 
Gelatin  colonies.     None  visible  after  2  days. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  2-3  days,  a  faint  development,  and  the  beginning  of  lique- 
faction. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  white-gray,  slimy. 

Bouillon.     A  thin  membrane  on  the  surface,  with  flocculi  in  the  medium. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  limited,  moist,  becoming  thick,  yellowish. 
Milk.     At  37°,  slowly  peptonized,  becoming  bitter  and  toxic. 
Habitat.     Milk. 

238.     B.  putrificus  Fliigge 

B.  aus  Faces  IV  Bienstock :  Zeitsch.  f.  klin.  Med.,  VIII. 
B.  putrificus-coli  Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Morphology.      Bacilli   slender,   delicate,   also   as   filaments.     On  gelatin,   a 

mother-of-pearl  growth,  becoming  yellowish.     Decomposes  fibrin. 
Habitat.     Faeces. 


292 


BACTERIOLOGY 


CLASS  XX.    WITH  ENDOSPORES.     OBLIGATE  ANAEROBIC.     RODS  NOT 
SWOLLEN  AT  SPORULATION. 

MALIGNANT  OEDEMA  GROUP. 
I.    Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.  Gas  developed  in  gelatin  or  agar  media  containing  sugar. 

1 .  Colonies  on  gelatin  compact,  dense. 

a.  Strongly  pathogenic. 

239.  B.  cedematis  Zopf. 

b.  Negatively,  or  but  slightly  pathogenic. 

240.  B.  pseudcedematis  Kruse. 

2.  Colonies  on  gelatin  radiately  filamentous  or  mycelioid. 

241.  B.  radiatus  Luderitz. 

242.  B.  thalasophilus  Russell. 

B.  No  gas  development  in  gelatin  or  agar  media  containing  sugar. 

1.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

243.  B.  car  is. 

2.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

a.  Gelatin  colonies   roundish,   dense,   entire,  not   arborescent   or 

mossy. 
*   Gas  produced  in  nutrient  gelatin  without  sugar  (glucose). 

244.  B.  amylozyma  Perdrix. 

**   No  gas  produced  in  nutrient  gelatin  without  glucose. 

245.  B.  solidus  Luderitz. 

246.  B.  tardus. 

b.  Gelatin  colonies  mossy,  with  moss-like  offshoots. 

247.  B.  muscoides  Liborius. 

239.    B.  oedematis  Zopf 

Vibrio  septique  Pasteur:   Compt.  rend.,  LXXXV,  1877. 

(Edema  Bacillus  Koch  :    Mitteilungen  Kaiserlich.  Gesundheitsamte,  1881. 

B.  cedematis-nialigni  Zopf:    Spaltpilze,  1885,  88. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.8-1.0:  2-10  /A;  ends  rounded,  also  forms  approaching 
anthrax;  .occur  singly,  in  chains  and  in  filaments.  Not  stained  by 
Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Like  B.  subtilis. 

Agar  colonies.     Composed  of  a  dense  network  of  threads. 

Gelatin  stab.     Below  the  surface  a  white  line,  with  short  outgrowths,  and  gas. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  gas. 

Litmus  milk.  Coagulated  slowly  or  not  at  all,  amphoteric,  decolorized  in 
depth.  Indol  slight. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  293 

Pathogenesis .      Somewhat   variable;    pathogenic  to   mice,   guinea  pigs,   and 

rabbits.      Subcutaneous  inoculations  cause  a  bloody  oedema  with  gas ; 

bacilli  present.     Sometimes  after  death  the  bacilli  invade  the  blood  and 

organs. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  malignant  oedema;  found  in  earth,  dirty  water, 

dust,  etc. 

240.    B.  pseudoedematis  Kruse 

Pseudo-cedema  Bacillus  Liborius :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  I,  1886,  115. 
Anaerobic  No.  VII  Sanfelice  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893,  339. 
B.pscudo-cedematis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  somewhat  thicker  than  the  preceding ;  often  many  spores 
in  a  filament.  Cultures  like  the  preceding.  Doubtfully  or  negatively 
pathogenic. 

Habitat.  Associated  with  oedema  from  earth  infection,  probably  a  non- 
virulent  variety  of  the  preceding. 

241.    B.  radiatus  Liideritz 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  V,  1889,  149. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  14-7  /x  —  filaments. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Radiate  —  mycelioid. 
Gelatin  stab.     Show  filamentous  outgrowths. 
Agar  stab.     Shows  delicate  branching,  and  gas. 
Pathogenesis.     Non-pathogenic  to  mice. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

242.    B.  thalasophilus  Russell 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XI,  1891,  190. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender,  of  variable  length  —  filaments. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate  ;  bad-smelling  gas. 

Gelatin  colonies.     A  thin  network  of  filaments  which  penetrate  the  gelatin  in 

all  directions. 

Agar  stab.     Scanty  growth. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sea  water. 

243.    B.  caris 

Anaerobic  No.  VI  Sanfelice :   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893,  339. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  variable  in  length. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Branched. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  slight  turbidity  spreading  downward  ;  no  gas,  but  a  bad  odor. 


294  BACTERIOLOGY 

Milk.     Coagulated,  with  a  separation  of  serum. 

Litmus  milk.     Decolorized. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  putrefying  flesh. 


244.    B.  amylozyma  Perdrix 

Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1891,  287. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  2-3  /x ;  in  twos  or  short  chains. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  gas-forming. 

Potato.  At  37°,  white  colonies,  which  soften  the  medium.  In  saccharine 
media  acetic  and  butyric  acids,  with  much  gas.  Starch  converted  into- 
sugar,  into  ethyl  and  amyl  alcohol,  and  into  butyric  acid.  Cellulose 
attacked. 

Habitat.    Water. 

245.    B.  solidus  Liideritz 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  V,  1889,  149. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  1-5  /A;  not  in  filaments. 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  no  gas. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.    In  depth,  round  colonies,  with  gas  ;  odor  of  butyric  acid. 

Agar  colonies.     Look  like  little  flocculi  of  cotton  wool. 

Bouillon.     At  37°  turbid  ;  bad  gases. 

Habitat.     Earth. 

246.    B.  tardus 

Anaerobic  No.  Ill  Sanfelice :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  rods,  similar  to  the  preceding.     Grow  very  slowly. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Golden  yellow,  granular,  sharp. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  isolated  colonies. 
Habitat*.     Earth,  putrefying  fluids,  etc. 

247.    B.  muscoides  Liborius 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  I,  1886,  115. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  thick,  with  slight  tendency  to  form  filaments. 
Gelatin  and  agar  colonies.     With  delicate,  branched,  mossy  offshoots. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  arborescent. 
Habitat.     Earth. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  295 

CLASS  XXI.  WITH  ENDOSPORES.  OBLIGATE  ANAEROBIC.  RODS 
BECOMING  LATERALLY  SWOLLEN  OR  SPINDLE-SHAPED  AT 
SPORULATION.  A  FREQUENT  VARIATION  IN  THIS  REGARD  IS 
OFTEN  NOTED,  IN  WHICH  THE  RODS  ARE  SWOLLEN  NEAR 
ONE  END,  APPROACHING  THE  TETANUS  TYPE. 

RAUSCHBRAND  OR  CLOSTRIDIUM  GROUP- 
I.    Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied  slowly,  or  merely  softened  by  the  growth  in  gelatin 

stab  cultures. 

248.  B.  Feseri  (Trevisan)  Kitt. 

249.  B.  anaerobic  V  and  VIII  of  Sanfelice. 

250.  B.  botulinus  v.  Ermengem. 

B.  Gelatin  liquefied  rapidly. 

1.  Spores  entirely  or  prevailingly  in  the  centres  of  the  rods,  and  at 

sporulation  swollen  in  the  middle  —  typical  clostridium  types. 

a.  Cultures  without  a  bad,  putrid  odor. 

*  Milk  coagulated. 

251.  B.  butyricus  Botkin. 
**   Milk  not  coagulated. 

252.  B.  amylobacter  v.  Tieghem. 

b.  Cultures  have  a  bad,  putrid  odor. 

253.  B.foetidus  (Liborius). 

2.  Spores  prevailingly  at  the  ends  of  the  rods,  and  at  sporulation 

swollen  near  one  end,  approaching  the  tetanus  type ;  often  also 
swollen  near  the  middle,  approaching  the  clostridium  type. 

a.  Grow  in  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin. 

*  Colonies  in  gelatin  or  glucose  gelatin  never  radiating  —  fila- 

mentous. 
f   Milk  coagulated. 

254.  B.  Kedrowski. 

ft   Milk  not  coagulated,  unchanged  in  8  days. 

255.  B.  cuneatus. 

•ftf   Milk  becomes  rapidly  translucent  —  transparent,  with  much 
gas. 

256.  B.  sporogenes  Klein. 

**   Colonies  on  gelatin  radiately  filamentous. 

257.  B.  spinosus  Luderitz. 

258.  B.  cad  aver  is. 

b.  Do  not  grow  in  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin. 

259.  B.  Weigmanni. 


296  BACTERIOLOGY 

II.   Gelatin  not  liquefied ;  rods  at  sporulation  between  clostridium  and  tetanus 
types,  variable. 

A.  Gas  produced  in  media  containing  milk-sugar. 

260.  B.  saccharobutyricus  v.  Klecki. 

B.  No  gas  produced  in  media  containing  milk-sugar. 

1.  Agar  colonies  compound,  moruloid. 

261 .  B.  polypiformis  Liborius. 

2.  Agar  colonies  simple. 

262.  B.  Sanfelicei. 

248.    B.  Feseri   (Trevisan)  Kitt 

Rauschbrand  des  Rindes  Bollinger-Feser :  Wochschr.  f.  Thierheilk.,  1878. 

B.  der  Charbon   Symptomatique  Arloing-Cornevin-Thomas :    Compt.  rend.,  XC, 

1880,  1302-5. 

Clostridium  Feseri  Trevisan:  Atti  Ace.  Fis.  Med.  Stat.  di  Milano,  III,  1885,  116. 
B.  sarcemphysematis  Kitt. 

B.carbonis  Migula:  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,  1895. 
B.  anthracis-symptomatici  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

Morphology.      Bacilli  3-5   /x  in  length ;    in  thickness   between  anthrax  and 

malignant    oedema    bacilli.       Stained    by    Gram's    method.        Flagella 

peritrichic. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  irregular ;  surface  warty ;  radiating  filaments  grow 

out  into  the  gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.     Medium  liquefied  slowly,  with  gas  production  ;  a  turbidity  along 

the  line  of  inoculation,  with  outgrowths. 

Litmus  milk.     Decolorized  in  depth,  reddened  on  the  surface. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  slightly  acid.     Indol  slight.     H2S  positive. 
Pathogenesis .     Guinea  pigs  show  a  bloody  gaseous  oedema  by  subcutaneous 

inoculation  of  large  doses.     Rabbits  and  mice  immune. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  Rauschbrand,  symptomatic  anthrax,  quarter-evil,  or 

black-leg,  of  sheep,  cattle,  and  goats. 


249.  B.  anaerobic  No.  VIII  Sanfelice  and  B.  anaerobic  No.  V  Sanfelice 

I.e. 

Isolated  from  earth  and  putrefying  flesh,  indistinguishable  from  the  preceding, 
except  that  both  are  non-virulent. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  297 

250.    B.  botulinus  v.  Ermengem 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXVI,  1898,  i.    Schneidemiihl :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol., 
XXIV,  582. 

Morphology,  Bacilli  0.9-1.2  :  4-9  /x;  like  anthrax  and  malignant  oedema. 
Clostridium  forms,  often  in  chains  of  two  and  more.  Polar  oval  spores. 
Flagella  4-8.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  Optimum  temperature  2O°-3O°; 
growth  ceases  at  38.5°. 

Gelatin  colonies.    Round,  translucent,  coarsely  granular;  gelatin  slowly  liquefied. 

Glucose  gelatin  colonies.  Round,  translucent,  bright  yellowish  brown  ;  coarsely 
granular,  with  motion  of  the  granules  ;  on  the  periphery  a  slight  liquefac- 
tion, becoming  incised  and  lobed. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  butyric  acid  odor. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  with  radiating  outgrowths,  liquefied  slowly, 
gas,  yellowish  white  sediment. 

Potato.     No  growth  even  in  anaerobic  conditions. 

Glucose  agar  slant.     As  before. 

Milk.  Not  coagulated,  and  only  slight  growth.  No  putrefactive  odor  in 
cultures,  but  a  sour  smell  like  rancid  butter.  No  gas  in  lactose  and  sac- 
charose bouillon.  In  ordinary  agar  and  gelatin,  wA|OUt  sJ^pse,  no  gas. 

Pathogenesis.  Pure  cultures  given  to  cats  cause  the  san^P^raptoms  as 
poisonous  meat ;  hjJPaemia  and  small  hemorrhages  of  the  liver,  kidneys, 
and  central  nervous  system.  In  guinea  pigs,  death  in  2  days ;  in  apes,  in 
30  hours. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  ham  which  had  caused  meat  poisoning,  botulism. 

251.     B.  butyricus  Botkin 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XI,  1892,  421. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5  /x  thick,  of  variable  lengths  —  filaments.  Slightly 
motile.  Rods  contain  granules,  which  stain  with  iodine. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  with  outgrowths. 

Agar  colonies.     Felted  —  floccose,  with  filamentous,  radiating  borders. 

Agar  stab.     Much  gas. 

Milk.  In  depth,  a  clear  serum  ;  much  gas  ;  coagulated.  Produces  butyric, 
propionic,  acetic,  formic,  and  lactic  acid.  Does  not  decompose  cellulose 
or  salts  of  lactic  acid.  Gas  produced  without  a  bad  odor. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  milk,  water,  earth. 


0     Gel 

^^9tt 


298  BACTERIOLOGY 

252.    B.  amylobacter  v.  Tieghem 

Vibrio  butyriquc  Pasteur:  Compt.  rend.,  LIT,  1861. 

B.  amylobacter  van.  Tieghem:  Compt.  rend.,  LXXXVIII,  1878,  LXXXIX,  1879. 
B.  navicula  Reinke-Berthold :  Zersetzung  Kartoffel  durch  Pilze,  Berlin,  1879. 
Clostridium  butyricum  Prazmowski :  Untersuch.  iiber  die  Entwick.  u.  Fermentwirk.  einiger 
Bact.,  Leipzig,  1880. 

Morphology.     Bacilli    1.0:3-10^  —  filaments;    contain   granulations,  which 

stain  with  iodine.     Spores  I  :  1-2.5  /*•     Spore  germination  polar. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated  or  doubtful;  slowly  peptonized.     Ferments  cellulose. 
Habitat.     Widely  distributed. 


253.     B.  foetidus  (Laborius) 

Clostridium  fcetidum  Liborius  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  I,  1886,  160. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  i.o  //.thick,  length  variable  —  filaments,  like  the  preced- 
ing. At  sporulation,  swollen  mostly  in  the  middle,  now  and  then  at  one 
end  of  the  rod. 

Agar  colonies.  Small,  yellowish  white,  with  short  outgrowths;  irregular 
riab^size  ;  old  colonies  show  branched  outgrowths  from  all 

'•elatin  ^G)lonies.     Round,   irregular;    liqJpt;ictio^M»pid ;    ga^^^li   a   bad 

putrid  odor. 
bitat.     Earth. 

254.    B.  Kedrowskii  Migula 


Butter sciure  Bacillus  Kedrowski.    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVI,  1894,  445. 
B.  acidi-butyrici  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  256. 
B.  Kedrowskii  Migula :  System  der  Bakterien,  1900. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  quite  large. 

Glucose  gelatin  colonies.  In  3-4  days,  small,  delicate,  round,  sharp ;  micro- 
scopically, light  yellow,  contour  irregular,  a  central  nucleus  and  a  fluid 
periphery. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded. 

Agar  colonies.  Round,  elliptical,  irregular,  grayish  white;  border  entire  — 
irregular;  microscopically,  with  a  dense  centre  and  a  reticulately  fila- 
mentous border.  Gas,  with  a  bad  odor. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  becoming  acid  ;  a  separation  of  serum. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  cheese  and  rancid  butter. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  299 

255.    B.  cuneatus 

B.  Anaerobic  No.  Ill  Fliigge :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894,  272. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  long ;  cuneate  at  sporulation. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Yellow  brown  ;  contour  sharp  ;  border  irregular. 

Agar  colonies.     Dark  brown,  irregular,  lacerate. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Turbid;  gas;  rancid  odor. 

Milk.     Unaltered  in  8  days. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

256.  B.  sporogenes  Klein 

B.  enteritidis-sporogenes  Klein:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVIII,  1895,  737,  XXII,  578, 
XXIII,  542,913.     Report  Loc.  Gov.  Board,  Supplement,  1897-1898,  210. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  0.8  :  i  .6-4.8  /u,  —  filaments  —  chains.    Stained  by  Gram's 

method.     Form  oval  spores,  mostly  polar,  with  clavate  enlargement  of 

the  rod.     Flagella  mostly  at  one  side  of  an  end,  in  bundles. 
Glucose  gelatin   colonies.      Uniform,   spherical,   finely   granular,   translucent 

masses  of  liquefied  gelatin. 
Agar  colonies.     Round,  gray  disks,  quite  opaque  in  centre  and  granular  at 

border. 
Blood  serum.     Growth  thin,  gray ;  medium  liquefied.;  fluid  turbid,  alkaline, 

and  stinking. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Turbid  ;  often  no  growth. 
Potato.     Anaerobically,  at  first  no  growth;  in  8-14  days,  a  number  of  small 

round  yellowish  colonies. 
Formate  of  soda  agar  colonies.     Small,  flat,  gray,  with  dark  granular  centres 

and  clear  sharp  borders.     Grow  best  in  milk,  becomes  translucent,  pep- 

tonized,  with  much  gas. 
Pathogenesis .     Virulent  cultures  become  greatly  attenuated  in  3-4  generations. 

Subcutaneous  inoculations  of   i  cc.  of  a  milk  culture  into  guinea  pigs 

cause  death  in   18-24  hours.     Strong  oedema,  muscular  tissue  strongly 

infiltrated,  and  a  bloody  stinking  cedematous  fluid.      Bacilli   sparingly 

present  in  heart,  blood,  and  spleen. 
Habitat.     Widely  distributed  —  sewage,  water,  horse  and  cow  manure,  street 

dust. 

257.  B.  spinosus  Ltideritz 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  V ,  1888,  152. 


Morphology.     Bacilli  oi6 :  4-8  /x.     Spores  at  end  of  rod  where  the  latter  is 
swollen.     No  starch  reaction  with  iodine. 


300 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Gelatin  colonies.  Radiately  filamentous,  like  a  caterpillar ;  develops  much 
bad-smelling  gas. 

Agar  colonies.  Opaque  clumps,  reaching  4  mm.,  felted  in  centre  ;  filamentous 
to  reticulate  on  border.  Develops  much  bad-smelling  gas.  Non-patho- 
genic to  mice  and  guinea  pigs. 

Habitat.     Earth. 

258.    B.  cadaveris  E.  Klein 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV,  1899,  278. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  2-4  /A  long,  about  as  thick  as  malignant  oedema  bacillus; 
ends  rounded ;  filaments  and  chains.  Spores  at  end,  oval  exceeding  the 
diameter  of  the  rod.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  Flagella  peritrichic. 

Gelatin  colonies  (with  glucose) .  Granular,  radiately  branched  colonies  ;  lique- 
faction begins  in  1-2  days ;  centre  dark,  granular,  from  which  granular 
outgrowths  proceed.  Colonies  like  the  preceding.  Klein  thinks  this 
organism  may  be  identical  with  257. 

Agar  slant.  Anaerobically,  at  37°,  colonies  irregular,  ragged,  finely  granular, 
with  darker  centres ;  later  the  central  colony  gives  off  dark,  branched, 
filamentous,  anastomosing  outgrowths.  Much  gas  in  glucose  agar. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  peptonized,  amphoteric  —  alkaline;  bad  odor. 

Blood  serum.     Liquefied  ;  bad  odor. 

Bouillon.     A  slight  turbidity. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  and  intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs 
negative. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  cadavers. 

259.    B.  Weigmanni 

Paraplectrum  fcetidum  Weigmann  :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  IV,  1898,  827. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  on  agar  0.8-1.3:2.2-12.5  /x.      Not  stained  by  Gram's 

method.     Motile,  but  flagella  could  not  be  demonstrated.     At  sporulation 

clostridium  and  tetanus  forms. 
Gelatin  colonies.     No  growth. 
Agar  (with  soda,  casein,  milk  sugar).     Growth  like  B.  licheniformis .     No 

growth  on  plain  agar. 

Glucose  agar  colonies.     Like  B.  licheniformis. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Turbid  ;  a  membrane  on  the  surface,  becoming  clear,  with 

a  heavy  sediment. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  soft,  glistening. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  301 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.  A  fir  tree  growth,  and  a  broad  liquefied  funnel  above,  or 
a  cylindrical  liquefaction  along  line  of  stab,  with  filamentous  outgrowths 
and  gas. 

Milk.     Thick,  slimy,  cheesy  odor,  becoming  peptonized. 

260.    B.  saccharobutyricus  v.  Klecki 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  II,  1896,  169. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.7:  5-7  yu,,  straight  —  slightly  bent,  often  filaments  15 
microns  long ;  chains  of  not  more  than  2-4  elements.  Spores  placed 
at  the  ends  of  the  rods.  Not  stained  by  Grants  method.  Rods  contain 
granules  which  stain  violet  with  iodine. 

Lactose  gelatin  colonies.  Oval,  sharp,  granular  in  the  interior.  Ferments 
milk-sugar,  with  much  gas. 

Milk.  Production  of  formic,  acetic,  and  butyric  acids.  No  indol  or  phenol 
in  milk. 

Habitat.     Milk. 

261.    B.  polypiformis  Liborius. 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  I,  1886,  162. 

B.  Anaerobic  No.  II  Sanfelice :   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893,  369. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  over  i  .o  /A  thick,  of  variable  length  ;  slightly  motile. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Irregular  —  ameboid,  cochleate  —  multilobular. 

Agar  colonies.     Small,  white,  irregular,  contoured;  microscopically,  brown, 

moruloid. 

Gelatin  stab.     Growth  arborescent. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  putrefying  flesh  and  earth. 

262.    B.  Sanfelicei 

B.  solidus  Sanfelice :   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893,  372. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  large. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  white  points  ;  microscopically,  like  Proteus  mirabilis 

—  a  more  or  less  rounded  colony  composed  of  smaller  colonies. 
Agar  colonies.     Round,  granular,  entire,  with  a  central  nucleus  and  a  bright 

border. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded. 
Milk.     Coagulated. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  earth,  faeces. 


302  BACTERIOLOGY 

CLASS  XXII.      WITH    ENDOSPORES.     OBLIGATE  ANAEROBIC.      RODS 
SWOLLEN   AT   ONE   END   AT   SPORULATION. 

TETANUS  GROUP. 
I.    Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  arborescent  or  with  radiating  outgrowths. 

263.  B.  tetani  Fliigge. 

264.  B.  pseudoletanicMs  Sanfelice. 

B.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  not  at  all  arborescent. 

265.  B.  cuneatus. 
II.    Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

A.  Anaerobic  at  room  temperatures. 

266.  B.  Lubinskii  Kruse. 

267.  B.  longus. 

B.  Anaerobic  only  at  body  temperatures.     Will  grow  with  access  of  air 

at  room  temperatures.     Non-pathogenic. 

268.  B.  pseudotetanicus  var.  aerobius  Kruse. 

III.   Do  not  grow  in  gelatin ;  at  least  cultures  therein  unsuccessful. 

269.  B.  Ta-ueli. 

263.    B.  tetani  Fliigge 

Tetanus  Bacillus  Nicolaier:    Deutsche  med.  Wochensch.,  1884,  No.  52. 
B.  tetani  Fliigge :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 
Pacinia  Nicolaieri  Trevisan  :    Genera,  1889. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.5  :  2-4  /z  —  filaments.     Slightly  motile.     Flagella 

peritrichic.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  white,  punctiform,  becoming  sunken  and  surrounded 

by  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin ;  microscopically,  the  centres  are  yellow 

brown  ;  borders  floccose  —  fragmented. 

Gelatin  stab.     Growth  arborescent,  slowly  liquefied,  with  some  gas. 
Agar  stab.     A  fir  tree  growth. 
Bouillon.     A  uniform  turbidity. 

Milk.  '  Not  coagulated,  amphoteric.     H2S  positive.     Indol  slight. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Gas. 

Pathogenic.     To  mice,  guinea  pigs,  rabbits,  horses,  etc. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  tetanus. 

264.   B.  pseudotetanicus  Sanfelice 

Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIV,  1893,  372. 
Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  the  preceding,  only  differs  in  its  less 

toxic  properties. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  meat  infusion  and  earth. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  303 

265.    B.  cuneatus 

B.  Anaerobic  No.  Ill  Fliigge  :   Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVII,  1894,  272- 

See  No.  255. 

266.    B.  Lubinskii  Kruse 

Ein  tetanus  ahnlicher    obligat-ana'erober   Bacillus    Lubinski :    Centralblatt    f.   Bakteriol., 

XVI,  1894,  771- 
B.  Lubinskii  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  267. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  B.  tetani.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Flat,  grayish,  radiately  crumpled  on  edges. 

Gelatin  stab.     Growth  arborescent. 

Agar  stab.     Much  gas. 

Pathogenesis.     Subcutaneous  and  intraperitoneal  injections  of  rabbits  cause 

death  in  24  hours.     There  is  a  necrosis  of  tissue,  a  serous  exudate,  and 

much  gas  at  the  seat  of  inoculation. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  an  abscess. 

267.  B.  longus 

B.  muscoides-colorabilis  Liborius :   Ucke,  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXIII,  1898,  1001. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.8-2.0:4-12  /u,  —  filaments.     Polar  oval  spores,  of  the 

tetanus  type.     Slightly  motile.     Not  stained  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  white,  punctiform  ;  grow  slowly. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  heavy,  white  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  bluish  white,  scarcely  visible,  with  finely  erose  edges. 
Agar  stab.     In  depth,  beaded,  white  colonies,  gas. 
Glucose  agar  stab.     Abundant  gas. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Potato.     Growth  scarcely  visible  or  very  scanty  ;  no  odor. 
Litmus  media.     A  reduction,  with  sugar,  acid. 
Pathogenesis.     Non-pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  garden  earth. 

268.    B.  pseudotetanicus  var.  aerobius  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  267. 

Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  B.  tetani.  Will  grow  at  ordinary 
temperatures  with  access  of  air,  at  higher  temperatures  only  with  the 
exclusion  of  air. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  tetanus. 


304  BACTERIOLOGY 

269.  B.  Taveli 

Pseudotetanusbacillus  Tavel :   Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXIII,  1898,  538. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender,  0.5  :  5-7  /x,  rather  more  slender  than  B.  telanL 
Spores  of  the  above  oval  —  those  of  B.  tetani  round.  Flagella  peritrichic, 
ordinarily  4-8  /x.  Stained  slightly  by  Gram's  method.  Gelatin  cultures 
not  successful. 

Agar  stab.     Much  gas. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  a  white  —  light  gray  sediment,  becoming  clear. 

Agar  slant.  Round  discrete  colonies,  with  thin  borders,  not  always  entire, 
but  often  jagged. 

Fluid  blood  serum.  Cultures  develop  only  in  a  vacuum  (with  the  least  trace 
of  oxygen  no  growth).  A  strong  turbidity,  gas,  and  a  bad  odor. 

Pathogenesis .     Non-pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  cases  of  abscess  of  the  intestines. 

CLASS  XXIII.    I'vVlTHOUTj  ENDOSPORES.      CHROMOGENIC,    PRODUCE 
'     PIGMENT  ON   GELATIN   OR   AGAR. 

I.   Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 

A.  Pigment  reddish-pink  on  gelatin  ;  gelatin  liquefied. 

1.  Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation.     B.  subtilis  type. 

270.  B.  Lustigi. 

271.  B.  apicum  Kruse. 

2.  Rods  at  sporulation  of  the  tetanus  type. 

272.  B.  Danteci  Kruse. 

B.  Pigment  blue-violet. 

273.  B.  Berolinensis  Kruse. 

274.  B.  Lutetiensis  Kruse. 

C.  Pigment  brown  black  ;  gelatin  liquefied. 

275.  B.  niger  Biel. 

270.  B.  Lustigi 

Der  rather  Bacillus  Lustig :    Diag.  Bak.  des  Wassers,  1893,  72. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  with  rounded  ends,  generally  2-3  times  their 
breadth,  variable,  very  motile,  filaments  also  motile. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Gray  dots  with  red  centres  ;  microscopically,  round,  granu- 
lar, edges  serrate,  centres  raspberry-red,  becoming  liquefied. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  305 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  thin,  filiform,  liquefied ;  on  the  surface,  a 
small,  funnel-shaped  depression,  with  pigment,  becoming  generally 
liquefied. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  at  20°,  moist,  glistening,  spreading,  of  a  crimson  lake 
color  ;  at  37°,  growth  milky  white. 

Potato.     Growth  viscid  —  slimy,  red,  spreading. 

Bouillon.     Turbid;  a  red  pigment  at  room  temperatures. 

Habitat.     Water. 

271.  B.  apicum  Kruse 

Described  by  Canestrini :   Atti  Soc.  Ven.  Trent.  Sci.  Na*t.,  XII,  134. 
B.  apicum  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  233. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  2  :  4-6  /*,  ends  rounded  ;  occur  singly,  in  pairs  and  chains. 

Grow  at  37°.     Stained  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefied  gelatin  pink  above  ;  sediment  white. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  whitish. 
Blood  serum.     Liquefied.     Bacilli  show  a  capsule,  often  surrounding  a  chain 

of  individuals. 

Potato.     Growth  wine-colored. 

Pathogenic.     To  bees,  not  so  to  mice  and  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sick  bees  and  their  larvae. 

272.  B.  Danteci  Kruse 

Bacille  du  rouge  de  la  morue  Dantec :   Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1891,  659. 
B.  Danteci  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  270. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  4-12  //,  long,  rather  thicker  than  B.  tetani. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Pale  red  disks,  deeper  in  color  at  the  periphery;  gelatin 

liquefied  slowly. 
Potato.     A  scanty  growth. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  pigment.     Produces  red  pigment  on  fish. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  fish. 

\ 

273.    B.  Berolinensis  Kruse 

Described  but  not  named  by  Plagge-Proskauer :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  II,  1887,463. 
B.  violaceus-Berolinensis  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  311. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  :  r.7  /u.,  in  twos.     Do  not  grow  at  37°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Irregular,  granular,  becoming  liquefied ;  centres  dark,  bor- 
ders twisted,  filamentous. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  infundibuliform  ;  a  violet  sediment, 
x 


306  BACTERIOLOGY 

-Agar  slant.     Growth  smooth,  glistening,  spreading,  deep  violet. 

Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid  ;  a  violet  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  limited,  dark  violet.     Reduces  nitrates. 

Milk.     Blue. 

Habitat.     Water. 

274.    B.  Lutetiensis 

B.  violaceus-Lutetiensis  Kruse :   Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  311. 

Perhaps  identical  with  or  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 
Habitat.     Water. 

275.    B.  niger  Biel 

B.  mesentericus-niger  Biel :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  II,  1896,  137. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.8  :  3.6-5.8  /u,  straight,  rounded  ends  ;  occur  singly  and 
in  twos.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  Spores  oval,  1.2-1.3/11.  Obligate 
aerobic. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Irregular,  granular,  gray,  with  long,  spiral  outgrowths,  be- 
coming more  rounded,  brownish,  granular,  surrounded  by  an  irregular, 
light  gray,  granular  border ;  in  3  days  liquefaction  begins. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform,  with  a  pellicle. 

Acid  gelatin.     A  scanty  growth. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  amphoteric,  peptonized  ;  a  dark  brown  sediment. 

Litmus  milk.     Bluish-brownish,  gas. 

Potato.  Growth  spreading,  grayish  blue  —  dark  brown,  rugose,  moist,  glisten- 
ing, or  black.  .^ 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  bread. 

PSEUDOMONAS  Migula 

Cells  cylindrical,  which  now  and  then  form  short  filaments.  Actively  motile ; 
flagella  attached  to  the  poles.  The  number  of  the  latter  varies  in  the 
different  species  from  one  to  ten,  but  is  more  generally  three  to  six.  En- 
dospores  known  in  only  a  few  species. 

I.   Cells  colorless,  without  a  red-colored  plasma,  and  without  sulphur  granules. 
A.   Grow  oh  ordinary  organic  culture  media. 

i.   Without  endospores  —  at  least  their  presence  not  noted;  aerobic 

and  facultative  anaerobic. 
a.   Without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

*    Gelatin  not  liquefied.     CLASS  I,  p.  307. 
**   Gelatin  liquefied.     CLASS  II,  p.  309. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  307 

b.  Produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar.     CLASS  III,  p.  314. 

c.  Colonies  colorless,  or  colored  only  slightly  yellowish-greenish, 

but  with  a  yellow  green  or  blue  green  fluorescence.    CLASS  IV, 
p.  320. 

2.   With  endospores.     CLASS  V,  p.  326. 
B.    Do  not  grow  in  nutrient  gelatin  or  other  organic  media. 

CLASS  VI,  NITROMONAS  GROUP,  p.  329. 

II.    Cell  plasma  with  a  reddish  tint,  with  also  sulphur  granules.    CLASS  VII, 
p.  329. 

CLASS   I.      WITHOUT    ENDOSPORES.      AEROBIC    AND    FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.     NON-CHROMOGENIC.      GELATIN   NOT   LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

A.  Indol  produced. 

1.  Ps.  sinuosa  (Wright). 

B.  No  indol  produced. 

2.  Ps.  monadiformis  (Kruse). 

II.    No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

A.  Potato  cultures  whitish-grayish. 

3.  Ps.  ambigua  (Wright). 

4.  Ps.  cat  arr  kalis. 

B.  Potato  cultures  brownish. 

5.  Ps.  nexibilis  (Wright). 

i.    Ps.  sinuosa  (Wright) 

B,  sinuosus  Wright :  I.e.,  440. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized,  ends  rounded,  pairs  —  filaments.     A  polar 

flagellum ;  some  bacilli  probably  have  2-4  flagella. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  3  days,  3   mm.,   thin,   delicate,  translucent,  irregular, 

sinuous ;    centres    brownish,   grained ;     becoming   6   mm.,   with    radial 

foldings. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  grayish  white,  glistening,  translucent. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  scanty,  limited. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  sediment ;  no  pellicle. 
Potato.     Growth    gray-brown,    moist,   not    thick,   rather    roughf  spreading. 

Indol  slight.     Grow  at  36°, 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 
Habitat.     Water. 


3o8  BACTERIOLOGY 

2.    Ps.  monadiformis  (Kruse) 

B.  coli-mobilis  Messea:  Riv.  d'igiene,  Roma,  1890. 

B.  monadiformis  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  374. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  rods.     Cultural  characters  like  B.  coli. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  slightly  acid.     Gas  in  lactose,  but  none  in  saccharose 

bouillon.     Non-pathogenic  to  mice. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  typhoid  stools. 

3.    Ps.  ambigua  (Wright) 

B.  ambiguus  Wright:  I.e.,  439. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  ends  rounded,  occur  singly,  and  in  pairs  and  fila- 
ments. A  terminal  flagellum. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  entire,  granular,  brownish.  Surface:  in  3-4 
days  gray,  translucent,  slightly  elevated,  rather  irregular,  2  mm.,  sharp. 
Microscopically,  granular,  yellowish  brown  in  the  centre,  with  thin  trans- 
lucent margins,  finely  radiate. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  gray,  limited,  sharply  defined. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  sediment ;  no  pellicle. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  viscid,  spreading ;  gray  —  creamy. 

Litmus  milk.  Acid,  coagulated  only  after  one  month,  and  may  not  be  then. 
Grow  at  36°.  Indol  positive. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Bleached. 

Habitat.     Water. 

4.    Ps.  catarrhalis 

Der  Bacillus  der  Hundestaupe  Jess :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV,  1899, 541. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.6:1.8-2.3,  occur  singly  in  cultures,  in  chains  in  the 
animal  body.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  A  polar  flagellum. 

Agar  colonies.     In  24  hours,  at  37°,  dark,  entire,  sharp,  granular. 

Agar  slant.  In  24  hours,  at  37°,  growth  abundant,  soft,  gray  ;  border  entire^ 
sharp  ;  water  of  condensation  turbid. 

Glycerin  agar.     A  scanty  growth  of  isolated  colonies. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  flocculent  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  white,  velvety. 

Pathogenesis .  The  inoculation  of  pure  cultures  into  dogs  and  cats  produces  a 
pathological  picture  which  the  author  considers  identical  with  Hundes- 
taupe. 

Habitat.    Associated  with  Hundestaupe  (Febris  catarrhalis  epizootica  canuni). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  309 

5.     Ps.  nexibilis  (Wright) 

B.  nexibths  Wright :  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  of  medium  size,  ends  rounded,  occur  in  pairs,  in  long 
forms,  chains,  and  clumps. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  irregular,  centres  brownish,  margins  faintly 
radiate,  becoming  grayish  brown.  Surface:  in  3  days,  3  mm.,  thin, 
grayish,  translucent,  opalescent,  somewhat  sinuous ;  microscopically, 
brownish,  slightly  granular ;  borders  translucent,  sinuous  —  dentate. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent,  spreading,  becoming  greenish  in  time. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  faint  greenish  tint. 

Potato.     Growth  brown,  thick,  viscid,  spreading. 

Litmus  milk.     Becoming  pink,  acid.     Indol  positive.     No  growth  at  37°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

CLASS    II.      WITHOUT    ENDOSPORES.      AEROBIC    AND    FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.     NON-CHROMOGENIC.     GELATIN  LIQUEFIED. 

I.    Colonies  on  gelatin  at  all  stages,  round,  with  no  radiations  from  their  edges. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied  rather  quickly. 

1.  Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

a.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  crateriform,  becoming  stratiform. 

6.  Ps.  coadunata  (Wright). 

b.  Gelatin  stab  cultures  becoming  saccate. 

7.  Ps.  multistriata    (Wright). 

2.  No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 
a.   Milk  coagulated. 

8.  Ps.  Fairmontensis  (Wright). 

3.  Gas  production  in  glucose  bouillon  not  stated. 

9.  Ps.  liquida  (Frankland). 

B.  Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly. 

1.  Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

10.   Ps.  nebulosa  (Wright). 

2.  No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

n.   Ps.  cohcerea  (Wright). 

II.   Colonies  on  gelatin,  with  filamentous  borders  or  radiate. 
A.   Gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

12.  Ps.  centrifitgans  (Wright). 

13.  Ps.  punctata  (Zimmerman). 


BACTERIOLOGY 

B.    No  gas  generated  in  glucose  bouillon. 

1 .  Produce  indol ;  no  growth  at  36°. 

14.  Ps.fimbriata  (Wright). 

2.  Do  not  produce  indol ;  grow  at  36°. 

15.  Ps.  geniculata  (Wright). 
III.   Colonies  on  gelatin  erose,  lobed,  coli-like. 

16.  Ps.  delabens  (Wright). 

6.  Ps.  coadunata  (Wright) 

B.  coadunatus  Wright :  I.e.,  460. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size,  ends  rounded  ;  occur  in  pairs,  filaments,. 

and  chains.     A  polar  flagellum. 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  3-4  days,  round,  brownish,  dense,  less  than  I   mm. ; 

sunken  in  the  liquefied  gelatin  ;  microscopically,  with  brownish  —  brownish 

gray  centres,  with  rough,  frayed  margins  and  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin, 

in  which  are  scattered  granulations. 
Gelatin  stab.   Liquefaction  crateriform  —  stratiform. 
Agar  slant.   Growth  translucent,  grayish,  slightly  spreading. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  white  sediment  and  a  pellicle;  the  medium  has  a 

slight  greenish  tint. 

Potato.     Growth  brown,  viscid,  moist,  glistening,  spreading. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  acid.     No  growth  at  37°.     Indol  produced.     Nitrates  not 

reduced. 
Habitat.    Water. 

7.  Ps.  multistriata  (Wright) 

B.  multistriatus  Wright :  I.e.,  462. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size,  ends  rounded,  variable,  in  pairs. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :    brownish,  dense,  granular,  round-oval.     Surface : 

round,  grayish  white,  translucent,  1-2  mm.  ;  microscopically,  with  dark 

brownish   dense   centres,  and  thinner   margins,  with   radiate   brownish 

lines  from  the  central  nucleus. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  beaded ;    on  the  surface,  growth  irregular, 

whitish,  gradually  sinking  into  the  liquefied  gelatin,  becoming,  in  10  daysr 

saccate. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  narrow. 

Potato.     Growth  grayish  to  creamy,  thick,  glistening,  spreading,  viscid. 
Milk.     Coagulated,  amphoteric.    Indol  negative.    No  growth  at  36°.    Nitrates 

not  reduced. 
Habitat.     Water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  311 

8.  Ps.  Fairmontensis  (Wright) 

B.  Fairmontensis  Wright:  I.e.,  458. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size,  ends  rounded,  in  pairs  and  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round  —  oval,  dense,  granular,  dark  grayish  brown  ;  in 
3  days,  surrounded  by  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin.  Surface:  in  2  days, 
round,  white,  translucent  disks,  1-2  mm. ;  microscopically,  with  dark 
centres  with  a  greenish  shimmer  and  thinner  edges,  and  faint  radial  lines. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  crateriform,  extending  to  the  walls  in  2-3  days ; 
little  growth  along  needle  track. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white,  glistening. 

Potato.  Growth  granular,  elevated,  spreading,  the  color  of  the  medium, 
becoming  brownish,  viscid. 

Litmus  milk.     Decolorized.     No  growth  at  36°.     Indol  produced. 

Habitat.     Water. 

9.  Ps.  liquida  (Frankland) 

B.  liquidus  Frankland  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1889,  382. 

B,  liquefaciens-communis  Sternberg  :  Manual,  1892. 

B.  aquatilis-communis  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  315. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6:  1.2-5  /*•     Flagella  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  crateriform,  turbid  ;  edge  finely  granular,  not  ciliate. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  gray. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  2  days,  a  large,  saccate  liquefaction,  turbid,  becoming  clear. 

Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown,  pinkish  —  flesh-colored.    Nitrates  reduced. 

Habitat.    Water. 

10.  Ps.  nebulosa  (Wright) 

. 

B.  nebulosus  Wright :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size  ;  flagella  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  dark,  granular.  Surface:  round,  thin,  gray, 
translucent,  hazy ;  centre  white,  surrounded  by  a  whitish  ring ;  micro- 
scopically, centre  dark  brownish,  granular,  surrounded  by  a  thin,  trans- 
parent zone. 

Gelatin  slant.  Growth  viscid,  whitish ;  lines  a  shallow  furrow,  with  short,, 
lateral  outgrowths. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  a  thin,  translucent  stripe. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  sediment. 

Potato.     A  scanty  growth,  if  any. 


3I2 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Litmus  milk.      Decolorized ;    casein   dissolved ;    alkaline.     Indol    negative. 

Grow  at  36°. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 
Habitat.    Water. 

ii.    Ps.  cohaerea  (Wright)     * 

B.  cohtzreus  Wright :    I.e.,  464. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  of  medium  size,  short,  ends  rounded,  in  pairs  and 
filaments.  Flagella  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round  —  oval,  granular,  brownish,  sharp  ;  later  a  dark 
brownish  tint  in  the  adjacent  gelatin;  colonies  sometimes  moruloid. 
Surface :  round,  elevated,  grayish,  becoming  thicker,  denser,  and  papil- 
late in  centre;  microscopically,  granular,  yellowish  brown  in  centre, 
becoming  sunken  in  the  gelatin  and  crimpled. 

Gelatin  slant.  Growth  slightly  wrinkled,  grayish  white,  lining  a  furrow  in 
the  gelatin. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  elevated,  grayish  white,  translucent,  glistening. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  wrinkled  membrane  ;  becoming  clear. 

Potato.     Growth  elevated,  granular,  the  color  of  the  medium. 

Litmus  milk.  Decolorized,  viscid  ;  coagulated  ;  alkaline,  becoming  brownish. 
Jndol  negative.  But  slight  growth  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

12.    Ps.  centrifugans  (Wright) 

B.  centrifugans  Wright :    I.e.,  462. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size,  in  pairs  and  filaments.      Flagella  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  dark,  granular,  with  a  greenish  shimmer, 
soon  surrounded  by  a  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin.  Surface:  in  24-48 
hours,  round,  crateriform,  3  mm.,  turbid,  flocculi  in  centre;  micro- 
scopically granular,  a  circulating  motion  ;  margin  fringed  with  short  hairs. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  saccate,  a  pellicle,  greenish  below  and  alkaline. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  translucent,  glistening,  grayish,  thin,  becoming  brownish 
to  greenish  brown. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  a  slight  pellicle  ;  later  a  brown  green  tint. 

Potato.  Growth  thick,  spreading,  gray-pinkish  ;  sometimes  a  rough  granular 
surface. 

Litmus  milk.  Coagulated,  decolorized,  amphoteric  —  acid.  Indol  produced. 
Nitrates  not  reduced.  Grow  at  35°-36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  313 

13.     Ps.  punctata  (Zimmerman) 

B.  punctatus  Zimmerman :   Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  Chemnitz,  1890,  38. 
Bact.punctatum  Lehmann-Neumann  :    Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  238. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5  :  0.8  /x,  —  filaments.  A  polar  flagellum.  Not  stained 
by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Round,  punctiform,  entire,  becoming  erose,  then  filamen- 
tous —  ciliate,  then  sunken  and  liquefied  like  cholera  colonies. 

Milk.     Coagulated,  becoming  fluid. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Gas.     H2S  produced.     Indol  slight. 

Habitat.     Water. 

B.  annulatm  Zimmerman :  I.e.,  1894.     Probably  identical  with  the  preceding. 
14.     Ps.  fimbriata  (Wright) 

B.fimbriatus  Wright:    I.e.,  463. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized,  ends  blunt,  short  —  long  forms  —  chains. 

Flagella  several. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:   round,  granular,  sharp,  grayish  in  centre.     Surface: 

rounded,  yellowish  white,  sunken,  1-2  mm.,  sometimes  surrounded  by  a 

clouded  liquid  zone  ;  microscopically,  dark  brownish,  granular  in  centre  ; 

edge  a  delicate  fringe. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  napiform,  a  slight  pellicle,  iridescent,  becoming 

slightly  greenish. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  smooth,  dark  gray,  glistening ;  agar  becomes  brownish. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  a  slight  pellicle,  becoming  a  dark  greenish  tint. 
Potato.     Growth  grayish  —  light  brownish,  slightly  rough,  spreading. 
Litmus    milk.       Coagulated,     decolorized,    amphoteric.       Indol    produced. 

Nitrates  not  reduced.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Water. 

15.    Ps.  geniculata  (Wright) 

B.  geniculatus  Wright :    I.e.,  459. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  medium-sized,  in  pairs  and  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  yellowish,  round,  sharp,  slightly  granular;  studded 
with  small  plaques  and  buds.  Surface:  round,  translucent,  whitish, 
somewhat  depressed ;  microscopically,  brownish,  granular  centre,  thin 
margin,  entire  —  undulate  with  radiating  fibrils,  becoming  liquefied, 
crateriform ;  centres  gray  white  —  yellowish,  with  an  outer  zone  of 
radiating  fibrils. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.      Liquefaction  infundibuliform,  an  air  space  above ;    sediment 

whitish-pinkish. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish,  glistening,  limited,  translucent,  brownish  gray. 
Bouillon.    Turbid,  flocculi  in  suspension,  a  slight  pellicle,  and  a  slight  greenish 

tint  to  the  medium. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  viscid,  moist,  glistening,  brownish. 
Litnms  milk.     Coagulated,  decolorized,  alkaline.     Indol  not  produced.     No 

growth  at  35°-36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

1 6.    Ps.  delabens  (Wright) 

B.  delabens  Wright :    I.e.,  456. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  short,  and  long  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round  —  irregular,  slightly  granular,  brownish  yel- 
low. Surface:  thin,  translucent,  glistening,  wavy  —  irregular,  centre 
grayish  ;  microscopically,  thin,  translucent,  marmorated,  brownish  centre  ; 
later  the  growth  sinks  in  the  slowly  liquefied  gelatin. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  a  gray  white  stripe  which  sinks  into  the  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  beaded,  brownish  gray;  on  the  surface, 
growth  thin,  white,  irregular,  which  sinks  slowly  into  the  liquefied 
gelatin. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  whitish,  translucent,  glistening,  slightly  spreading ;  the 
agar  becomes  greenish. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  a  slight  pellicle,  and  a  slight  greenish  tint. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish,  viscid,  thick,  spreading.  . 

Litmus  milk.  Decolorized,  not  coagulated,  alkaline ;  a  tough  membrane^ 
Indol  slight.  Nitrates  not  reduced.  No  growth  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

CLASS  III.     WITHOUT  ENDOSPORES.     AEROBIC  AND   FACULTATIVE 
ANAEROBIC.    CHROMOGENIC,  PIGMENT  ON  GELATIN  OR  AGAR. 

I.    Pigment  yellowish. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied  ;  no  gas  in  glucose  bouillon. 

1.  Milk  coagulated. 

a.  Grow  well  a?  35°-36°  C. 

17.  Ps.  pullulans  (Wright). 

b.  Do  not  grow  at  35°-36°  C. 

1 8.  Ps.  annulata  (Wright). 

2.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

19.  Ps.  ochracea  (Zimmerman). 

20.  Ps.  campestris  (Pammel)  Smith. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  315 

B.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

21.  Ps.  turcosa  (Zimmerman). 
II.    Pigment  blue- violet  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

1.  On  potato,  pigment  violet. 

22.  Ps.janthina  (Zopf). 

2.  On  potato,  growth  grayish  blue  —  blue  green. 

23.  Ps.  ccerulea  (Voges). 

3.  On  potato,  growth  dark  blue  —  blue  black. 

24.  Ps.  Smithii. 

B.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

25.  Ps.  indigofera  (Voges). 

26.  Ps.  Berolinensis  (Classen)  Migula. 

17.  Ps.  pullulans  (Wright) 

B.pullulans  Wright :  I.e.,  445. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  short,  in  pairs.     Flagella  several,  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  2-3  days  2  mm.,  yellowish  gray,  slightly  elevated,  trans- 
lucent. Microscopically,  with  yellowish  centres  and  colorless  margins, 
sausage-shaped  granules  on  lower  side  of  colony,  surrounded  by  a  zone 
of  liquefied  gelatin. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  raised  ;  liquefaction  napiform. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish,  translucent. 

Glucose  bouillon.  No  gas.  Nitrates  not  reduced.  Grow  at  36°.  Indol  pro- 
duced. 

Habitat.     Water. 

1 8.  Ps.  annulata  (Wright) 

B.  annulatus  Wright:  I.e.,  443. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small ;  occur  singly,  in  pairs,  and  as  long  forms.  Fla- 
gella several,  at  one  or  both  ends. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  3-4  days,  2-3  mm.,  round ;  centres  yellowish,  edges 
indistinct  —  somewhat  fringed;  liquefaction  saccate. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  crateriform,  yellowish  flocculi,  a  slight  pellicle. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish,  translucent,  glistening. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  yellow  pellicle. 

Litmus  milk.     Coagulated,  decolorized.     Indol  slight.     No  growth  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Water: 


316  BACTERIOLOGY 

19.    Ps.  ochracea  (Zimmerman) 

B.  ochraceus  Zimmerman :  Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  Chemnitz,  1890. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5-0.8  : 1.2-3.6  /A.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  Flagella 
polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  small,  light  yellowish.  Surface:  at  first  coli- 
like,  becoming  slightly  fringed  on  borders,  becoming  liquefied  and  de- 
pressed ;  a  pellicle  on  the  surface  of  a  grayish  yellow  or  deep  yellow  color, 
often  with  a  reticulate  structure.  Microscopically,  brownish,  granular, 
often  warty. 

Gelatin  stab.  On  the  surface  a  yellowish  —  yellowish  gray  layer,  which  sinks, 
becoming  a  funnel  and  later  a  cylindrical  liquefaction,  with  a  pale  yellow 
or  ochreous  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     A  thin  yellowish  gray  —  ochreous  expansion. 

Bouillon.  Weakly  turbid,  with  a  slight  pellicle,  and  much  sediment.  Indol 
positive.  H2S  produced. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  somewhat  slimy. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Potato.     Growth  ochre-yellow. 

Habitat.     Water. 

20.    Ps.  campestris  (Pammel)  Smith 

B.  campestris  Pammel:  Bull.  27,  Iowa  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.,  1895,  I3°- 
Ps.  campestris  Smith  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  ate  Abt.,  Ill,  1897. 
B.  campestris  Russell :  Wis.  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.,  Bull/65,  1898. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.4-0.6:  1-2 /z;  occur  singly  and  in  chains.  Motility 
active.  Stain  uniformly  with  Loflfler's  methylene  blue ;  stain  irregularly 
with  Ziehl's  carbol-fuchsin.  Decolorized  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  sharp,  darker  than  surface  growths,  concen- 
tric. Surface:  in  3-4  days  i  mm.,  moist,  glistening,  raised,  light  yellow. 
Microscopically,  round,  entire,  centres  darker,  finely  granular,  sometimes 
radiately  streaked.  In  12-15  days  the  surface  colonies  begin  to  liquefy. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep:  lenticular  —  irregular,  dark,  granular,  concentric.  Sur- 
face: 1-4 -mm.,  thin,  moist,  glistening,  translucent,  light  yellow  —  olive. 
Microscopically,  thicker  and  denser  in  centre,  concentric. 

Agar  slant.  At  first  an  elevated  streak,  becoming  spreading,  thinner,  and 
somewhat  translucent ;  rich  golden  yellow. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth,  spreading  slightly  at  the  surface.  In 
7-10  days  a  slight  liquefaction  under  the  latter,  and  a  pit  due  to  evapora- 
tion. Liquefaction  extends  laterally,  very  slowly,  becoming  stratiform. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  317 

Potato.  Growth  moist,  glistening,  pasty,  light  yellow,  becoming  cadmium- 
yellow  to  golden  brown. 

Bouillon.  A  slight  turbidity,  and  a  yellow  deposit  adhering  to  walls  at  sur- 
face, becoming  clear,  with  a  yellow  granular  precipitate. 

Litmus  milk.  In  10  days  pink;  no  true  curd,  but  a  layer  of  whey  on  top. 
The  casein  is  gradually  digested.  No  gas  in  glucose  and  lactose  bouillon  ; 
growth  only  in  the  open  end  of  fermentation  tubes. 

Pigment.  Soluble  in  ethyl  and  methyl  alcohol ;  color  destroyed  by  mineral 
acids.  Bouillon  rendered  slightly  alkaline.  Non-pathogenic  to  rabbits. 

Habitat.    Associated  with  a  bacterial  rot  of  cabbages  and  allied  plants. 

21.    Ps.  turcosa  (Zimmerman) 

B.  turcosus  Zimmerman  :  Bak.  Nutz  u.  Trinkwasser,  Chemnitz,  II  Theil,  1894,  32. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.2-0.3  :  0.3-1.5  /A.     A  single  polar  flagellum. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small,  punctiform,  translucent,  intense  yellow.  Microscopi- 
cally, amorphous. 

Gelatin  stab.  Surface  growth  small,  slowly  growing,  round,  convex,  intense 
yellow,  with  a  slight  greenish  tint,  becoming  gradually  sunken,  without 
liquefaction. 

Agar  slant.     A  scanty  growth,  intense  yellow. 

Potato.  A  scanty  growth,  greenish  yellow,  dry,  with  a  soft,  glistening  appear- 
ance. 

Bouillon.     Weakly  turbid.     H2S  negative.     Indol  negative. 

Ghicose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Habitat.     Water. 

22.    Ps.  janthina  (Zopf) 

B.janthinus  Zopf:  Spaltpilze,  1885,  68. 

B.  violaceus  Mace:  Ann.  d'Hyg.  publ.  et  de  Med.  leg.  XVII,  1887. 

B.  violaceus  Frankland  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  1889,  394. 

B.  violaceus-laurentius  Jordan  :  State  Board  of  Health,  Mass.,  1890,  838. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5-0.8:  1.5-5.0  /x,  ends  rounded.  One  or  two  polar 
flagella;  according  to  Lehmann-Neumann  it  may  show  3-4  peritrichic 
flagella.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small  yellow  points,  becoming  violet ;  becoming  liquefied 
and  depressed,  with  grayish  centres  and  violet  borders.  The  unliquefied 
colonies  may  be  yellowish  violet,  with  ragged,  erose,  lobular  borders. 
Microscopically,  fragmental  —  grumose,  dark  yellow-brownish. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.  Old  cultures  show  on  the  surface  a  white  expansion,  becoming 
violet-blue ;  after  a  time  the  growth  sinks,  and  the  gelatin  becomes  slowly 
liquefied.  Freshly  isolated  cultures  may  show  a  funnel-formed-cylindrical 
liquefaction,  whose  contents  are  gray  violet. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  moist,  glistening,  yellowish  —  brownish  white,  becoming 
deep  violet. 

Potato.     Growth  violet  —  violet-black,  spreading. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  membrane,  slightly  violet. 

Milk.  Slowly  coagulated,  ordinarily  not  coagulated ;  colored  violet,  at  least 
the  cream  layer. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Slightly  acid  ;  no  gas.     H2S  produced,     ///^/produced. 

Habitat.     Water. 

23.    Ps.  coerulea  (Voges) 

B.  coeruleus  Voges:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIV,  1893,  303. 

Morphology.      Bacilli  0.8:  1.0-1.4  !"••      One  polar  flagellum.      At  37°  good 

growth,  with  pigment  production. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Typhoid-like,  becoming  grayish  blue  ;  slowly  liquefied. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth. 
Bouillon.     A  gray  membrane  on  the  surface. 
Milk.     Coagulated  ;  the  cream  layer  sky-blue. 
Potato.      Growth    grayish    blue  —  blue    green,    becoming    darker,    coarsely 

granular. 
Habitat.     Water. 

24.    Ps.  Smithii 

B.  cceruleus  Smith:    Med.  News,  II,  1887,  758. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  2.0-2.5  5  frequently  form  leptothrix-like  threads. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Form  cup-like  liquid  depressions.  No  color  in  the  depth 
of  the  gelatin,  but  the  surface  colonies  exhibit  a  faint  blue  tint. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  funnel ;  in  depth,  a  few  colonies. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  bluish. 

Potato.  Growth  dark  blue,  becoming  intense  blue  black.  According  'to 
Wright  (I.e.,  451). 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  :  irregular  —  oval,  finely  granular,  yellowish-brownish. 
Surface:  thin,  translucent,  slate-blue ;  microscopically,  finely  granular, 
with  irregular  outlines.  Later  the  surface  colonies  are  bluish  gray 
masses  within  depressions  of  liquefied  gelatin  which  microscopically  are 
dense,  brown,  opaque,  coarsely  granular,  with  ragged  margins. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  napiform,  with  a  bluish  gray  membrane  and  a 
bluish  sediment;  little  growth  along  the  line  of  stab. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  319 

Agar  slant.     Growth  glistening,  limited,  slate-blue,  becoming  gray. 
Bouillon.     Clouded,  whitish  flocculi,  and  a  few  bluish  flocculi  on  the  surface, 

or  a  bluish  ring. 

Potato.     Growth  slate-blue,  dense,  becoming  dirty  brown. 
Litmus  milk.     Coagulated,  decolorized  ;  serum  bluish. 
Glucose  gelatin  stab.      A  fair  growth  ;  no  gas.      Indol  produced.      Grow  at 

36°.     The  species  seems  subject  to  considerable  variations,  and  may  be 

identical  with,  or  a  variety  of,  B.janthinus. 
Habitat.     Water. 

25.    Ps.  indigofera  (Voges) 

B.  indigoferus  Voges  :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIV,  1893,  3°7- 

Morphology.      Bacilli   0.6-1.8  //, ;   occur  singly.      A  polar   flagellum.      Not 

stained  by  Gram's  method.     Grow  at  37°. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Flat,  spreading,  iridescent,  blue. 
Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  flat,  glistening. 
Bouillon.     A  delicate  membrane  of  a  blue  color. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  dark  blue. 
Potato.     Growth  greenish  blue.    Non-pathogenic.     Pigment  soluble  in  H2SO4 

(brown)  ;  in  HNO3  (yellowish)  ;  in  HC1  (bluish).    Addition  of  NH4HO 

has  no  effect  on  the  pigment. 
Habitat.     Water. 

26.    Ps.  Berolinensis  (Classen)  Migula 

B.  Berolinensis-indicus  Classen;    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  VII,  1890,  13. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  slender,  with   rounded  ends,  like  B.  typhosus  ;  occur 

singly,  in  pairs,  in  threes,  or  in  packets.     The  bacillus  is  surrounded  by 

a  delicate  capsule. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Grayish  white  punctiform,  becoming  indigo-blue ;  borders 

irregular,  typhoid-like,  colorless. 
Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface,  growth  punctiform,  deep  indigo-blue,  slowly 

spreading ;  contour  irregular.      The  color  does  not  penetrate  into  the 

gelatin. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  moist,  glistening,  deep  indigo-blue. 
Potato  (acid).      Growth  deep   blue;    on   alkaline   potato   it   is   dirty  green, 

glistening. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  flocculent  particles;    no  color  produced.      Do  not 

grow  at  37°;  grow  best  at  15°. 
Habitat.     Water. 


320  BACTERIOLOGY 

CLASS   IV.     WITHOUT   ENDOSPORES.      FLUORESCENT  BACTERIA. 

I.    Gelatin  liquefied. 

A.  Gelatin  liquefied  slowly. 

27.  Ps.  Schuylkilliensis  (Wright). 

B.  Gelatin  liquefied  quickly. 

1.  Milk  coagulated. 

28.  Ps.  pyocyanea. 

X>«9.  Ps.  capsulata  (Pottien). 

2.  Milk  not  coagulated. 

"N  30.  Ps.fluorescens  (Fliigge)  Migula. 
II.    Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

A.  Milk  coagulated. 

31.  Ps.  rugosa  (Wright). 

B.  Milk  hot  coagulated. 

1.  Milk  rendered  slightly  acid,  or  litmus  milk  becomes  slightly  pinkish. 

32.  Ps.  incognita  (Wright). 

33.  Ps.foliacea  (Wright). 

2.  Milk  rendered  alkaline  in  reaction. 

a.  Gelatin  surface  colonies  thin,  flat. 

*   Do  not  grow  at  body  temperatures. 

34.  Ps.  syncyanea  (Ehrenberg)  Migula. 
**   Grow  at  body  temperature. 

•f   Gelatin  surface   colonies   become    filamentous    on    their 
borders. 

35.  Ps.  striata  (Ravenel). 

ft   Gelatin  surface  colonies  sharp,  entire. 

36.  Ps.  ovalis  (Ravenel). 

b.  Gelatin  surface  colonies  convex. 

37.  Ps.  convexa  (Wright). 

3.  Milk  reaction  not  changed. 

,  a.    Reddish  granules  in  the  rods. 

38.  Ps.  erythrospora  (Cohn)  Migula. 
b.    Rods  not  characterized  as  before. 

39.  Ps.  putrida  (Fliigge)  Migula. 

27.    Ps.  Schuylkilliensis  (Wright) 

B.  fiuorescens-Schuylkilliensis  Wright :    I.e.,  448. 

MorpJwlogy.     Bacilli  small,  short,  ends  rounded,  in  pairs  and  filaments.     A 
polar  flagellum. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  321 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  2  days,  1.5  mm.,  grayish  white,  translucent;  micro- 
scopically, with  brownish  centres,  borders  thin,  with  radiate  structure ;. 
later  show  a  greenish  white  —  blue  green  fluorescence. 

Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  slow,  crateriform,  with  a  blue  green  fluorescence. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish,  translucent ;  agar  fluorescent. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  slight  pellicle  and  a  blue  green  fluorescence. 

Potato.     Growth  brownish,  elevated,  spreading. 

Litmus  milk.     Coagulated  slowly,  decolorized  slowly. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  doubtful. 

Habitat.     Water. 

— -D  6td 

28.     Ps.  pyocyanea.  (Gessard)  Migula 

B.  pyocyaneus  Gessard :  De  la  pyocyanine  et  son  microbe,  These  de  Paris,  1882. 
Ps.  pyocyanea  Migula  :  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1896. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.4:  1.4-6  /x,  yariable.     A  polar  flagellum.     Stain  by 
"Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  oval,  yellowish  white  —  greenish  yellow,  often 
moruloid.  Surface:  round,  entire,  yellowish;  later,  the  borders  become 
irregular  and  coli-like ;  often  beset  with  hairs,  or  fringed ;  becoming 
sunken,  with  an  irregular,  variable  structure,  gray  or  greenish  gray,  irregu- 
lar, ragged,  or  coarsely  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  crateriform,  becoming  saccate,  with  a  greenish 
yellow-blue  green  fluorescence  ;  contents  granular,  flocculent. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep:  round,  oval,  entire,  undulate,  granular,  yellow  —  green- 
ish yellow.  Surface:  round,  entire,  glistening,  greenish  white  —  yellowish  ; 
microscopically,  round,  entire,  granular,  moruloid,  yellow  —  greenish 
yellow. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  soft,  glistening,  spreading,  yellowish  green  —  greenish  ; 
the  agar  shows  a  strong  yellow  green  fluorescence. 

Bouillon.  Turbid,  with  a  pellicle,  and  a  strong  yellow  green  fluorescence. 

Milk.  Coagulated,  becoming  fluid  and  alkaline,  with  a  yellow  green  fluores* 
cence. 

Potato.  Growth  yellowish,  moist,  glistening,  slightly  raised,  becoming  brown- 
ish yellow  —  brown.  Indol  negative.  H2S  negative. 

Glucose  bouillon.     Acid,  no  gas.     Nitrates  reduced  to  nitrites. 

Pathogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  i  cc.  of  a  virulent  bouillon  culture 
into  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits  causes  a  purulent  infiltration  and  inflamma- 
tory oedema  at  the  point  of  inoculation,  and  death  in  some  cases  ifi  24 
hours.  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  cause  peritonitis  and  death.  With 
small  doses  only  local  inflammation,  and  recovery. 
Y 


322 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Habitat.  In  the  mouth,  intestines,  and  on  the  surface  of  the  body ;  in  sup- 
purating wounds ;  sometimes  associated  with  peritonitis,  appendicitis,  in 
phlegmons,  otitis  media,  bronchopneumonia,  etc. 

VARIETIES    (non-pathogenic).     B.    fluorescens-mutabilis  Wright :  I.e.,  449.    | 
Habitat,  water. 

B.  No.  21  Conn.:  I.e.,  1893,  52.     Habitat,  milk. 

These  are  probably  only  non-pathogenic  varieties  of  the  preceding,  except 
that  the  chromogenic  function  is  weaker.     Cultural  characters  otherwise   | 
within  the  range  of  probable  normal  variations. 

29.     Ps.  capsulata  (Pottien) 

B.  fluorescens-capsulatus  Pottien  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXII,  1896,  146. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  with  rounded  ends,  scarcely  one-half  the  length  of 
tubercle  bacilli,  and  somewhat  thicker ;  often  in  twos,  somewhat  variable 
in  size,  rarely  coccoid.  Show  a  polar  stain.  Not  stained  by  Gram's 
method.  A  capsule  in  the  body  and  on  media.  A  long,  undulating  polar 
flagellum.  Optimum  temperature  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  grayish,  greenish,  concentric,  often  with  radiate 
fibrils.  Surface :  brownish,  granular,  becoming  liquefied  in  4  days ;  a 
greenish  shimmer,  with  sunken  surface  growth  ;  microscopically,  concen- 
tric, the  outer  zone  has  a  B.  subtilis  character.  An  odor  in  the  liquefied 
gelatin  of  musty  cheese. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefaction  saccate  —  infundibuliform,  becoming  stratiform  ; 
the  liquid  gelatin  becomes  yellowish  green  —  bluish  red. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  moist,  glistening,  slimy ;  a  bluish  shimmer,  with  a  gray 
green  —  blue  green  fluorescence. 

Bouillon.     A  thick,  slimy  membrane,  and  a  green  fluorescence. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Milk.  '37°,  a  green  fluorescence  at  the  surface;  at  20°,  coagulated  in  48 
hours. 

Potato.  Growth  grayish  green  —  yellowish  green,  slimy.  Grow  in  acid  gelatin. 
Indol  positive  or  scanty.  Reduction  of  nitrates  to  nitrites  negative  or 
scanty. 

Pathogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  small  doses  into  mice  cause  death 
in  1-3  days,  with  cramps,  oedema  at  the  point  of  inoculation,  and  inflam-' 
mation  of  the  internal  tissues.  Bacilli  by  culture  from  blood  and  organs. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  cholera-nostras. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  323 

30.     Ps.  fluorescens  (Fliigge)   Migula 

B.  fluoresccns-liquefaciens  Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886,  289. 

B.  viscosus  Frankland :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VI,  1887,  39. 

B.  fluorescens-mvalis  Schmelck:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV,  1888,  544. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.5:  1.0-1.5  /*i  occur  chiefly  in  pairs.  A  polar  bundle 
of  3-6  flagella.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method.  Cultural  characters 
like  No.  28,  but  according  to  Lehmann  and  Neumann,  milk  is  not  coagu- 
lated, and  cultures  show  a  weak  indol  reaction. 

Ruzicka  (Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XXXIV,  1898,  149)  shows  that  the  present 
species  and  No.  28  are  subject  to  such  variations  in  cultural  characters 
that  no  sharp  lines  between  the  two  can  be  drawn.  The  student  should 
consult  the  above  paper  by  Ruzicka. 

Habitat.     Widely  distributed,  water,  etc. 


31.     Ps.  rugosa  Wright 

B.  rugosus  Wright :  I.e.,  438. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size,  ends  rounded,  in  pairs,  chsfms,  and  fila- 
ments.    Flagella  1-4,  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.     In  3  days,  3-4  mm.,  translucent,  grayish,  slightly  elevated, 
irregular,  sinuous,  sharp,  radiately  rugose,  with  a  smooth  border. 

Gelatin  slant.      Growth  .grayish  green,  dense,  limited,  delicately  wrinkled, 
reticulate;  gelatin  a  faint  green.     Grow  in  acid  gelatin. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  translucent,  somewhat  limited,  grayish  —  grayish  white, 
with  delicate  wrinkles.     The  agar  becomes  greenish. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  brown. 

Litmus  nam:     Coagulated,  acid. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  slight.     Nitrates  not  reduced  to  nitrites. 
No  growth  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Water. 

32.     Ps.  incognita  (Wright) 

B.  fluorescens-incognitus  Wright :  I.e.,  436. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  of  medium  size,  short,  ends  rounded,  in  pairs,  chains, 

and  filaments.     A  polar  flagellum. 
Gelatin  colonies.    Deep :  round,  oval,  yellow  brown,  granular.    Surface:  in  2-3 

days,  thin,  translucent ;  edge  irregular  —  wavy,  coli-like  ;  microscopically, 


324 


BACTERIOLOGY 


slightly  granular,  slightly  yellowish  brown ;  centre  with  a  yellow  brown 
nucleus,  marmorated ;  older  colonies  6-8  mm.,  with  a  greenish  tint,  and 
the  gelatin  acquires  a  blue  green  fluorescence. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent,  slightly  greenish,  limited. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  moist,  translucent ;  acquires  a  greenish  color. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle  ;  becomes  greenish. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  brown,  spreading. 

Litmus  milk.     Slightly  decolorized  (after  a  month  or  so),  reaction  acid. 

Habitat.     Water. 

33.    Ps.  foliacea  (Wright) 

B.fiuorescens-foliaceus  Wright:  I.e.,  439. 

Dr.  Wright  doubtless  has  good  grounds  for  making  this  and  the  preceding 
distinct  species ;  a  careful  study  of  the  descriptions,  however,  do  not 
reveal  upon  what  specific  differentiation  can  be  well  based.  The  features 
of  distinction  appear  to  be  in  the  character  of  the  growth  on  gelatin  slant, 
which  shows  a  central  furrow,  with  also  laterals,  giving  a  leaf-like  etching 
of  the  medium.  The  surface  gelatin  colonies  show  heavy,  brown,  radial 
stripes. 

Litmus  milk.     A  deeper  blue,  alkaline,  becoming  acid,  pink.     Indol  slight. 

Habitat.     Water. 

34.     Ps.  syncyanea  (Ehrenberg)   Migula 

Vibrio  syncyaneus  Ehrenberg:  Gurlt  u.  Hertwig's  Magaz.  f.  ges.  Thierheilk.,  Vll,  1841. 

B.  cyanogenes  Fliigge  :  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

Ps.  syncyanea  Migula:  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1892,  29. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.3-0.5  :  1.0-4.0  /x.     Flagella  polar,  in  bundles  of  1-5,. 

rarely  bipolar. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  small,  round,  yellowish,  granular.     Surface:  large, 

thin,  spreading,  with  erose  edges  like  B.  coli.     Colonies  rarely  of  the 

aerogenes  type. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  white  —  bluish 

gray. 

Potato.     Growth  slimy,  bluish  gray  —  brown. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  white  ;  agar  variously  colored. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  gray  green  —  bluish  green,  with  a  pellicle. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas,  slightly  acid.     Indol  a.  trace.     H2S  negative. 
Milk.     Alkaline,  blue. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  blue  milk. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  325 

35.     Ps.  striata  (Ravenel) 


B.  striatus-viridis  Ravenel  :  I.e.,  22. 


Morphology.  Bacilli  slender,  of  variable  lengths  ;  rods  irregular  ;  stain  like 
diphtheria  ;  occur  singly  and  in  pairs.  Flagella  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  :  round,  yellowish,  granular,  entire,  becoming  brown- 
ish. Surface:  in  5  days  I  mm.,  zoned;  border  filamentous. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin  ;  agar  becomes  slightly  green  —  yellowish  green. 

Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  white,  elevated. 

Potato.     Growth  moist,  glistening,  becoming  chocolate-brown. 

Bouillon.     Turbid;  becoming  in  7  days  slightly  greenish. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid.     Unchanged. 

Litmus  milk.     Alkaline,  becoming  decolorized. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

36.  Ps.  ovalis   (Ravenel) 

B.  fluorescens-ovalis  Ravenel;  I.e.,  9. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  rounded,  2-3  times  their  breadth  ;  occur  singly. 

Flagella  polar. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  pale  gray,  slightly  granular,  entire.     Surface:  round, 

light  gray,  slightly   granular,  entire,    becoming   blue   white  —  yellowish 

green. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  filiform  ;  on  the  surface,  a  white  button,  with 

irregular  leafy  margins. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  greenish  white,  limited  ;  the  agar  becomes  a  faint 

green. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  moist,  honey-yellow,  becoming  yellowish  brown. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  a  flaky  pellicle  on  the  surface  ;  the  medium  has  a  greenish 

tint. 

Litmus  milk.     Deep  blue,  alkaline. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

37.  Ps.  convexa  (Wright)         r* 

cv 

B.  fluorescens-convexus  Wright:  I.e.,  438. 

Morphology.    Bacilli  of  medium  size,  short,  thick,  rounded.    A  polar  flagellum. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Deep:  round,  sharp,  slightly  granular.      Surface:  round, 

convex,  glistening,  light  greenish,  translucent  ;  the  gelatin  acquires  a  blue 

green  fluorescence. 


326  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  stab.  Surface  growth  elevated,  glistening,  light  green ;  the  medium 
becomes  blue  green,  fluorescent.  Grow  in  acid  gelatin  ;  no  fluorescence. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  translucent,  moist,  glistening,  light  greenish  ;  agar  be* 
comes  greenish. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  greenish. 

Potato.     Growth  pale  brown,  spreading. 

Litmus  milk.     Not  coagulated,  alkaline  ;  color  deepened. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  doubtful.     At  36°  little  or  no  growth. 

Habitat.     Water. 

38.    Ps.  erythrospora  (Cohn)  Migula 

c^ 

B.  erythrosporus  Cohn  :  Beitrage  BioL,  III,  1879,  Heft  I,  128. 
Ps.  erythrospora  Migula:  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1896. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender  threads.  Cultures  at  20°  show  in  every  rod  2-8 
reddish  ovoid  granules.  Flagella  polar,  in  bundles  of  3-6. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  lobed,  undulately  channelled,  with  a  green  fluores- 
cence. Surface:  round  —  irregular,  brownish,  with  a  faint  radial  striping. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  a  uniform  growth  ;  surface  growth  flat. 

Potato.     Growth  slightly  spreading,  reddish  —  nut-brown. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  flesh  infusion,  and  from  water. 

39.    Ps.  putida  (Flugge)  Migula 

B.  fluorescens-putidus  Flugge. 

Morphology.     Bacilli,  small,  short,  ends  rounded. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  very  small,  dark.  Surface:  round,  strongly  refract- 
ing, yellowish  ;  borders  bright  gray,  finely  granular.  Later  with  erose- 
lobate  borders,  with  a  greenish  shimmer. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  weak,  gray,  milky  turbidity ;  surface  growth  spread- 
ing ;  a  greenish  coloration  of  the  gelatin  ;  not  liquefied. 

Potato.  Growth  thin,  grayish-brownish.  In  putrefying  solutions,  an  odor 
of  trimethylamin. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  putrefying  substances,  water,  etc. 

CLASS  V.     WITH    ENDOSPORES. 

I.   Aerobic  and  facultative  anaerobic. 
A.    Non-chromogenic. 

1.  Rods  not  swollen  at  sporulation.     B.  subtilis  type. 

40.  Ps.  rosea  (Bordas). 

2.  Rods  swollen  at  one  end  at  sporulation.     Tetanus  type. 

41.  Ps.  Tromelschldgel  (Ravenel). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  327 

B.    Cultures  show  a  greenish  fluorescence. 

1.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

42.  Ps.  viridescens  (Ravenel). 

2.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

43.  Ps.  undulata  (Ravenel). 

40.    Ps.  rosea  (Bordas) 

B.  roseus-vini  Bordas-Joulin-Rackowski :  Compt.  rend.,  CXXVI,  1898,  1550. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.8  :  8-12  /u, ;  filaments.  A  brush  of  polar  flagella.  Stain 
by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Large,  soft,  white ;  gelatin  not  liquefied.  Reduce  nitrates 
to  nitrites. 

Milk.  Coagulated.  Indol  negative.  Grows  in  media  containing  0.3  per  cent 
tartaric  acid.  Acts  feebly  on  glycerin  and  glucose,  producing  succinic 
acid.  No  action  on  alcohol.  Does  not  ferment  saccharose.  In  solutions 
containing  glucose,  a  production  of  acetic  and  butyric  acids.  In  yeast- 
water  glucose  solutions  there  is  a  rose  coloration. 

Habitat.  Cultures  in  wine  become  cloudy,  lose  color,  and  in  20  days  there  is  a 
sensible  diminution  of  tartar  and  glucose,  and  a  slight  increase  of  acidity. 

•  41.    Ps.  Tromelschlagel  (Ravenel) 

B.  Tromelschlagel  Ravenel :  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  straight,  5-7  times  their  breadth ;  occur  singly  and  in 
chains.  Flagella  at  the  poles. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round  —  irregular,  yellowish,  granular,  entire.  Sur- 
face :  colonies  show  a  nucleus,  with  a  yellowish  granular  and  an  outer 
grayish  granular,  veined,  irregular  border.  In  3  days  I  mm.,  white, 
elevated,  entire.  Microscopically,  dense,  gray,  irregular,  with  veined 
margins. 

Gelatin  stab.  Surface  growth  thin,  white,  irregular ;  in  2  weeks  liquefaction 
crateriform  to  a  depth  of  2  mm. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  thin,  translucent,  grayish,  becoming  yellowish-gray,  then 
brownish. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  yellow,  becoming  brown,  dry,  with  a  metallic  lustre. 

Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  becoming  clear. 

Litmus  milk.  Becomes  darker,  then  is  decolorized,  alkaline,  peptonized, 
watery,  translucent. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 


328  BACTERIOLOGY 

42.    Ps.  viridescens  (Ravenel) 

B.  viridescens-liquefaciens  Ravenel :   I.e.,  24. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  straight,  ends  rounded,  3-5  times  their  breadth, 

occur  singly.     Flagella  polar. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :   gray,  granular,  irregular  margins,  becoming  lobed 

and  fissured   at    edges.      Surface :    in   24   hours,   gray,   granular,    with 

irregular  margins  ;  centres  of  grayish  cloudy  masses  ;  liquefaction  crateri- 

form;   liquefaction  proceeds  rapidly  and  colonies  lose  their  characters 

quickly. 
Gelatin  stab.     Good  growth  in  depth  ;  liquefaction  infundibuliform,  becoming 

in  3-4  days  nearly  stratiform  to  the  depth  of  the  stab  ;  no  green  color  to 

the  gelatin. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  smooth,  elevated,  greenish  white,  becoming  spreading, 

with  a  green  tint ;  edges  thin,  yellowish  green. 

Potato.     Growth  yellow,  moist,  glistening,  not  very  thick,  becoming  brownish. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  medium  greenish. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     A  thin  film  on  the  surface,  unchanged. 
Litmus  milk.     Acid,  not  coagulated. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

43.    Ps.  undulata  (Ravenel) 

B.fluorescens-undulatus  Ravenel :    I.e.,  20. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender,  straight,  ends  rounded,  7-10  times  their  breadth, 
in  chains.  Flagella  polar. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  dense,  gray  brown,  with  margins  of  fine  wavy  lines  ; 
do  not  exceed  0.25  mm.  Surface:  like  drops  of  moisture,  greenish 
gray  ;  microscopically,  gray,  granular,  with  a  nucleus  and  an  outer  zone 
of  fine  hairs.  In  3  days,  i  mm.,  elevated,  dense,  iridescent ;  micro- 
scopically, dense,  with  a  finely  striate  border ;  the  gelatin  becomes  faint 
green. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  a  button,  white  yellow  ; 
the  gelatin  tinged  green  near  the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  translucent ;  agar  tinged  green. 

Potato.     Growth  yellow,  moist,  becoming  dirty  yellow  brown,  thin. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  becoming  clear;  the  medium  becomes  a  clear  green. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Slight  growth,  becoming  in  3  weeks  darker. 

Litmus  milk.     Rendered  alkaline,  not  coagulated,  consistency  unchanged. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Indol  negative.     Grow  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 


THE  CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  329 

CLASS  VI.    NITROMONAS   GROUP  OF  WINOGRADSKY 
Do  not  grow  in  nutrient  gelatin  or  other  organic  media. 

44.    Ps.  Europaea  (Winogradsky)  Migula 

Nitromonas  Europcea  Winogradsky  :   Archiv  Sci.  biol.  St.  Petersbourg  I,  1892,  Nos.  1-2. 
Ps.  Europcea  Migula:    Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1892,  29. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.9-1.0:1.1-1.8  //,;  occur  singly,  rarely  in  chains 
of  3-4  elements,  coccoid  forms  —  short  rods.  A  single  polar  flagellum 
2-3  times  the  length  of  a  rod,  or  rarely  one  at  either  end.  Grow  readily 
in  a  fluid  medium  composed  of  tap  water,  i  litre ;  ammonium  sulphate, 
i  gramme  ;  potassium  phosphate,  I  gramme  ;  and  basic  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, 10  grammes.  The  organisms  united  in  zoogloea^^sses  adherent  to 
the  particles  of  magnesium  carbonate  in  the  bottom  of  the  flask.  On 
Kiihne's  gelatinous  silica  medium  (Zeitsch.  f.  Biol.,  XXVII,  1890,  Heft  i  ; 
Migula  System  der  Bakterien,  I,  1897,  263).  Compact,  sharply  defined 
colonies  of  a  brownish  color;  after  10-14  days  the  colonies  spread  some- 
what and  are  bright  uncolored  masses  with  differently  formed  outgrowths. 
Ammonium  salts  converted  into  nitrites. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  soils  from  Europe,  Africa,  and  Japan. 

45.    Ps.  Javanensis  (Winogradsky)  Migula 

Nitromonas  Javanensis  Winogradsky  :    I.e. 
Ps.  Javanensis  Migula  :    I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  ovoid,  0.2  : 0.5  /*.  A  polar  flagellum  20  times  as 
long  as  the  rod.  In  fluid  inorganic  media  as  in  (44)  ;  minute  flocculi  or 
scales  adherent  to  the  walls  of  the  flask ;  no  turbidity.  On  KUhne's 
silica  medium  the  colonies  are  round  —  elliptical.  Nitrites  are  converted 
into  nitrates. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  Quito  soil. 

CLASS  VII.     CELLS  WITH  REDDISH    PLASMA  AND  WITH   SULPHUR 
GRANULES.     CHROMATIUM  PERTY. 

46.    Ps.   Okenii  (Ehrenberg)  Migula 

Monas  Okenii  Ehrenberg :    Die  Infusionstierchen,  1838. 
Ps.  Okenii  Migula  :    Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1892. 

Bacilli  short,  ovoid  forms,  0.5  :  8.0-15.0  /x,  with  1-3  polar  flagella. 

47.    Ps.  rosea  Migula :   I.e. 

Bacilli  long,  cylindrical,  2.0:  8.0-1.2  /a,  with  1-3  polar  flagella. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  the  two  last  species  should  be  included  in  this  genus. 


330  BACTERIOLOGY 

SPIRILLACE^: 

Cells  more  or  less  spirally  curved.  Division  in  one  direction  of  space,  at 
right  angles  to  the  longer  axis  of  the  cell.  Generally  without  endospores, 
which  are,  however,  present  in  a  few  species.  With  or  without  flagella. 
The  flagella,  when  present,  are  attached  to  the  poles,  usually  in  bundles. 

I.    Cells  stiff,  not  flexile. 

A.  Without  flagella.     SPIROSOMA  Migula. 

B.  With  flagella. 

1.  With  i,  rarely  with  2-3  polar  flagella.     MICROSPIRA  Schroter. 

2.  With  a  bundle  of  polar  flagella.     SPIRILLUM  Ehrenberg. 
II.    Cells  flexile.     SPIROCH^ETA  Ehrenberg. 

SPIROSOMA  Migula 

Cells  comma-formed  to  spiral  filaments,  not  flexile,  stiff;  non-motile,  flagella 
absent ;  occur  singly  or  commonly  united  in  zoogloea ;  endospores  not  yet 
discovered  in  any  of  the  species. 
I.    Non-chromogenic,  without  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

A.  Gelatin  colonies  floccose. 

1.  Spirosoma  linguale  (Weibel)  Migula. 

B.  Gelatin  colonies  finely  granular. 

2.  Spirosoma  nasale  (Weibel)  Migula. 

II.    Chromogenic,  produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

A.  Chromogenic  function  weak,  pale  yellows. 

3.  Spirosoma  flavescens  (Weibel). 

4.  Spirosoma  flava  (Weibel) . 

B.  Chromogenic  function  stronger,  golden  yellows. 

5.  Spirosoma  aurea  (Weibel). 

i.     Spirosoma  linguale  (Weibel)  Migula 

Vibrio  lingualis  Weibel :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  IV.,  1888,  227. 
Mpma.  linguale  Migula:  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1892,  3. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short,   curved,  cholera-like  rods,  or  slightly  undulate 

filaments  ;  no  true  spirals. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Floccose,  anthrax-like. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  filiform ;  on  the  surface,  no  growth  ;  gelatin 

not  liquefied. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  331 

Bouillon.     Slight  turbidity,  with  a  flocculent  sediment. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  white,  finely  granular.     Non-pathogenic. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  tongue. 

2.    Spirosoma  nasale  (Weibel)  Migula 

Vibrio  nasalis  Weibel :  I.e. 
Mpma.  nasale  Migula  :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli   from  the  nasal   mucus  as  thick  vibrios;    in  bouillon 

cultures  as  straight  rods  ;  on  agar  as  spirals. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  entire,  yellowish  brown,  finely  granular ;  gelatin  not 

liquefied. 

Potato.     No  growth.     No  odor  in  cultures.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  nasal  mucus. 

3.    Spirosoma  flavescens  (Weibel) 

Vibrio  flavescens  Weibel :  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  1.5  times  as  thick  as  cholera  bacteria,  comma  and  S  forms, 
longer  and  shorter  forms  ;  tendency  to  form  long  spirals  not  evident. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  ovoid,  granular.  Surface :  round,  entire,  dirty 
grayish  yellow. 

Gelatin  stab.     Surface  growth  flat,  with  lobular  edges,  not  depressed. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dull  yellow,  with  grayish  spots. 

Potato.     Growth  thick,  pasty,  dull  yellow. 

Bouillon.     Turbid;  no  pellicle. 

Habitat.     Sewer  mud. 

4.     Spirosoma  flava  (Weibel) 

Vibrio  flavus  Weibel :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  the  preceding. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:   golden  yellow,  finely  granular.     Surface:   light  yel- 
low, mottled,  with  a  white  zoned  border. 
Agar  slant.     An  ochre-yellow  layer. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Sewer  mud. 

5.    Spirosoma  aurea  (Weibel)  :  I.e. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  as  in  No.  3. 

Gelatin  colonies.    Deep :  ovoid,  granular ;  centre  golden  yellow,  with  a  lighter 

border.     Surface :  round,  entire,  granular,  golden  yellow,  with  a  lighter 

border. 


332 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  thick,  granular,  yellow ;  on  the  surface,  a  yel- 
lowish expansion,  with  a  bowl-shaped  depression. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  white,  becoming  thicker,  golden  yellow,  pasty. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  pasty,  golden  yellow. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Sewer  mud. 

MICROSPIRA  Migula 

Cells  mostly  small,  weakly  curved  comma  forms  or  short  spirals,  occasionally 
longer  spiral  filaments,  which,  with  iodine  staining,  may  show  segmenta- 
tion into  comma  elements.  Every  cell  bears,  as  a  rule,  one  polar  flagel- 
lum,  and,  less  commonly,  2-3.  Immediately  before  division  there  may  be 
flagella  at  both  poles.  Endospores  not  known. 

I.    Cultures  show  a  bluish  to  a  silvery  phosphorescence. 

MARINE  BACTERIA. 

1.  Microspira  phosphorescens  (Fischer). 

2.  Microspira  Fischeri  (Beijerinck). 

3.  Microspira  luminosa  (Beijerinck). 
II.    Cultures  do  not  show  phosphorescent  properties. 

A.   Gelatin  liquefied. 

1.  Cultures  show  the  nitro-indol  reaction. 

a.  Very  pathogenic  to  pigeons. 

4.  Microspira  Metschnikovi  (Gamalei'a)  Migula. 

5.  Microspira  Schuylkilliensis  (Abbott). 

b.  Not  distinctly  pathogenic  to  pigeons. 

*  Milk  coagulated. 

f   Gelatin  liquefied  rather  slowly. 

6.  Microspira  comma  (Koch)  Schroter. 
ft   Gelatin  liquefied  rapidly. 

7.  Microspira  danubica  (Heider). 
**   Milk  not  coagulated. 

8.  Microspira  Berolinensis  (Neisser)  Migula. 

2.  Nitro-indol  reaction  negative  or  very  weak,  at  least  after  24  hours. 

a. .  Grow  on  potato  and  in  neutral  bouillon. 

9.  Microspira  protea. 

10.  Microspira  Gindha  (Kruse). 
b.    No  growth  on  potato. 

*  Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  takes  place  only  at  the  surface, 

crate  riform. 

11.  Microspira  aquatilis  (Giinther). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  333 

**    Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  takes  place  in  depth,  cholera-like. 

12.  Microspira  tyrogena  (Dencke)  Migula. 
3.    Indol  reaction  not  stated. 

Microspira  marina  Russell,  see  No.  20. 
B.    Gelatin  not  liquefied,  or  only  slightly  so  in  No.  20. 

1.  A  slight  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  at  the  surface  in  stab  cultures. 

13.  Microspira  choleroides  (Bujwid). 

2.  Absolutely  no  liquefaction  of  the  gelatin. 

a.  Growth  in  gelatin  plates  slow,  colonies  minute. 

14.  Microspira  Weibeli. 

15.  Microspira  denitrificans  (Sewerin). 

b.  Colonies  on  gelatin  plates  of  average  size. 
*    Potato  cultures  becoming  brownish. 

1 6.  Microspira  sapr ophite  (Weibel). 

17.  Microspira  cloaca. 

**   Potato  cultures  yellowish  white. 

18.  Microspira  terrigena  (GUnther). 

i.    Microspira  phosphorescens  (Fischer) 

B.  phosphorescent  Fischer:    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  II,  1887. 

JPhotobact.  indicum  Beijerinck :    Akademie  van  Wetenschappen  Afdeeling  Natuurkunde  z. 

Reeks,  VII,  Amsterdam,  1890. 
B.  phosphor  escens-indicus  Kruse  :    Flugge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  330. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6-0.8  :  2.0  //,  —  bent  filaments. 

Gelatin   colonies.       Deep ;    round,    entire,    bluish  —  sea    green.      Surface  : 

granular,    brownish,    borders    undulate,   sinking    slowly   in   the    liquid 

gelatin. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth ;  on  the  surface,  liquefaction  napiform, 

with  an  air  bubble. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  grayish  white. 
Potato.     No  growth  except  when  cooked  in  salt  water.      Phosphorescence 

bluish,  disappearing  in  old  cultures.      Grow  well  in  sea  water  on  fish, 

meat,  blood,  and  egg,  with  a  bluish  phosphorescence.     Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  phosphorescent  sea  water,  West  Indies. 

2.    Microspira  Fischeri  (Beijerinck) 

Photobact.  Fischeri  Beijerinck  :    I.e. 

B.phosphorescens-indigenus  Kruse:    Flugge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,331. 

Cultural  characters  as  before.  Differs  in  liquefying  gelatin  rather  more  slowly, 
phosphorescence  less  intense,  the  latter  absent  when  grown  on  fresh 
media,  as  above. 

Habitat.     Sea  water. 


334 


BACTERIOLOGY 


3.    Microspira  luminosa  (Beijerinck) 

Photobact.  luminosum  Beijerinck:  Archives  Neelandaises,  XXIII,  1889,  104. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  0.6 :  2.0  /A,  bent  —  curved  rods  —  threads,  variable. 
Gelatin  stab.     Liquefaction  rapid  ;  in  later  generations  it  occurs  more  slowly. 

Grow  best  in  3.5  per  cent  NaCl  gelatin.     Phosphorescence  weak,  silvery  ; 

does  not  appear  on  meat  and  potato  cultures,  evident  in  sea  water,  on 

fish,  and  in  3.5  per  cent  NaCl  sugar-free  gelatin. 
The  last  three  species  are  doubtfully  placed  in  this  genus. 

4.     Microspira  Metschnikovi  (Gamalei'a)  Migula 

Vibrio  Metschnikovi  Gamaleia:   Annales  Pasteur  Institut,  1888,  482. 
Msp.  Metschnikovi  Migula:    Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  ^892,  33. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  like  Msp.  comma,  but  somewhat  shorter  and  thicker. 
A  long  spiral  polar  flagellum. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Quite  like  Msp.  comma. 

Gelatin  stab.  Liquefied  more  rapidly  than  Msp.  comma,  but  otherwise 
identical. 

Bouillon.  Strongly  turbid ;  a  strong,  white  membrane  on  the  surface ;  in  24 
hours  a  strong  nitro-indol  reaction. 

Potato.     Slight  growth  at  20° ;  at  37°  a  delicate  brownish  layer. 

Pathogenesis .  Pigeons  inoculated  into  the  pectoral  muscle  die  in  24  hours. 
Muscles  greatly  swollen  and  yellowish  as  if  cooked,  and  infiltrated  with  a 
serous  fluid  containing  many  bacilli ;  numerous  bacilli  in  the  blood  and 
organs.  Intestines  pale  and  filled  with  a  grayish  yellow  fluid,  with  only 
'a  few  bacilli  present.  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause 
death  in  24  hours.  There  is  great  bloody  oedema  with  bacilli  in  the  heart 
blood. 

Habitat.  Isolated  by  Gamalei'a  from  an  epizootic  of  fowl,  and  by  Pfuhl 
(Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  1894)  from  water. 

5.    Microspira  Schuylkilliensis  (Abbott) 

Vibrio  Schuylkilliensis  Abbott:   Jour.  Expt.  Med.,  1896,  I,  No.  3. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  in  fresh  cultures,  rather  plump  commas,  often  with  a 
decided  curve,  or  nearly  straight,  ends  rounded  —  slightly  pointed,  long 
spiral  filaments  uncommon,  involution  forms  in  old  cultures.  A  single < 
polar  flagellum.  Spores  absent.  Stain  irregularly;  not  stained  by 
Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Round,  sharply  defined,  slightly  granular,  with  fine  irregular 
lining  as  if  creased,  or  concentric  becoming  moruloid,  or  again  distinctly 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  335 

concentric,  with  a  dark  central  portion ;  later  ragged  granular  clumps  in 
pits  of  liquefied  gelatin,  with  granular  or  ciliate  borders.  Plates  com- 
pletely liquefied  in  36-40  hours.  Colonies  quite  like  the  preceding  (4). 
The  liquefied  gelatin  becomes  decidedly  alkaline. 

Gelatin  stab.     Quite  like  Msp.  comma,  but  liquefaction  rather  more  rapid. 

Agar  slant  (neutral  to  phenolphthalein) .  In  24  hours,  colonies  1.5-2  mm., 
smooth,  glistening,  opaque ;  in  48  hours,  growth  dryer,  wrinkled. 

Loffler^s  blood  serum.  In  24  hours,  at  37°,  a  depressed  line,  not  spreading  due 
to  liquefaction,  becoming  dirty  brown. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  pellicle,  alkaline. 

Potato.  In  48  hours,  at  37°,  very  slight  growth,  dirty  yellow  —  brownish,  not 
spreading. 

Litmus  milk.     Acid,  coagulated,  sometimes  not  coagulated. 

Pepton  solution.     In  24  hours,  a  strong  indol  reaction,  alkaline  to  litmus. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid  solution.     Color  slightly  intensified,  or  orange-red. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas.     Grow  more  slowly  under  anaerobic  conditions. 

Pathogenesis .  Very  pathogenic  to  pigeons  and  guinea  pigs.  Pigeons, 
0.2-0.3  cc-  °f  an  agar  suspension  into  pectoral  muscle  causes  death  in 
16-18  hours.  Muscle  swollen  with  oedema  of  subcutaneous  tissue; 
muscle  marked  by  yellow  striations  and  red  necrotic  areas;  bacilli 
present  in  large  numbers.  Blood  clots  in  the  heart;  lungs,  kidneys, 
and  spleen  quite  normal ;  intestines  scarcely  affected.  Subcutaneous 
inoculations  of  0.3-0.5  cc.  of  an  agar  suspension  into  guinea  pigs  causes 
death  in  18  hours.  Tissues  at  the  point  of  inoculation  much  injected. 
The  subcutaneous  oedema  may  be  widespread  or  less  so.  Lymph 
glands  red  and  enlarged.  Peritoneum  red,  or  a  general  peritonitis  with 
perhaps  much  fibro-purulent  exudate.  The  liver  may  be  pale  and 
mottled  or  normal.  Kidneys  and  adrenal  bodies  usually  acutely  con- 
gested ;  lungs  and  spleen  normal.  Bacilli  in  the  fluid  at  the  point  of 
inoculation,  and  sparingly  in  the  blood  and  organs. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  Schuylkill  River  water. 

The  preceding  may  be  a  variety  of  Msp.  Metschnikovi,  but  Abbott  claims  a 
distinct  species. 

6.    Microspira  comma  (Koch)  Schroter 

Comma  Bacillus  Koch  :    Berliner  klin.  Wochensch.,  1884,  31-32. 
Spirillum  cholerce-asiaticce  Zopf :   Spaltpilze,  1885. 
Microspira  comma  Schroter :    Pilze  Schles.,  1886,  168. 
Vibrio  choleras  Lehmann-Neumann :    Bak.  Uiag.,  1896,  317. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.4  :  2.0  /x,  slightly  curved  —  semicircular  forms,  also 
spirals  and  involution  forms.  One  or  two  spiral  flagella.  Not  stained 
by  Gram's  method. 


336  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  colonies.  Small,  yellowish  white,  becoming  sunken  in  the  liquefied 
gelatin  ;  zone  of  liquefied  gelatin  turbid  —  flocculent,  later  becoming  con- 
centric. Microscopically,  in  16-18  hours  small,  round,  yellowish,  coarsely 
granular;  the  central  colony  becomes  irregular —  brecciated. 

Gelatin  stab.  A  napiform  liquefaction,  with  an  air-bubble  depression  at  the 
top,  becoming  saccate;  gelatin  turbid  —  granulated  or  shows  yellowish 
white  masses. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep  :  round  —  irregular  —  naviculate,  entire,  knobbed  or 
granular,  becoming  darker,  or  a  brownish  nucleus,  with  a  grayish  zone. 
Surface:  round,  whitish-brownish,  moist,  glistening,  entire,  translucent, 
slightly  raised.  Microscopically  round,  light  yellowish,  translucent, 
punctate  —  granulated. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  brownish  gray,  moist,  glistening,  or  yellowish  brown. 

Blood  serum.     Slowly  liquefied. 

Bouillon.  Slightly  turbid  ;  a  wrinkled  fragile  membrane ;  alkaline  ;  becoming 
clear. 

Milk.     Coagulated  in  2  days  at  37°,  acid. 

Potato  (acid).  No  growth;  on  alkaline  potato  growth  dirty  white  —  yellow- 
ish,' scarcely  raised,  moist,  glistening,  becoming  brownish  red,  spreading. 
H.,S  positive.  Indol  positive.  No  gas  in  glucose,  lactose,  or  saccharose 
bouillons.  In  glucose  bouillon  the  production  of  left-handed  lactic  acid. 

Litmus  milk.     On  the  surface,  a  blue  pellicle,  below  this  a  red  discoloration. 

Pathogenesis .  Inoculations  per  os  and  by  ingestion  gave  positive  results  with 
young  cats  and  rabbits  (see  text-books).  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of 
guinea  pigs  cause  distention  of  the  abdomen,  subnormal  temperatures, 
and  general  collapse.  Bacilli  in  the  peritoneal  cavity,  or,  with  large  doses, 
in  the  blood  and  small  intestines.  Intravenous  injections  of  rabbits  cause 
toxaemia  and  death  in  18  hours  ;  with  smaller  doses  a  true  cholera  picture 
may  follow. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  the  alvine  discharges  and  intestinal  contents  of  chol- 
era patients,  and  in  water  supplies  during  epidemics. 

PROBABLE  VARIETIES  OF  Msp.  comma. 

(A)    Pseudo-cholera-spirillum  Rdnan  :  Annales  Pasteur  Institut,  VI,  1892,  621. 
Bacilli  much  larger  than  Msp.  comma  ;  commas  and  S  forms. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  lenticular,  with  outgrowths  ;  centres  darker  and  yel- 
lowish, becoming  in  4  days  surrounded  by  a  liquefied  zone. 
Gelatin  stab.     Like  Msp.  comma,  but  grows  more  rapidly. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  thick,  creamy  white,  limited. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  337 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  thin  pellicle. 
Pathogenesis :     Non-pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Well  water. 

(B)  Vibrio  choleroides,  ft.  Bujwid :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIII,  1893,  120. 
Morphological  and  cultural  characters  like  Msp.  comma,  but  more  anaerobic 

in  habit,  and  forms  a  deeper  liquefied  funnel. 
Habitat.     Water. 

(C)  Vibrio  Ivanoff  Kruse  :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  592.     Noted 
by  Ivanoff:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XV. 

Bacilli  fine  and  elongated,  slightly  curved  comma  forms ;  otherwise  identical 

with  Msp.  comma.     Ivanoff  considers  it  only  a  morphological  variety. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  dejecta  of  typhoid  patients. 

7.    Microspira  danubica  (Heider) 

Vibrio  danubicus  Heider:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIV,  1893,  341- 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  Msp.  comma.     Gelatin  rapidly  liquefied,  crateriform 

—  funnel-formed. 
Gelatin  colonies.     When  the  gelatin  layer  is  thick,  colonies  like  Msp.  comma  ; 

when  thin,  surface  colonies  flat,  spreading,  irregular,  with  undulate  — 

coarsely  lobate  borders. 
Milk.     Coagulated. 
Potato.     At  37°  growth  brownish,  scanty.     Indol  positive.     Pathogenic  for 

guinea  pigs,  slightly  so  for  pigeons.     A  negative  reaction  with  Pfeiffer's 

serum. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  canal  water. 

8.    Microspira  Berolinensis  (Neisser)  Migula 

Vibrio  Berolinensis  Neisser :  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XIX,  1893. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  like  Msp.  comma,  but  somewhat  smaller.  A  single 
polar  flagellum.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Like  Msp.  comma,  but  not  much  granulated  or  fragmented. 
Liquefaction  of  the  gelatin  very  slight.  Deep  colonies :  small,  round,  en- 
tire, colorless,  transparent,  slightly  granular.  Surface  colonies:  small, 
thin,  membranous,  with  a  round  central  nucleus  ;  no  depression  is  formed, 
and  the  edges  remain  sharp. 

Gelatin  stab.     Growth  like  Msp.  comma,  but  a  slower  growth. 

Agar  slant  and  potato.     Growth  like  Msp.  comma. 
z 


338  BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon.     Growth  more  rapid  than  Msp.  comma ;  medium  rendered  alkaline. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated,  not  rendered  acid. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  filtered  river  Spree  water. 

9.  Microspira  maasei  (v.  Hoff) 

Spirillum  maasei  v.  Hoff:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXI,  1897,  797. 
Morphology.     Bacilli  short,  thick,  1.0-1.2  //,.     One  or  two  polar  flagella.     Spi- 
rals of  1-2  turns. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  milky  white. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated. 

Bouillon.     A  membrane  on  the  surface  ;  no  acid  production.     Indol  produced. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  Rotterdam  water. 

10.  Microspira  protea  (Buchner) 

Vibrio  der  cholera-no  sir  as  Finkler-Prior :  Centralblatt  f.  allg.  Ges.  Erganzungshefte, 

Bd.  I,  1884. 
Vibrio proteus  Buchner :  Sitzungsber.  d.  Ges.  f.  Morph.  u.  Physio).,  Miinchen,  I,  21. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.4-0.6:2.4^,  more  or  less  curved,  rather  longer  and 
thicker  than  Msp.  comma,  and  often  pointed  at  the  ends  and  thicker  in 
the  centre.  S  forms  and  spirals  less  common  than  in  the  case  of  Msp. 
comma. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  early  stages  like  cholera,  but  grow  rather  more  vigorously, 
and  the  gelatin  liquefied  more  rapidly.  Microscopically,  round,  entire, 
yellow,  finely  granular,  often  concentrically  zoned.  Colonies  retain  their 
regular  form  and  finer  structure  better  than  with  cholera. 

Gelatin  stab.  Gelatin  liquefied  much  more  rapidly  than  with  cholera ;  a  sac- 
cate liquefaction  in  24  hours,  with  turbid  contents. 

Milk.  Coagulated,  becoming  liquefied  (Lehmann-Neumann) ;  unchanged 
according  to  other  authors  ;  slightly  acid. 

Potato.  Growth  at  room  temperature,  within  48  hours,  slimy,  grayish  yellow. 
(Msp.  comma  does  not  grow  on  potato  at  room  temperatures.) 

Glucose  bouillon.  No  gas.  H2S  production  slight.  Cultures  have  a  foetid 
odor. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  yellowish  (cholera  whitish). 

Plover's  egg  albumen.  A  bright  yellow  growth  (cholera  whitish).  See  Pear- 
main-Moor,  "Applied  Bacteriology,"  1892,  205.  No  indol  reaction  after 
3  days. 

Pathogenesis .  On  experimental  animals  action  like  Msp.  comma,  but  some- 
what milder. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  stools  in  cholera-nostras,  cholera  infantum,  etc. 


THE    CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  339 

VARIETIES.  — 

(A)  Vibrio  Lissabonensis  Pestana-Bettencourt :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVI,' 
1894,  401. 

According  to  Chantemesse  identical,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  preceding.     From 

descriptions,  indistinguishable  from  the  latter. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  choleraic  disease  in  Lisbon. 

(B)  Vibrio  helicogenes  Fischer:    Centralblatt  f.   Bakteriol.,  XIV,   1894,  73. 
From  descriptions,  indistinguishable  from  Msp.  protea. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  stools  of  a  sick  woman. 

IT.    Microspira  Gindha  (Kruse) 

Vibrio  Gindha.  Kruse:  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  590. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  rather  long  curved  rods,  rather  smaller  than  Msp. 
comma.  A  single  polar  flagellum. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Cholera-like.  In  pepton  solution  in  24  hours,  at  37°,  a 
negative  or  only  a  faint  indol  reaction. 

Pathogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculations  into  pigeons  and  guinea  pigs  nega- 
tive. Living  or  dead  cultures  show  toxic  properties  when  inoculated 
intraperitoneally  into  guinea  pigs. 

Habitat.     Isolated  by  Pasquale  frorti  water. 

12.     Microspira  aquatilis  (Giinther) 

Vibrio  aquatilis  Gunther:  Deutsche  med.  Wochenschrift.  1892,  1124. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  Msp.  comma.     A  single  polar  flagellum. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  entire,  brownish,  finely  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.    Growth  only  on  the  surface,  becoming  a  crateriform  liquefaction. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  like  cholera. 

Potato.     No  growth  either  at  20°  or  37°. 

Bouillon.     No  growth  in  alkaline  or  amphoteric  bouillon  at  37° ;  at  20°,  only  a 

faint  growth  after  some  weeks.     Indol  negative.     A  strong  odor  of  H2S. 

Non-pathogenic. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  water  of  river  Spree. 

13.     Microspira  tyrogena  (Dencke)  Migula 

Spirillum  fyrogenum  Dencke :  Deutsche  med.  Wochenschrift,  1885,  No.  3. 
Msp.  tyrogena  Migula:  I.e. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  like  Msp.  comma,  but  rather  smaller  and  more  slender, 
often  very  long  spirals  with  close  windings. 


340  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  24  hours,  small  white  points;  microscopically,  round, 
entire,  dark  greenish  brown,  becoming  dark  yellow  in  centre  with  lighter 
borders,  becoming  liquefied.  Colonies  generally  retain  their  sharp  contour. 

Gelatin  stab.     Grow  like  cholera,  but  the  gelatin  liquefied  more  rapidly. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  yellowish  white. 

Potato.  No  growth  either  at  20°  or  37°.  In  bouillon  or  pepton  solution,  no 
indol  reaction. 

Pathogenesis.     Very  feebly  pathogenic  (Koch),  or  not  at  all  so. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  cheese. 

14.    Microspira  choleroides  (Bujwid) 

Vibrio  choleroides  Bujwid:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol,  XIII,  1893,  120. 
Morphology.  Bacilli  like  Msp.  comma,  but  movements  not  so  rapid. 
Gelatin  colonies.  At  low  temperatures,  cholera-like  colonies ;  at  higher 

temperatures   colonies  larger,  and  do  not  sink  deeply  into  the  gelatin; 

microscopically  the  contour  is  more  regular  than  cholera,  and  only  finely 

granular. 
Gelatin  stab.     Growth  only  on  the  surface,  with  slight  liquefaction,  or  an  air 

bubble  may  be  produced. 

Agar  slant.     A  good  growth,  with  an  odor  of  methyl-mercaptan. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid  ;  no  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Water. 

15.    Microspira  Weibeli 

Vibrio  saprophiles  $  Weibel :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  II,  1887,  469. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender  curved  rods  of  about  the  thickness  of  tubercle 
bacilli  and  about  2.0  /x,  long ;  ends  blunt,  commas  —  S  forms ;  long  fila- 
ments do  not  occur.  Grow  slowly  at  room  temperatures. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Do  not  exceed  0.3  mm.  ;  microscopically,  round,  yellowish 
brown. 

Gelatin  stab.  A  slight  growth  in  depth ;  on  the  surface,  growth  thin,  white, 
spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  creamy,  yellowish  white,  viscid. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  glistening,  varnish-like,  of  a  dirty  brownish  gray  color. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  putrefying  hay  infusion. 

1 6.     Microspira  denitrificans  (Sewerin) 

B.  denitrificans  Sewerin:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt.,  I,  1895,  162,  and  IV,  451. 
MorpJiology.     Bacilli  on  agar  0.5  :  2-4  /x ;  on  nitrate  bouillon,  comma  forms  — 
longer  vibrios  and  Spirillum  forms.     Older  cultures  show  branched  indi- 
viduals and  other  involution  forms. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  341 

Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  white,  entire. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  pearly. 

Agar  colonies.     In  2  days,  at  30°,  1-2  mm.,  bluish  white,  slimy. 

Agar  slant.     In  2  days,  growth  grayish  white,  limited,  becoming  spreading. 

Nitrate  bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  slight  membrane  ;  nitrates  reduced. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  horse  manure. 

17.    Microspira  saprophile  (Weibel) 

Vibrio  saprophiles  A.  Weibel:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  II,  1887,  469. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  bent  rods  3.0  /x  long  to  S  forms,  rarely  filaments. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  entire,  yellowish  brown,  concentric,  edges 
serrate.  Surface :  flat,  yellowish  white ;  microscopically,  with  dark  yel- 
lowish gray  centres,  paler  at  borders,  finely  granular. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  thin,  veily ;  on  the  surface,  growth  thin, 
spreading,  white. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  dirty  white,  spreading ;  agar  colored  below. 

Potato.     Growth  slimy,  pasty,  yellowish  red,  becoming  chocolate-brown. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  yellowish  granular  sediment. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  putrid  hay  infusion  and  sewer  mud. 

1 8.    Microspira  cloaca 

Vibrio  saprophiles  Y  Weibel :  I.e. 

Bacilli  like  the  preceding,  but  twice  as  large,  rarely  forms  long-twisted  threads  ; 

a  great  tendency  to  produce  involution  forms. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep :  ovoid,  entire,  granular ;  centres  orange-colored,  with 

light  yellow  outer  zones.     Surface:  flat,  dirty  white  —  opalescent,  with 

prominent  white  centres  ;    microscopically,  like  B.  coli ;   borders  irregular 

—  lobed,  marm orated  —  spotted. 

Gelatin  slab.     In  depth,  growth  filiform  ;  on  the  surface,  a  whitish  'expansion. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  spreading,  dirty  white. 
Potato.     Growth  yellowish  brown  —  brown,  moist,  glistening,  becoming  dry, 

tough  and  dark  brown. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  thick  firm  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sewer  mud. 

19.     Microspira  terrigena  (Giinther) 

Vibrio  terrigenus  Giinther:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVI,  1894,  74^. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  show  at  each  end  one  or  several  flagella. 
•Gelatin  colonies.     Entire,  small,  structureless. 


342 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Potato.     Growth  yellowish  white. 

Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated.     Non-pathogenic.     Strongly  aerobic. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

ADDENDA 

20.    Microspira  marina  (Russell) 

B.  marinus  Russell:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XI,  1891,  198. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  small,  straight  —  curved  —  spirals.     Motion  rotatory  and 

progressive. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Small,  radially  striped,  becoming  liquefied  and   rougher, 

with  flocculi  in  the  liquefied  gelatin. 
Gelatin   stab.     A  rapid   liquefaction,  the  liquid  gelatin  turbid,  and  a  thin 

pellicle  on  the  surface. 

Agar  slant.     A  moist  whitish  expansion,  like  pus. 
Potato.     Growth  thick,  waxy,  spreading. 
Bouillon,  with  sea  water,  turbid,  with  a  smooth  white  pellicle. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  sea  water  and  sea  mud. 


SPIRILLUM  Ehrenberg 

Spirally  curved  or  corkscrew  forms  of  variable  thickness.     Endospores  present 
in  a  few  s'pecies.     Cells  actively  motile,  and  possess  at  one  or  both  poles 
bundles  containing  four  or  more  flagella. 
I.     Cell  contents  colorless  —  EUSPIRILLUM  of  Migula. 
A.    Grow  in  nutrient  gelatin  or  other  culture  media. 

i.  Aerobic,  i.e.  grow  in  the  presence  of  atmospheric  oxygen. 

a.    Non-chromogenic ;  do  not  produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 
*    Cell  plasma  contains  numerous  black  granules,  very  large  spi- 
rilla, 1.5-2.0  ft.  broad  and  20-30  /x  long. 

1.  Spirillum  volutans  Ehrenberg. 

**   Cell  plasma  does  not  contain  dark  granules.     Spirilla  smaller, 
f   Gelatin  liquefied,  sometimes  very  slowly. 

§   Pathogenic  to  pigeons  and  guinea  pigs.     Comma-like. 

2.  Spirillum  Massauah  Kruse. 

§§    Terrestrial  forms  probably  not  pathogenic. 

3.  Spirillum  serpens  (Miiller)  Winter. 

4.  Spirillum  tenerrimum  Lehmann-Neumann. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  343, 

f  f   Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

5.  Spirillum  undula  (Muller)  Ehrenberg. 

6.  Spirillum  concenlricum  Kitasato. 
b.    Produce  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

,       *   On  gelatin,  growth  yellowish. 

7.  Spirillum  tenue  Ehrenberg. 
**   On  gelatin  and  agar,  growth  reddish. 

8.  Spirillum  rubrum  v.  Esmarch. 

2.  Anaerobic;  do  not  grow  in  the  presence  of  atmospheric  oxygen. 

9.  Spirillum  rugula  (Muller)  Winter. 
B.    Do  not  grow  in  nutrient  gelatin  or  other  culture  media. 

10.    Spirillum  sputigenum  Kruse. 
II.    Cell  plasma  reddish.     THIOSPIRILLUM  Migula. 

A.  Cells  3-3.5  microns  thick  and  10-40  long. 

u.   Spirillum jenense  (Ehrenberg)  Winter. 

12.  Spirillum  sanguineum  (Ehrenberg)  Cohn. 

B.  Cells  scarcely  exceed  one  micron  in  thickness. 

13.  Spirillum  rufum  Perty. 

i.     Spirillum  volutans  Ehrenberg 

Die  Infusionstierchen  als  vollkommene  Organismen,  1838. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  2-3  :  1 3-30-50 /A,  ends  slightly  attenuated.  Spirals  of 
2-5  elements,  amplitude  10-15  /x.  A  polar  bundle  of  flagella  (Kutscher),. 
3-8.  Dark  granules  in  the  interior  of  the  rods,  supposed  to  be  of  sulphur. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Coli-like. 

Agar  colonies.     Like  diphtheria. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slight  growth  in  depth  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  porcelain-white,. 
.  crumpled. 

Potato.     Growth  dry. 

Bouillon.     Turbid;  no  membrane. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  stagnant  and  marsh  water. 

2.     Spirillum  Massauah  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  589. 

Noted  by  Pasquale  :  Baumgarten's  Jahresberichte,  1891,  336. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  similar  to  Msp.  comma,  with  as  many  as  4  polar  flagella. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Completely  round,  entire,  yellowish  ;  only  a  trace  of  lique- 
faction.    Indol  produced  in  24  hours  in  pepton  solution. 


344 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Pathogenesis .     Subcutaneous  and  intramuscular  inoculations  of  pigeons  and 

guinea  pigs  fatal. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  dejecta  of  cholera  patients. 

3.    Spirillum  serpens  (Miiller)  Winter 

Vibrio  serpens  Miiller :  Animalia  infusoria,  1786. 

Spirillum  serpens  Winter:  Die  Pilze,  1884.      Zettnow:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol., 
X,  689. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  rigid  filaments,  with  2-3  wave-like  undulations,  0.8-1.0 : 
10-30  /A.  Polar  flagella  in  bundles  of  14.  Spores  absent. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Typhi-  or  coli-like. 

Gelatin  stab.  Growth  coli-like ;  surface  growth  becomes  sunken,  with  the 
formation  of  a  bubble. 

Agar  slant  a.n&  potato.     Growth  like  B.  colt. 

Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  delicate  membrane. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  stagnant  water. 

4.    Spirillum  tenerrimum  Lehmann-Neumann 

Spirillum  I  Kutscher:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XX,  1895,  47. 
Spirillum  tenerrimum  Lehmann-Neumann  :  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  346. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  short  forms  ;  as  a  rule,  thin.     Spirilla  of  3-4  elements. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Show  a  compact  centre,  a  thin,  finely  granular  zone,  and  an 
outer  filamentous  border. 

Gelatin  stab.  Growth  like  that  of  the  bacillus  of  mouse  septicaemia,  liquefac- 
tion slow. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  of  dewdrop  colonies. 

Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid  —  no  membrane.     The  above  may  be  a  Microspira. 

Haoitat.     Sewage. 

5.     Spirillum  undula  (Miiller)   Ehrenberg 

Vibrio  undula  Miiller :    Historia  Vermium  terrestrium  et  fluviat  Hauniae,  1773. 
Spirillum  undula  Ehrenberg:  Abhandl.  Ber.  Akad.,  1830,  38. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  stout  threads,  1.2-1.5  :  8- 1 6 /x,  one-half  to  three  turns. 

Wave  length,  4-5  /A.       Bundles  of  3-9  flagella  at  both  poles.       Spores 

present  (Migula,  I.e.). 

Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  small,  entire,  granular;  no  growth  on  the  surface. 
Gelatin  stab.     A  development  in  the  upper  part  of  the  stab ;  on  the  surface, 

growth  thin,  white,  somewhat  rugose. 
Potato.     No  growth. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  no  membrane. 
Habitat.     Putrid  and  stagnant  water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  345 

> 

VARIETIES.  —  Spirillum  undula-minus  and  Spirillum  undula-majus  of  Zett- 
now-Kutscher :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVIII,  614;  XIX,  393.  One- 
third  larger  than  the  above.  Grow  well  on  gelatin  and  agar. 

6.    Spirillum  concentricum  Kitasato 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  Ill,  72,  1888. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.5  :  1.0-8.0 /x;  spiral  forms,  ends  pointed.     Bundles  of 

polar  flagella  at  one  or  both  poles. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Round,  grayish,  concentric. 
Gelatin  stab.     Slight  growth  in  depth ;    on  the  surface,  growth,  thin,  veily, 

spreading. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  thin,  adherent. 
Potato.     No  growth  at  2o°-37°. 

Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  becoming  clear,  with  a  sediment. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated.     H.,S  negative.     Indol  negative. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  putrid  blood. 

7.    Spirillum  tenue  Ehrenberg 

Die  Infusionsthierchen  als  vollkommene  Organismen,  1838. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  0.8  /x  wide  and  4-15  /x  long,  of  2-5  undulations,  wave 

length  and  amplitude,  2-3  /x.     Bundles  of  flagella  at  either  pole.     Spores 

negative. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Deep:  round,  entire,  finely  granular,  yellowish.     Surface: 

round,  thin,  yellowish. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  filiform ;  on  the  surface,  a  yellowish  layer, 

and  a  slow  liquefaction,  with  a  bubble  of  gas. 
Potato.     No  growth. 
Bouillon.     Turbid,  with  a  thick  membrane.     See  Bonhoff,  Hyg.  I    -.^schau, 

VI,  351.     Kutscher,  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  2te  Abt,  I. 
Habitat.     Putrefying  vegetable  infusions,  etc. 

8.    Spirillum  rubrum  v.  Esmarch 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  I,  1887,  225. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  short  spirals  0.6-0.8:  1.0-3.2  /x,  with  i  —  2  —  3  screw 
twists  when  grown  in  gelatin  or  agar;  in  bouillon,  longer  forms  which 
are  twice  as  thick  as  Msp.  comma.  The  shorter  spirilla  are  very  motile,  the 
longer  ones  only  slightly  so.  There  are  glistening  spots  in  the  rods  like 
spores,  but  which  do  not  stain.  Stained  by  Gram's  method.  Flagella 
in  bundles  at  the  poles. 


346  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  colonies.      A  very  slow  growth,  visible  in  8  days.     Deep  colonies  : 

gray  —  pale    red,    entire,    becoming    wine-red.       The   surface    colonies 

develop  but  little  pigment. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  wine-red  colonies  ;  on  the  surface  no  color.     Indol,  a 

slight  trace. 
Agar  slant   and   blood  serum.      Growth    moist,    glistening,    grayish    white, 

limited,  wine-red  where  thicker. 
Potato.     Growth  of  small,  deep-red  colonies. 
Bouillon.     Slightly  turbid,  with  a  reddish  sediment.     H2S  negative.     No  gas 

produced. 
Habitat.     Water. 

9.    Spirillum  rugula  (Miiller)  Winter 

Vibrio  rugula  Miiller  :   Cohn's  Beilrage,  I,  1875. 
Spr.  rugula  Winter :    Die  Pilze,  1884. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  1.5-2.0:8-16  /A,  rods  curved,  spiral,  or  in  long  chains. 

A  bundle  of  polar  flagella.     Spores  at  ends  of  swollen  rods;  according  to 

Bonhoff,  not  present. 

Gelatin  colonies.     At  2o°-22°  yellowish  white,  round,  becoming  liquefied. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  at  37°  white,  somewhat  rugose. 
Potato.     Growth  at  37°  white-yellowish,  spreading,  rugose. 
Blood  serum.     Growth  at  37°  thin,  white ;  medium  liquefied.     A  penetrating 

faecal  odor  in  cultures. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  mouth  and  putrefying  fluids. 

10.    Spirillum  sputigenum  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  594. 

Described  but  not  named  by  Miller :    Deutsche  med.  Wochenschrift,  1884,  Nos.  34  and  48. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  curved  rods,  commas,  and  S  forms,  also  spiral  filaments. 
According  to  Lehmann-Neumann  (Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  344),  the  flagella 
are  in  bundles  at  one  side  of  the  end  of  a  rod.  Do  not  grow  in  the 
ordinary  culture  media. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  tartar  on  teeth  and  from  saliva. 

it.    Spirillum  jenense  (Ehrenberg)  Winter 

Ophidomonas  jenensis  Ehrenberg :    I.e. 
Spr.  jenense  Winter:  Die  Pilze,  1884,  65. 

A  large  species  of  a  dirty  green  red  —  brownish  green  color.  Sulphur  granules 
in  the  plasma  and  at  the  poles.  Flagella  bundles  of  3-9  elements,  very 
long  and  stout.  The  flat  spirals  are  40  long  and  3.5  /x  thick. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  347 

12.    Spirillum  sanguineum  (Ehrenb.)  Cohn 

Ophidomonas  sanguined  Ehrenberg  :    I.e. 

Spr.  sanguineum  Cohn:    Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  1875,  Heft  3,  169. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  3.0  :  10-30  /u,.  The  spirals  have  an  amplitude  of  9-12  ju,, 
and  a  length  of  6-10  //,.  Color  pale  red.  Sulphur  granules  in  the 
plasma. 

Habitat,     Found  in  brackish  water  containing  putrefying  marine  algae. 

13.     Spirillum  rufum  Perty 

Zur  Kenntniss  Kleinsten  Lebensformen,  Berne,  1852. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  as  filaments  8-16  fj,  long  and  1-1.2  /x  thick,  contents 
slightly  reddish.  1-4  spiral  turns,  not  broken  up  into  segments.  At  both 
poles  bundles  of  6-18  flagella.  Spores  absent. 

Habitat.     From  well  water,  forming  on  sides  of  well  red  mucus-like  spots. 

SPI  ROCHET  A   Ehrenberg 

Long,  slender,  closely  coiled  filaments ;  cells  flexile.  Show  undulatory  or 
snake-like  movements  which  are  not  progressive,  or  a  turning  upon  the 
longer  axis.  Flagella  not  known,  endospores  apparently  absent. 

I.   PATHOGENIC   SPECIES, 
i.     Spirochaeta  Obermeieri  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  1875,  Heft  3. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  very  slender  flexile  spiral  or  wavy  filaments  with  pointed 
ends,  o.i  :  16-40  /A.  Stain  easily  with  analine  colors.  Not  stained  by 
Gram's  method.  Has  never  been  cultivated  in  artificial  media. 

Pathogenesis .  Inoculations  into  apes  positive,  into  mice,  rabbits,  sheep,  and 
swine  negative. 

Habitat.     Found  in  the  spleen  and  in  the  blood  in  relapsing  fever. 

2.    Spirochaeta  febris 

Ueber  einen  aus  dent  Korper  einer  Rekurrenskranken  erhaltenen  Bacillus 
Afanassieff :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV,  1899,  405. 

Morphology.  From  preparations  of  the  first  day  of  the  disease,  bacilli  small, 
0.3:1-1.5  //,,  with  rounded  ends;  occur  singly,  in  clumps  and  chains. 
In  preparations  on  the  following  day  bacilli  5-6  or  10-14  //,  long,  as  commas 
or  S  forms.  In  overstained  preparations  an  uncolored  capsule  is  demon- 
strated. Cultures  made  from  the  blood. 


348  BACTERIOLOGY 

Boiiillon.     Turbid ;  bacilli  very  actively  motile,  1-6 : 0.3  /* ;  a  scum  on  the 

surface. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Very  small,  white ;  do  not  increase  in  size ;  borders  erose, 

granulose ;  no  liquefaction. 
Gelatin  slant.     A  thin  thread-like  growth,  0.5  mm.  wide;  here  the  bacilli  are 

undulate  with  spindle-shaped  thickenings. 

Agar  slant.     In  24  hours  at  37°  a  delicate  partly  transparent  whitish  growth. 
Blood  serum.     Growth  as  on  gelatin. 
Lactose-litmus  agar.     Color  unchanged. 
Potato.     At  first  a  watery  growth  which  disappears  later.      Grows  in   an 

atmosphere  of  hydrogen  in  absence  of  oxygen. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated.     Indol  produced.     Gas  in  glucose  bouillon  at  37°. 
Pathogenesis .      Subcutaneous   inoculation   of  rabbits  with  0.2-0.5   cc-   of  a 

bouillon  culture  causes  a  progressive  elevation  of  temperature,  followed 

after  5-10  days  by  a  fall  to  normal.     Similar  inoculations  of  0.1-0.2  cc. 

into  man  causes  a  chill  and  elevation  of  temperature.     Bacilli  found  in 

the  blood. 

3.    Spirochaeta  anserina  Sakharoff 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,XI,  1892,  203. 

Morphology.      Resembles  No.   I.      Has  never  been  cultivated  in  artificial 

media. 
Habitat.     From  the  blood  of  geese  in  septicaemia.     Inoculations  into  geese 

positive. 

II.    NON-PATHOGENIC   SPECIES. 
4.    Spirochaeta  plicatilis  Ehrenberg 

Abhandl.  Berlin  Akad.,  1833,  313. 

Morphology.      Bacilli    very   thin   flexible    filaments,   0.5:100-200    /*,    ends 

rounded,  undulations  close  and  regular. 
Habitat.     Stagnant  water  containing  decomposing  vegetable  matter. 

5.    Spirochaeta  dentium  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  Heft  II,  180,  Heft  III,  197,  1875. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  long  flexible  spiral  filaments  of  unequal  thickness,  and 
irregular  spiral  windings  8-25  /x,  long.  Do  not  grow  on  culture  media  as 
far  as  known. 

Habitat.     From  the  mouth  of  healthy  individuals. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  349 

MYCOBACTERIACE^: 

Cells  either  short  or  long,  cylindrical  —  clavate  —  cuneate  in  form,  which  at 
times  may  show  true  branching,  or  as  long-branched  mycelial-like  fila- 
ments. Filaments  not  surrounded  by  a  sheath  as  in  Chlamydobacteriacece. 
Without  endospores,  but  with  the  formation  of  gonidia-like  bodies  due  to 
a  segmentation  of  the  cells.  Division  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  a  rod 
or  filament. 

A.  Cells  in  their  ordinary  form  short  cylindrical  rods,  often  bent  and 
irregularly  swollen,  clavate  or  cuneate.  At  times  Y-shaped  forms 
or  longer  filaments  with  true  branchings.  May  produce  short  coccoid 
elements,  perhaps  gonidia  Mycobacterium  (Lehmann-Neumann), 
including  Corynebacterium  (Lehmann-Neumann). 

.  B.  Cells  in  their  ordinary'  form  as  long-branched  filaments.  Produce 
gonidia-like  bodies.  Cultures  generally  have  a  mouldy  appearance 
due  to  the  development  of  aerial  hyphae.  Streptothrix  (Cohn)  ; 
Oospora  (Lehmann-Neumann). 


MYCOBACTERIUM  Lehmann-Neumann 

Characters  emend,  including  Corynebacterium  Lehmann-Neumann:  Bale.  Diag.,  1896. 

Cells  in  their  ordinary  forms  as  short  cylindrical  rods,  which  are  often  bent 
irregularly,  swollen,  clavate  or  cuneate,  and  which  also  at  times  may  show 
Y-shaped  forms  or  longer  filaments,  with  true  branchings.  Without  endo- 
spores. Without  flagella.  May  produce  short  coccoid  elements,  perhaps 
gonidia. 

I.    Stain  with  aqueous  solutions  of  basic  aniline  colors,  and  are  easily  decolor- 
ized by  mineral  acids  when  stained  with  Ziehl's  carbol  fuchsin. 
A.   Cells  slender,  straight  or  bent,  generally  cylindrical,  rod-like;  rarely 

show  branched  forms. 
I.   Do  not  grow  on  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin. 

a.  Have  not  been  cultivated  on  any  known  artificial  media. 

1.  Mycobact.  leprce  (Hansen)  Lehmann-Neumann. 

2.  Mycobact.  syphilidis  (Schroter). 

b.  Grow  only  on  special  blood  media. 

3.  Mycobact.  influenza  (Pfeiffer).     INFLUENZA  GROUP. 

4.  Mycobact.  Elmassian. 


350  BACTERIOLOGY 

2.  Grow  on  ordinary  nutrient  gelatin.     SWINE  ERYSIPELAS  GROUP. 

a.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

5.  Mycobact.  rhusiopathicz  (Kitt). 

6.  Mycobact.  murisepticum  (Flligge). 

b.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method. 

7.  Mycobact.  malei  (Lb'ffler)  Migula. 

B.    Cells  commonly  irregularly  swollen,  or  clavate  —  cuneate  ;  rarely  show 
branched  forms.     DIPHTHERIA  GROUP. 

1.  On  Lbffler's  blood  serum  a  decided  yellow  growth. 

8.  Mycobact.  lac t is. 

2.  On  Lbffler's  blood  serum  growth  whitish,  not  pigmented. 

a.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

9.  Mycobact.  diphtheria  (Klebs). 

10.  Mycobact.  pseudodiphthericum  (Kruse). 

1 1 .  Mycobact.  pseudotuberculosis  (Kutscher) . 

b.  Do  not  stain  by  Gram's  method. 

12.  Mycobact.  hastilis  (Seitz). 

II.    Not  stained  with  aqueous  solutions  of  basic  aniline  colors  ;  not  easily  de- 
colorized by  mineral  acids  when  stained  with  Ziehl's  carbol  fuchsin. 

TUBERCLE  GROUP. 

A.  Do  not  grow  in  nutrient  gelatin  at  room  temperatures. 

1.  Not  decolorized  by  alcohol  when  stained  with  Ziehl's  carbol  fuchsin. 

a.  Growth  on  glycerin  agar  slow,  dry,  rough,  warty,  or  fragmented. 

13.  Mycobact.  tuberculosis. 

b.  Growth  on  glycerin  agar  visible  in  about  8  days  ;  at  37°,  flatter 

and  more  watery. 

14.  Mycobact.  avium. 

2.  Decolorized  by  alcohol  when  stained  with  Ziehl's  carbol  fuchsin. 

15.  Mycobact.  smegmatis. 

B.  Grow  at  least  feebly  in  nutrient  gelatin  at  room  temperatures. 

p.   Growth  on  agar  or  glycerin  agar  becomes  a  deep  yellowish  or  orange. 

1 6.  Mycobact.  butyri. 

2.   Growth  on  agar  or  glycerin  agar  whitish,  or  only  a  pale  yellow. 

a.  On  the  surface  of  bouillon  a  yellowish  membrane. 

17.  Mycobact.  Mo'elleri. 

b.  On  the  surface  of  bouillon  a  whitish  membrane. 
*   No  odor  in  bouillon  cultures. 

1 8.  Mycobact.  graminis. 

**    Bouillon  cultures  have  a  bad  odor. 

19.  Mycobact .  friburgensis  (Korn). 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  351 

i.    Mycobact  leprae   (Hansen)   Lehmann-Neumann 

B.  leprce  Hansen  :  Ueber  die  Aetiol.  des  Aussatzes,  in  Norsk.  Magaz.  for  Laegeve- 

densk,  Christiania,  1874,  Heft  IX. 
Mycobact,  leprce  Lehmann-Neumann :  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  372. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  thin  rods  of  about  the  same  size  as  tubercle  bacilli, 
straight  —  slightly  curved,  occur  singly  or  in  twos,  often  tapered  at  one  or 
both  ends.  Stain  uniformly  or  irregularly,  and  by  Gram's  method. 

Habitat.  Found  in  large  numbers  in  leprous  lesions,  in  the  round  cells  of 
granulation  tissue  of  tuberculous  nodules,  in  lymphatic  spaces,  in  endo- 
therial  cells,  and  in  the  walls  of  blood  vessels. 

2.  Mycobact.  syphilidis  (Schroter) 

Syphilis  bacillus  Lustgarten :    Med.  Jahrb.  der  K.  K.  Gesellsch.  der  Aerzte  in 

Wien,  1885. 
B.  syphilidis  Schroter:   Pilze  Schles.,  1886. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  similar  to  tubercle  bacilli,  0.2-0.3  '•  3~7  fa  often  bent,  S- 
formed,  or  clavately  swollen  or  irregular,  with  irregular  staining.  In  the 
tissues  occur  singly  or  in  clumps.  Stain  by  Gram's  method ;  resist  de- 
colorization  with  alcohol.  Cultures  not  known. 

Habitat.     Found  in  the  lesions  of  syphilis. 

3.  Mycobact.  influenzas   (Pfeiffer) 

B.  influenza:  R.  Pfeiffer:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XIII,  1893. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.2  :  3-5  ^  commonly  in  twos.  Stain  with  Lb'ffler's 
alkaline  blue  and  carbol  fuchsin.  Not  stained  by  Gram's  method.  On 
agar  moistened  with  blood,  in  24-48  hours,  small  glassy  drops ;  older 
colonies  have  yellowish-brownish  centres. 

Nastinkoff^s  solution -1  In  24  hours,  at  37°,  small  white  flecks  at  the  bottom 
of  the  tube  composed  of  chains  of  bacilli. 

Nastiukoff^s  agar.1  Colonies  as  small  gray  points,  which  microscopically 
are  round  yellow  and  translucent. 

For  the  differential  diagnosis  make  (i)  cover-glass  preparations  from  bron- 
chial secretions,  sputum,  etc.,  and  (2)  smear  cultures  on  agar  moistened 
with  blood,  and  plate  cultures  with  Nastiukoff 's  agar. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  nasal  and  bronchial  secretions  and  urine  of  man 
affected  with  influenza. 

1  For  the  preparation  of  Nastiukoff's  media  see  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVII, 
492. 


352  BACTERIOLOGY 

4.    Mycobact.  Elmassiani 

Bacille  analogue  au  Bacille  de  Pfeiffer  Elmassian :    Annales  Pasteur  Inst., 
XIII,  1899,  625. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  in  size  like  Bact.  conjunctivitis,  but  a  little  thicker,  and 
with  a  slight  constriction  in  the  middle ;  ends  tapered  or  rounded,  others 
distinctly  rod-like?  others  like  Bact.  pneumonia.  Not  stained  by  Gram's 
method.  In  a  medium  containing  two  parts  of  gelatin  and  one  of  blood 
serum  in  slanted  tubes  inoculated  with  washed  sputum  from  a  case  of 
whooping-cough,  and  incubated  at  37°,  round  transparent  punctiform 
colonies,  0.25-0.5  mrn.  in  diameter,  developed.  No  growth  in  ordinary 
bouillon  or  on  gelatin.  In  serum  bouillon  in  48  hours,  at  37°  C.,  a  uni- 
form turbidity,  becoming  clear. 

Pathogenesis.  Intravenous  inoculation  of  large  doses  into  pigeons  and  guinea 
pigs,  negative.  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  2-4  cc.  into  guinea  pigs 
cause  death  in  24  hours.  Abdomen  soft,  painful ;  animal  immobile  ;  ele- 
vation of  temperature,  peritonitis,  and  a  serp-fibrinous  exudate. 

Habitat.  Isolated  from  sputum  in  whooping-cough,  tuberculosis,  pneumonia, 
and  la  grippe. 

5.   Mycobact.  rhusiopathiae  (Kitt) 

Bacillus  des  Schweinerotlaufs  Loffler :    Arbeiten  Kaiserl.  Gesundheitsamte,  Bd.  I, 

1886,  46. 

B.  rhusiopathia-suis  Kitt :    Bakterienkunde  u.  path.  Mikroskopie,  1893,  284. 
Bact.  erysipelatus-suis  Migula  :    Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1895. 

Morphology.      Bacilli  very   small,  slender,   bent  or  curved,   also   filaments, 

0.2:0.6-1.8  /A. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Thin,  veily,  which   under   the   microscope   show   a   fine 

filamentous  structure. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  gray  cloudy  radiating  outgrowths ;  after  some  time 

the  gelatin  is  softened. 
Agar  slant.     A  delicate  layer. 
Bouillon.     Turbid  ;  later  a  gray  white  sediment. 
Potato.     No  growth.     Indol  negative. 
Pathogenesis.     Inoculations  of  mice,  white  rats,  and  pigeons  cause  death  in 

3-4   days  with  septicaemia;    bacilli  in  the   blood   and  enclosed  within 

leucocytes.      Mice  die  in  a  sitting  posture  with  the  eyes  sealed  by  a 

secretion. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  swine  erysipelas,  Schweinerotlauf. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  353 

6.    Mycobact.  murisepticum  (Fltigge) 

B.  murisepticus  Fliigge  :    Die  Mikroorganismen,  1886. 

B.  Septikamie  bei  Mdusen  Koch :   Aetiol.  Wundinfectionsk.,  1878. 

B.  marinus  Schroter:    Kryptogamenflora  Schlesien,  III,  1886,  162. 

Probably  identical  with  the  preceding. 

7.    Mycobact.  malei  (Loffler)  Migula 

B.  mallei  Loffler :   Arbeiten  Kaiserlich.  Gesundheitsamte,  I,  1886,  141. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  small,  slender,  bent,  0.25-0.4:1.5-3  /x;  may  occur  as 
coccoid  elements.  According  to  Marx  (Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV, 
274),  may  show  diphtheria-like  and  branched  forms.  Stain  badly.  Grow 
best  on  glycerin  agar ;  a  scanty  growth  on  blood  serum. 

Agar  slant.     In  24-48  hours  at  37°  C.  whitish  translucent  watery  colonies. 

Gelatin  colonies.  After  weeks  the  gelatin  begins  to  soften  and  small  funnels 
are  formed.  Grows  with  an  acid  reaction  of  the  medium. 

Potato.  Growth  yellowish  —  reddish  brown ;  show  pleomorphic,  anthrax- 
like  threads  which  become  swollen  involution  forms.  Indol  doubtful. 

Pathogenesis.  Rabbits  but  slightly  affected,  white  and  gray  mice  immune. 
Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  1-2  cc.  into  male  guinea  pigs  cause  death 
in  12-15  days;  testicles  swollen  and  reddened,  tubercles  on  tunica 
vaginalis,  suppurating  organ  contains  the  bacilli  from  which  pure  cultures 
can  be  made. 

Habitat.  Secretions  and  ulcers  and  tubercles  in  glanders  in  men,  horses, 
cats ;  sheep,  goats,  dogs,  and  rarely  swine  ;  cattle  and  birds  immune. 

8.    Mycobact.  lactis 

A  Bacillus  resembling  B.  diphtheria  found  in  milk  and  American  cheese  Park-Beebe- 
Williams :    Sci.  Bull.  No.  2,  Health  Dept.,  New  York  City,  1895. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  more  or  less  regular  in  shape  and  size  resembling 
diphtheria,  but  slightly  thicker  and  of  more  variable  length.  On  Loffler's 
blood  serum  bacilli  like  diphtheria,  except  slightly  thicker  and  a  little 
more  irregular. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  24  hours  minute,  punctiform  ;  microscopically,  round, 
entire,  sharp,  yellow,  granular.  No  liquefaction. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  finely  granular,  white  ;  on  the  surface,  growth 
abundant,  light  yellow,  becoming  deeper  yellow. 

Agar  colonies.  In  24  hours  at  20°  small,  punctiform,  cream-colored,  which 
microscopically  are  coarsely  granular,  entire,  grayish  ;  later  the  surface 
colonies  are  a  little  larger  and  have  a  decided  yellow  color. 


354 


BACTERIOLOGY 


Agar  slant.     Growth  abundant,  moist,  creamy,  becoming  a  deep  yellow. 
Loffler^s  blood  serum.     Growth  in  24  hours  at  37°  abundant,  moist,  light 

cream-colored,  becoming  a  decided  yellow. 
Bouillon.      Slightly  turbid,  with  a  granular  sediment,  becoming  clear  and 

tinged  with  yellow ;  no  pellicle. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Rendered  decidedly  acid. 
Milk.     Not  coagulated  ;  rendered  a  deeper  cream  color. 
Potato.     Growth  a  narrow  stripe,  becoming  raised,  dry,  granular,  and  deep 

yellow.     Non-pathogenic  to  guinea  pigs. 
Habitat.     Found  commonly  in  milk  and  cheese. 

See  Klein  Jour.  Path,  and  Bact.,  1894,  441,  and  Henrici  Arbeiten  aus  dem 
Bact.  Inst.  Tech.  Hochsch.  Karlsruhe,  1894,  Heft  I. 

9.    Mycobact.  diphtheriae  (Klebs) 

B.  diphtherias  Klebs :   Verhandl.  Congr.  fur  inneren  Medicin,  1883,  143. 

Bacillus  bei  Diphtheric  des  Menschen  Loffler :   Mitteilungen  Kaiserliche  Gesundheit- 

samte,  II,  1886,  421. 
Corynebacterium  diphtherice  Lehmann-Neumann  :  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  350. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender,  rather  long,  straight  or  somewhat  bent,  com- 
monly swollen  at  one  or  both  ends,  wedge-shaped  (cuneate)  or  clavate, 
or  various  irregular  forms,  rarely  those  which  show  true  branching. 
With  alkaline  methylene  blue  a  beaded  appearance  due  to  irregular 
staining.  Stained  by  Grants  method.  Grow  best  in  the  presence  of 
oxygen,  and  at  body  temperatures. 

Glycerin  gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  round,  light  yellow,  granular,  border  entire 
—  rough.  Surface:  delicate,  grayish  white  —  light  yellowish,  translucent, 
darker  and  finely  granular  in  the  centre,  coarsely  granular  on  the  border. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  scanty  development ;  no  liquefaction. 

Glycerin  agar  colonies.  Deep:  round  —  oval,  dark  gray  —  greenish,  entire, 
amorphous.  Surface :  delicate,  grayish  white,  translucent ;  micro- 
scopically, round,  entire,  yellowish,  translucent,  granular. 

Agar  slant.     But  scanty  development. 

Glycerin  agar  slant.     Growth  delicate,  white  —  yellowish  white. 

Blood  serum-  or ~  Loftier* s  blood  serum.  Opaque  whitish  colonies,  or  a  dull 
whitish,  granular  streak. 

Bouillon.  Turbid,  due  to  granular  particles,  either  immersed  or  often  form- 
ing a  film  on  the  surface.  Medium  at  first  acid,  then  alkaline. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  amphoteric. 

Potato.  On  acid  potato  growth  scanty,  when  medium  is  rendered  alkaline  a 
delicate  glistening  growth  which  can  be  raised  by  the  needle  and  which 
has  the  color  of  the  potato. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  355 

Glucose  bouillon.     Acid;  no  gas.     H2S  slight.     Indol  positive. 

Pathogenesis ,  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  death  in  36-72 
hours.  There  is  oedema,  hemorrhage,  and  a  fibre-purulent  exudation 
about  the  point  of  inoculation,  hemorrhagic  enlargement  of  lymph, 
glands,  congestion  of  the  lungs  and  other  organs,  hemorrhage  of  supra- 
renal capsules.  There  is  generally  only  a  local  development  of  bacteria. 

Habitat.  Associated  with  diphtheria  and  present  in  the  throats  of  persons  who 
have  been  exposed  to  infection. 

10.    Mocobact.  pseudodiphthericum  (Kruse) 

Pseudodiphtheria  Bacillus  Loffler :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  II,  1887,  105. 
Xerose  Bacillus  Neisser-Kuschbert :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  I,  178. 
B.pseudodiphthericus  Kruse:    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896. 

This  may  be  only  a  non-virulent  variety  of  the  preceding.  In  the  more 
marked  types  it  may  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  being 
shorter  and  thicker.  On  glycerin  agar  and  in  bouillon  it  grows  rather 
more  abundantly.  According  to  Escherich  and  others,  the  pseudo- 
diphtheria  bacillus  during  the  first  2-3  days  of  growth  causes  an  increased 
alkalinity  of  the  medium  (bouillon),  while  the  true  diphtheria  bacillus 
causes  a  diminished  alkalinity. 

Habitat.  Isolated  by  Hoffmann,  etc.,  from  the  healthy  mouth  and  throat ;  by 
Neisser-Kuschbert,  etc.,  in  xerosis  and  other  affections  of  the  conjunctiva. 

ii.    Mycobact.  pseudo tuberculosis  (Kutscher) 

B.  pseudotuberculosis-murium  Kutscher:  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XVIII,  1894. 
B.pseudotuberculosis-ovis  Preisz:  Annales  Pasteur  Inst.  1895. 

Morphology.     Bacilli  like  those  of  diphtheria.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

Gelatin  colonies.     Granular,  with  erose  borders. 

Potato.     No  growth. 

Milk.     Unchanged. 

Bouillon.     Slight  growth. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  mice  result  in  abscesses  at  the 
point  of  injection,  with  a  general  inflection  and  death  in  5-8  days.  Intra- 
peritoneal  and  intrapulmonary  injections  cause  death,  with  pseudotuber- 
cular  lesions.  Subcutaneous  and  intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea 
pigs  cause  pseudotuberculosis  of  the  abdominal  viscera,  and  death  in 
2-10-35  days. 

Habitat.  Found  by  Kutscher  in  cheesy  nodules  in  lung  and  pleura  of  a 
mouse ;  by  Preisz  and  Guinard  in  pseudotuberculosis  of  sheep ;  and  by 
Kitt  from  a  cheesy  pneumonia  of  cattle. 


356  BACTERIOLOGY 

12.    Mycobact  hastilis  (Seitz) 

B.  hastilis  Seitz :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXX,  1899,  Heft  i. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  slender  or  rather  broad  rods,  pointed  at  one  or  both 
ends,  and  here  and  there  slightly  thickened  in  the  middle ;  straight  or 
somewhat  bent ;  occur  singly,  in  twos  or  short-long  chains.  Not  stained 
by  Gram's  method.  With  ordinary  analine  colors,  often  a  beaded  stain- 
ing. No  growth  on  blood  serum,  but  a  growth  in  the  water  of  condensa- 
tion. Grow  in  ordinary  bouillon  with  the  generation  of  gas,  and  a  foul 
odor  like  carious  teeth. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  mouth. 

13.    Mycobact.  tuberculosis  (Koch) 

B.   tuberculosis   Koch:    Die   Aetiologie    des    Tuberculose,    Berliner,   klin.   Wochensch., 

1882,  No.  15. 
Mycobact.  tuberculosis  Lehmann-Neumann:  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  363. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  mostly  slender,  straight  or  curved  or  bent  rods,  0.4 :  1 .5-4  //,. 
Occasionally  longer  filamentous  forms,  with  true  branching,  have  been 
noted  (Coppen  Jones,  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVII,  i).  With  carbol 
fuchsin,  an  irregular,  beaded  staining.  May  also  show  deeply  stained 
bodies,  which  Coppen  Jones  thinks  homologous  with  chlamydospores. 

Glycerin  agar  slant.  Growth  whitish,  dry,  rough  —  warty,  with  commonly  a 
faint  pinkish  or  flesh  color.  The  cultures  have  a  peculiar  yeast-like  odor. 

Blood  serum.  Growth  white,  dry,  scaly  —  granular,  which  is  friable  but 
coherent. 

Potato.     An  abundant  raised  growth. 

Glycerin  bouillon.  A  whitish  grayish,  membranous,  rugose  growth  on  the 
surface,  which  readily  sinks;  medium  clear.  Indol  negative.  H2S 
negative. 

Palhogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  cause  a 
generalized  tuberculosis,  with  death  in  2-3  months. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  tuberculosis  in  man  and  the  lower  animals. 

14.     Mycobact.  avium   (Kruse)   Lehmann-Neumann 

Bacillus  der  Huhner  oder  Geflligeltuberkulose  Maffucci :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XI,  1892,  445.. 
B.  tuberculosis-avium  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  506. 
Mycobact,  tuberculosis-avium  Lehmann-Neumann :  Bak.  Diag.,  1896,  370. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  like  the  preceding,  but  somewhat  longer  and  more 
slender,  with  a  greater  tendency  to  form  branched  and  clavate  forms. 
Staining  reactions  as  in  No.  13.  Grow  at  43°  C.  B.  tuberculosis  does  not 
grow  above  42°. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  357 

On  blood  serum  and  glycerin   agar  growth  softer,  flatter,  and  more  watery ; 

also  grows  more  rapidly,  i.e.  a  visible  growth  in  about  eight  days. 
Pathogenesis .     Highly  pathogenic  to  fowls ;    not  truly  pathogenic  to  guinea 

pigs,  rabbits,  and  apes. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  avian  tuberculosis. 

15.    Mycobact.  smegmatis  (Kruse) 

Smegmabacillus  Tavel-Alvarez :  Bull,  de  1'Acad.  de  Medecine,  1885. 
B.  smegmatis  Kruse :  Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  517. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  like  Mycobact.  syphilidis,  but  shows  a  greater  variability 
in  size  and  form.  Stain  with  difficulty,  and  not  decolorized  with  potassium 
permanganate,  and  also  retain  the  stain  after  long  treatment  with  mineral 
acids  in  contradistinction  to  syphilis,  but  are  easily  decolorized  with 
alcohol.  For  differential  diagnosis,  stain  with  hot  carbol  fuchsin,  and 
immerse  in  a  saturated  alcoholic  solution  of  methylene  blue,  when  the 
smegma  bacilli  are  stained  blue  and  the  tubercle  bacilli  red. 

Habitat.  Found  on  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  urino -genital  tract  in  man. 
and  the  lower  animals,  on  the  mamma,  and  in  urine. 

1 6.    Mycobact.  butyri 

Tuberkelahnlicher  Bacillus  Rabinowitsch  :  Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  XXVI,  1897,  101. 
Tuberclebacillen  in  Butter  u.  Milch  Petri :  Arb.  a.  d.  Kais.  Gesundheitsamte,  XIV,  i. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  identical  with  tubercle.  Stain  with  carbol  fuchsin,  and 
resist  decolorization  after  4  minutes1  immersion  in  6  per  cent  H2SO4. 

Agar  colonies.  Deep,  round  —  oval,  gray,  granular.  Surface  colonies  have 
gray  granular  centres,  and  clear  crumpled  borders,  and  are  often  dry  and 
cupped. 

Gelatin  stab.  Slow  growth  ;  in  depth,  small  disjointed  colonies  along  the  line 
of  stab  ;  medium  not  liquefied. 

Agar  slant.  Freshly  isolated  from  the  body,  the  growth  is  thick,  moist,  and 
creamy ;  in  old  cultures,  a  crumpled  membrane,  of  an  orange  or  copper 
color.  By  repeated  passage  through  animals,  the  cultures  on  agar  or 
glycerin  agar  are  dry  and  fragmented  or  crumpled,  closely  simulating 
true  tubercle  bacilli. 

Potato.     A  moist  gray  layer. 

Bouillon  and  glycerin  boitillon.  A  crumpled  membrane  on  the  surface  ;  media 
clear.  The  cultures  have  an  ammoniacal  odor,  and  lack  the  characteristic 
yeasty  odor  of  true  tubercle  cultures.  The  medium  is  rendered  alkaline. 
Grow  in  acid  bouillon.  Indol  is  produced. 


358  BACTERIOLOGY 

Pathogenesis.  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  into  guinea  pigs,  of  butter  contain- 
ing the  preceding  bacilli,  result,  in  3-4  weeks,  in  peritonitis,  with  abundant 
tubercles  on  the  peritoneum,  which  have  cheesy,  purulent  centres.  Similar 
tubercles  may  be  found  on  the  pleura  and  in  the  spleen.  These  tubercles 
lack  the  microscopic  characters  of  true  tubercles  in  the  absence  of  giant 
cells,  but  more  closely  simulate  glanders  nodules.  They  contain  the 
bacilli  in  large  numbers,  from  which  pure  cultures  can  be  readily  obtained. 

Habitat.     Found  by  Rabinowitsch,  Petri,  and  others  in  butter  and  milk. 

17.  Mycobact  Moelleri 

Timothee  Bacillus  or  Grass  Bacillus  I  Moeller :  Wiener  med.  Wochenschr.,  1898,  p.  2358. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  0.2-0.5  ;  1.4  /x ;  often  bent ;  often  in  chains  of  2-3,  or  in 
clumps ;  also  as  filaments  with  clubbed  ends,  or  branched.  Show  irreg- 
ular staining  like  tubercle  bacilli,  and  retain  the  red  color  of  carbol 
fuchsin  when  treated  with  acid  and  acid  alcohol. 

Glycerin  agar.     At  37°,  after  several  days,  grayish  white,  dry,  scaly  colonies. 

Bouillon.  Small  granular  masses  on  the  walls  and  bottom  of  the  tube;  on 
the  surface,  a  yellowish  membrane. 

Milk.  On  the  surface,  yellowish  spots  or  colonies,  or  a  yellowish  ring  adherent 
to  the  walls. 

Potato.     A  warty  layer  like  tubercle  bacilli. 

Pathogenesis.  Pathogenic  to  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs,  producing  a  pseudo- 
tuberculosis  as  in  Mycobact.  butyri.  .  ;  ;_"• 

Habitat.     Isolated  by  Moeller  from  infusions  of  timothy  grass. 

The  MIST  BACILLUS  of  Moeller,  isolated  from  cow  manure,  is  a  closely  related 
organism  (Berliner  thierarztl.  Wochenschr.,  1898. 100).  In  morphology  it 
simulates  the  tubercle  bacillus  ;  also  occurs  as  long  filaments  ;  also  clubbed 
at  one  or  both  ends,  and  without  branching.  Does  not  grow  in  milk. 
Grows  well  on  glycerin  agar. 

1 8.  Mycobact.  graminis 

Grass  Bacillus  II  Moeller :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV,  1899,  369. 

Morphology.  Bacilli  in  fluid  media  mostly  as  rods  whose  morphology  and 
staining  properties  simulate  tubercle  bacilli.  In  old  cultures,  often  fila- 
ments and  branched  forms.  On  solid  media,  at  first  only  rods  and  coccoid 
forms ;  later,  filaments  showing  true  branching.  Rods  0.2-0.4 :  1-5  /A. 
Stain  by  Gram's  method. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  359 

Glycerin  agar  slant.  In  2  days,  at  37°,  small,  delicate,  watery  colonies,  be- 
coming confluent.  Growth  rather  raised,  often  with  a  yellowish  tinge. 
In  the  water  of  condensation,  which  is  clear,  small  particles  which  sink. 

Potato.     At  37°  a  thick  grayish  white  growth  along  the  line  of  inoculation. 

Milk.     Becomes  acid  in  2-3  days. 

Bouillon.  Medium  clear  ;  a  grayish  white  membrane  and  a  stringy  sediment ; 
no  odor. 

Gelatin  slant.  In  4-5  days,  at  20°,  a  grayish  white  thick  growth  along  the 
line  of  inoculation  ;  no  liquefaction. 

Gelatin  stab.     A  good  growth  along  the  line  of  stab. 

Pathogenesis .  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  cause  death  in  4-6 
weeks,  with  the  same  macro-pathological  picture  as  in  tuberculosis. 

Habitat.     Found  in  hay  dust  in  lofts. 

19.    Mycobact.  friburgensis  (Korn) 

B.friburgensis  Korn  :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXV,  1899,  S32- 

Morphology.     Bacilli  in  bouillon  vary  from  those  simulating  B.  colt  to  longer 

and  slightly  bent  rods.     On  agar  the  rods  are  rather  thinner ;  on  old  agar 

and  serum  cultures,  coccothrix  forms.     On  potato,  cocci,  diplococci,  and 

short  rods  or  partly  bent  bacilli  of  variable  thickness,  also  clavate  forms. 

In  the  animal  body,  tubercle  and  coli  forms;  also  branched  individuals. 

Stain  poorly  with  ordinary  aniline  colors,  well  with  aniline  and  carbol 

fuchsin,  and   withstand   decolorization   for   one   minute  in  10  per  cent 

H2SO4.     Stain  by  Gram's  method. 
Agar  colonies.     Deep :  round  —  elongated,  granular.     Surface :  round,  grayish 

white,  becoming  sunken  in  the  centre. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  slight,  uniform  ;  on  the  surface,  growth  white, 

and  rather  flat  and  lobate. 
Glycerin  agar  slant.      In  2-3  days,  at  37°,  growth  thick,  glistening,  rough, 

crumpled,  with  a  membrane  on  the  water  of  condensation. 
Bouillon.     On  the  surface,  a  thick  membrane.     Cultures  have  a  bad  odor. 

No  growth  in  acid  bouillon. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Grow  only  in  the  open  end  ;    no  gas.     Indol  slight,  and 

produced  only  in  glycerin  bouillon. 
Milk.     In  6  days  unaltered ;  after  a  longer  time  the  milk  becomes  rather  gray, 

with  a  slight  sediment ;  not  coagulated  or  peptonized.     Whole  milk  or 

cream  assumes  a  copper  color. 
Glycerin  blood  serum  (horse).     In  6-8  days  an  orange-colored  growth. 


360  BACTERIOLOGY 

Potato.  A  soft  flat  whitish  growth,  becoming  brownish.  In  an  atmosphere 
of  hydrogen  a  slight  growth  at  37°,  none  at  20°. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs  causes  abscesses  at 
the  point  of  injection  containing  the  bacilli,  but  without  fatal  issue.  Intra- 
peritoneal  inoculations  of  mice  cause  death  after  some  days.  There  is  a 
serous  fluid  in  the  peritoneal  cavity ;  the  peritoneum  is  studded  with  sub- 
milliary  nodules.  Spleen  swollen,  and  studded  with  knots.  Knots  in 
liver  and  kidney?.  Bacilli  in  the  lesions. 

STREPTOTHRIX 

Cells  in  their  ordinary  form  as  long  branched  filaments.  Cultures  on  solid 
media  raised.  Growth  coherent,  dry,  rough,  or  crumpled,  often  with  a 
mouldy  appearance,  due  to  the  formation  of  aerial  hyphae.  Without 
endospores,  but  by  a  multiple  segmentation  of  a  filament,  the  production 
of  short,  gonidia-like  bodies. 

SYNOPSIS   OF  THE   GENUS 

I.  In  the  animal  body  the  radially  arranged  filaments  show  a  clavate  enlarge- 

ment of  their  ends. 

A.  Cultures  show  abundant  branched  filaments. 

1.  Grow  at  room  temperatures,  2o°-22°,  and  on  potato. 

1 .  Streptothrix  bovis  (Harz) . 

2.  No  growth  below  22°  C. 

a.  Grow  on  potato. 

2 .  Streptothrix flava . 

b.  Do  not  grow  on  potato. 

3.  Streptothrix  Hofmanni  (Gruber)  Kruse. 

B.  On  ordinary  media,  viz.  agar,  no  branched  filaments,  but  diphtheria- 

like  forms. 

4.  Streptothrix  Israeli  Kruse. 

5 .  Streptothrix  Krausei. 

II.  Filaments  do  not  show  a  clavate  enlargement  of  their  ends. 

A.  Do  not  grow  in  nutrient  gelatin  ;    grow  on   blood   serum  or  blood- 

serum  agar. 

6.  Streptothrix  necrophorus  (Lb'ffler)  Schmorl. 

B.  Grow  in  nutrient  gelatin. 
i.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

a.    Non-chromogenic,  colonies  whitish;  no  pigment  on  gelatin  or 
agar. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  361 

*  Gelatin  liquefied  very  slowly  or  imperfectly. 

7.  Streptothrix  Rosenbachii  Kruse. 
**   Gelatin  liquefied  rather  rapidly. 

8 .  Streptothrix  invulnerabilis  ( Acosta-Grande-Rossi)  Kruse. 

9.  Streptothrix  Foersteri  Cohn. 

b.    Chromogenic  ;  produce  pigment  on  gelatin. 

*  Gelatin  colonies  yellowish. 

10.    Streptothrix  albido  Rossi-Doria. 
**    Gelatin  colonies  brownish  ;  gelatin  stained  a  deep  brown. 

u.    Streptothrix chromogena  Gasperini. 
***    Gelatin  colonies  violet. 

1 2 .  Streptothrix  violacea  Rossi-Doria . 

****    Gelatin  colonies,  grown  anaerobically,  brick-red. 

13.  Streptothrix  rubr a  Kruse. 
2.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

a.  No  distinct  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar ;  growth  white  —  gray, 

or  at  most,  yellowish  white. 

14.  Streptothrix  far  cinica  (Trevisan)  Rossi-Doria. 

b.  Chromogenic ;  a  pigment  on  gelatin  or  agar. 

*  On  gelatin,  colonies  or  growth  yellowish  —  orange. 

15.  Streptothrix aurantiaca  Rossi-Doria. 

1 6 .  Streptothrix  aster oides  (  E  ppi nger ) . 

**    On  gelatin  or  agar,  colonies  or  growths  become  reddish. 

17.  Streptothrix  carnea  Rossi-Doria. 

1 8.  Streptothrix  inadurce  Vincent. 

i.     Streptothrix  bovis  (Harz) 

Actinomyces  bovis  Harz:  Jahresb.  Munch.  Central  Thierarzneischule,  1877-78. 
Discomyces  bovis  Rivolta :  Sul.  cosi  detto  mal  del  rospo  della  Trutta  e  sul'  Actinomyces 
bovis  di  Harz,  1878. 

Morphology.  In  the  body  of  man  and  animals,  as  foci  of  granulation  tissue, 
containing  the  fungus,  which  is  composed  of  interlacing  filaments,  and 
which  on  the  periphery  show  a  radial  arrangement  or  clavate  enlargement 
of  their  ends.  Filaments  0.4-0.6  /n  in  diameter,  either  long  and  unseg- 
mented,  or  breaking  up  into  longer  or  shorter  rods.  The  filaments  often 
show  a  segmentation  of  their  plasma  and  the  formation  of  gonidial  ele- 
ments, which  later  are  set  free  and  are  presumably  gonidia.  In  cultures, 
filaments  showing  true  branching  are  numerous.  The  clavate  enlarge- 
ments of  the  ends  of  the  filaments,  due  to  a  capsular  thickening,  are 


362 


BACTERIOLOGY 


found  in  the  deeper  portions  of  the  culture.     Filaments,  but  not  the 

capsular  enlargements,  stained  by  Gram's  method. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Irregular,  yellowish  gray,  glistening ;  microscopically,  dark 

yellowish  gray,  homogeneous  or  slightly  concentric ;  border  dark,  with  a 

fine  filamentous  structure. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  small  yellowish  white  spheres,  which  become  bristly; 

on  the  surface,  growth  yellowish  white,  flat,  raised,  soft,  glistening,  rather 

tough,  becoming  sunken,  due  to  a  slight  liquefaction ;  liquefied  gelatin 

syrupy,  brownish. 
Agar  slant.     Growth  of  delicate  colonies,  becoming  whitish  to  whitish  yellow, 

soft,  glistening,  raised,  warty,  becoming  sunken  and  brownish  in  color. 

The  growth  penetrates  deep  into  the  medium. 
Blood  serum.     Isolated  colonies  becoming  spreading  and  thicker,  rather  dry  ; 

the  lower  surface  of  the  growth  in  contact  with  the  medium,  orange-yel- 
low—  brick-red. 

Bouillon.     Remains  clear ;  at  the  bottom  globular  masses. 
Milk.     Unchanged  in  8  days. 
Potato.     Growth  warty,  yellowish  white,  very  adherent,  limited.      Odor  of 

cultures  weak,  not  mouldy. 
Glucose  bouillon.     No  gas,  acid.     H2S  negative. 
Pathogenesis.     Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits  result, 

in  30  days,  in  the  formation  of  nodules  on  the  peritoneum  containing  the 

fungus. 
Habitat.     Associated  with  antinomycosis  in  man  and  cattle. 

-. 

2.    Streptothrix  flava 

Described  by  Bruns:  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXVI,  1899,  u. 

Morphology.  Filaments  1-2  p.  broad  and  reaching  100  /x.  in  length,  often  with 
clavate  swellings.  Filaments  show  branching,  also  shorter  forms  like 
Mycobact.  diphtheria.  Stain  by  Gram's  method. 

On  agar,  after  3-4  weeks,  a  colony  0.75-1.0  cm.,  yellowish.  Surface  irregular, 
adherent,  not  easily  fragile. 

In  bouillon,  a  whitish  yellow,  fragmentary  growth  on  the  bottom ;  no  growth 
on  the  surface ;  fluid  clear.  Grows  on  blood  serum  and  potato,  but  not 
so  well  on  agar.  On  gelatin,  at  24°-26°,  a  slight  growth  after  4  weeks ; 
no  liquefaction.  Optimum  temperature,  35°-38°  ;  minimum,  25.5°  C. 

Pathogenesis.     Non-pathogenic  to  mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  363 

3.     Streptothrix  Hofmanni  (Gruber)   Kruse 

Mikromyces  Hofmanni  Gruber:  Archiv  f.  Hygiene,  XVI,  1893,  34. 

Morphology.  Branched  filaments  i.o  /x  thick.  Do  not  produce  aerial  hyphas. 
The  contents  of  older  filaments  become  segmented  into  coccoid  gonidia. 
In  animal  body,  clavate  enlargements ;  also  in  old,  3  months,  bouillon 
cultures.  Aerobic.  No  growth  below  22°  C.  Optimum  temperature, 
37°  C. 

No  growth  on  gelatin  and  potato  ;  on  agar  and  blood  serum  a  scanty  develop- 
ment. 

'lycerin  agar  slant.  A  raised,  rugose,  dull,  grayish  white  to  brownish 
growth. 

Bouillon.  Clear,  with  a  granular  sediment,  and  often  with  a  surface  membrane. 
Grows  well  in  fluid  media  containing  0.5-3  per  cent  of  sugar  with  the 
production  of  acetic  acid  and  alcohol. 

'athogenesis .  Subcutaneous  inoculations  of  rather  large  doses  into  rabbits 
cause  a  fibro-purulent  inflammation  at  the  point  of  inoculation,  with 
abscess  formation,  which  remains  localized.  There  appears  to  be  no 
development  of  the  fungus. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  the  air. 

4.    Streptothrix  Israeli  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  56. 

Noted  by  Wolff- Israel :  Virchow's  Archiv,  CXXVI. 

Anaerobic,  grow  poorly  in  the  presence  of  air.  An  absence  of  branched  fila- 
ments in  cultures.  In  anaerobic  (Buchner's  method)  cultures  on  agar  at 
37°  C.,  fine,  dew-like  drops  or  convex  colonies,  which  generally  remain 
discrete. 

Bouillon.     Growth  composed  of  small  scaly  particles. 

STo  growth  w.  gelatin. 

Agar  slant.     Cultures  show  only  rods  greatly  similar  to  diphtheria,  with  but 

little  tendency  to  form  filaments.  Egg  cultures  show  typical  filaments. 
^athogenesis .  Intraperitoneal  inoculations  of  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs  result 
in  (4-7  weeks)  the  formation  on  the  peritoneal  viscera  of  nodules,  varying 
in  size  from  that  of  a  millet  seed  to  that  of  a  plum,  in  the  smaller  of  which 
typical  actinomyces  kernels  are  found.  These  contain  branched  filaments 
with  clavate  ends. 

'iabitat.  Isolated  by  Wolff  and  Israel  from  two  cases  of  human  antinomy- 
cosis. 


364  BACTERIOLOGY 

5.    Streptothrix  Krausei 

Streptothrix  Krause :  Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XXVI,  1899,  209. 

Morphology.     Short  and  long  rods  and  clavate  forms  like  diphtheria.     Stain 

by  Gram's  method.     Grow  best  at  37° ;  no  growth  at  22°  C. 
Glycerin   agar  colonies.     In  4  days,  small,  in  8  days,  slightly  yellowish,  2-; 

mm. ;  borders  erose  or  rosette-like ;  adherent  to  the  medium. 
Bouillon.     Clear,  but  a  sediment  of  colony  clumps. 
No  growth  on  gelatin  or  potato.     No  gas  produced.     No  indol,  and  no  H.,< 

produced.     Grows  better  aerobicly  than  anaerobicly.     Non-pathogenic  tc 

mice,  guinea  pigs,  and  rabbits. 
Habitat.     Isolated  from  a  case  of  actinomycosis  in  man. 

6.    Streptothrix  necrophorus  (Loffler)  Schmqrl 

B.  necrophorus  Loffler:  Mitteilungen  a.  d.  Kaiserlich.  Gesundheitsamte,  II,  1884,  493. 

B.  diphtherice-vituorum  Loffler  :  I.e. 

Streptothrix  cuniculi  Schmorl :  Zeitsch.  f.  Tiermed.,  XVII,  1891. 

Anaerobic.  Grows  best  on  blood  serum  and  on  blood-serum  agar  at  the  bodj 
temperature.  Noted  by  Schmorl  in  an  infectious  disease  of  rabbits 
characterized  by  a  progressive  necrosis  of  the  subcutaneous  tissue,  als< 
by  a  fibrinous  inflammation  of  the  serous  membranes,  etc.  By  Bang  anc 
Loffler,  in  diphtheria  of  calves,  etc.  The  organisms  are  found  at  th< 
periphery  of  the  necrotic  areas,  where  it  forms  thick  tufts  and  filaments 
in  which  true  branching  is  not  certainly  demonstrated.  The  filaments 
now  and  then  break  up  into  rods. 

Pathogenesis.  Subcutaneous  inoculation  of  mice  and  rabbits  causes  a  loca 
necrosis,  with  multiple  necrotic  foci  in  the  inner  organs. 

7.    Streptothrix  Rosenbachii  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  61. 

Discovered  by  Rosenbach :  Archiv  f.  Chirurgie  (Langenbeck),  1887. 

Morphology.  Very  fine  branched  filaments,  breaking  up  into  short  rods  o 
coccoid  forms.  The  filaments  often  end  in  a  thick  point.  In  cultura 
characters  like  the  bacillus  of  mouse  septicaemia.  Old  cultures  beconr 
brownish.  Grow  best  at  20°  C.,  and  badly  at  37°  C. 

Pathogenesis.  By  inoculations  into  man,  Rosenbach  produced  erysipeloiti 
lesions. 

Habitat.     Associated  with  erythema  exudativum  multiforme. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  365 

8.    Streptothrix  invulnerabilis  (Acosta-Grande-Rossi)  Kruse 

Cladothrix  invulnerabilis  Acosta-Grande-Rossi :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XV,  1893,  I- 
Streptothrix  invulnerabilis  Kruse :    Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  64. 

Morphology.     Mycelium  branched  with  aerial  hyphae. 

Gelatin   colonies.      Tough,   with   a  whitish   bloom,  >  crumpled  ;    gelatin   not 

liquefied.     Grows  in  the  absence  of  air. 

Potato..     Stained  black  around  the  growth.     Causes  a  cloudiness  in  water. 
Habitat.     Water,  etc. 

9.    Streptothrix  Foersteri  .Cohn 

Streptothrix  Fcersteri  Cohn :    Beitrage  Biol.,  Bd.  I,  Heft.  3. 
Streptothrix  alba  Rossi-Doria:   Annal.  dell'  1st.  d'  Ig.  di  Roma,  1891. 
Streptothrix  /-// Almquist :    Zeitsch.  f.  Hygiene,  VIII,  1890. 
Actinomyces  albus  Gasperini :   Ann.  Micrographie,  IX,  1890,  449. 
Cladothrix  liquefaciens  Hesse-Garten :   Zeitsch.  f.  Chirurgie,  34  and  41. 

Morphology.      A  branched   mycelium  with  abundant   aerial   hyphae,  giving 

cultures  a  white  appearance.     Aerobic. 
On  gelatin,  a  broadly  folded  membrane  with  a  white  bloom  and  oil  drops. 
Milk.     Peptonized.     Grows  well  on  cooked  vegetables. 
Pathogenesis.     Non-pathogenic  (Rossi-Doria).     According  to  Gasperini,  may 

produce  actinomyces  in  cattle.     Almquist  found  this  species  in  a  case  of 

meningitis. 
Cladothrix  liquefaciens  of  Hesse-Gartner  was  isolated  from  a  lesion  in  man, 

simulating  actinomycosis.     The  various  forms  classed  under  this  head 

are  not  sufficiently  described  to  closely  differentiate  them. 
Habitat.     Air  and  water ;  also  assuming  pathogenic  roles  as  already  intimated. 

10.    Streptothrix  albido  Rossi-Doria 

Annal.  dell'  1st.  d'  Ig.  di  Roma,  1891. 

Morphology.  Mycelium  branched,  with  aerial  hyphae  sparingly.  Do  not 
grow  with  the  exclusion  of  air.  Color  of  colonies  yellowish.  Surface 
growth  channelled  or  fluted.  Gelatin  liquefied  slowly. 

Milk.     Growth  as  islands  on  the  surface,  peptonized.     Non-pathogenic. 

Habitat.     Air. 

u.    Streptothrix  chromogena  Gasperini 

Streptothrix  nigra  Rossi-Doria  :    I.e.,  1891. 
Morphology.     Branched  filaments  often  evidently  septate,  composed  of  long 
and  short  elements.     In  the  aerial  hyphae  by  segmentation  short  coccoid 


366  BACTERIOLOGY 

gonidia.      Stain  by  Gram's  method.      Grow  at  20°,  but  best  at  37°  C. 

Aerobic. 
Gelatin  colonies.      Round,  slightly  raised,  brownish,  but  with  a  whitish  dry. 

chalky  appearance  in  the  centre,  becoming  concentric.     Gelatin  around ' 

the  colony  dark  brown  and  slowly  liquefied,  leaving  a  chalky  crust  on  the 

surface  of  the  liquefied  gelatin.     Microscopically,  filamentous,  tangled, 

becoming  opaque  in  centre  with  a  filamentous  border. 
Gelatin  stab.      In    depth,  short   radiate    bundle-like   outgrowths   after   some 

time;     on    the   surface   like   gelatin    colonies,   gelatin    slowly   liquefied 

beneath. 
Agar  stab.      In    depth,    bristly  outgrowths ;    on   the   surface,  growth    moist J 

yellowish,  glistening,  raised,  becoming  dry,  warty ;  agar  stained  a  deep 

brown. 

Agar  slant.     Growth  brownish,  slightly  spreading,  becoming  whitish,  chalky. 
Bouillon.     On  the  surface,  a  delicate  and  later  a  tough  membrane. 
Glucose  bouillon.     Radiate  masses  at  the  bottom  ;  medium  brownish. 
Milk.     A  tough_yellowish  brown  growth  on  the  surface ;  medium  renderedl 

alkaline  and  peptonized. 
Potato.      Growth    yellowish  —  yellowish    brown,    becoming    chalky.      The 

medium  is  stained  a  deep  brown  or  black.     The  culture  has  an  intense 

mouldy  odor. 
Habitat.     Air,  water,  and  stomach  contents. 


12.    Streptothrix  violacea  Rossi-Doria 

I.e.,  1891. 

Morphology.  Typical  Streptothrix,  with  branched  mycelium  and  spore  for- 
mation and  aerial  hyphae.  Stain  by  Gram's  method.  No  anaerobic 
growth. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Violet,  isolated,  becoming  united  and  forming  a  rugose} 
membrane;  also  the  medium  stained  violet. 

Bouillon.  Scanty  growth ;  compact  nodules  at  the  bottom  and  isolated 
colonies  on  the  surface;  medium  colored  a  faint  wine-red. 

Potato.  Red  violet  colonies,  with  a  whitish  bloom  and  a  brownish  discolora-j 
tion  of  the  medium. 

Milk.     Violet  points  of  growth  ;  medium  slowly  peptonized. 

Pathogenesis.  Negative,  or  injection  of  2  cc.  intraperitoneally  into  test  animals] 
may  cause  a  pseudotuberculosis  of  the  mesentery,  spleen,  liver,  and  lungs. 

Habitat.     Air  and  water. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  367 

13.    Streptothrix  rubra  Kruse 

Fliigge,  Die  Mikroorganismen,  1896,  63. 

Noted  by  Casabo  :    Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XVII,  Nos.  13-14,  1895. 

Morphology.  Thick-branched  filaments  with  spores.  A  good  growth  under 
anaerobic  conditions  with  the  formation  of  brick-red  colonies.  Non- 
pathogenic. 

Habitat,     Isolated  from  sputum. 

14.    Streptothrix  farcinica 

Bacillus  du  Farcin  Nocard :   Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  II,  1888,  293. 
Nocardia  farcinica  Trevisan  :   Genera,  1889,  9. 
Streptothrix  farcinica  Rossi-Doria  :    I.e.,  1891. 

Morphology.  Filaments  0.25  //,  thick,  branched,  or  short  jointed.  Stain  by 
Gram's  method.  Slight  growth  at  20°,  good  growth  at  37°. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Grow  slowly ;  in  10  days  small  round  transparent  glisten- 
ing spheres  which  microscopically  are  entire,  grayish,  and  amorphous. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  granular;  on  the  surface  a  slow  growth, 
which  in  12  days  is  white  and  warty. 

Agar  colonies.     Yellowish  white,  irregular,  glistening,  'membranous,  1-2  mm. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  grayish  —  yellowish  white,  with  a  rough,  finely  cleft 
surface. 

Bouillon.     Clear,  with  a  granular  sediment  and  often  a  dirty  gray  membrane. 

Milk.     Not  coagulated,  reaction  unchanged. 

Potato.     Slow  growth,  whitish  yellow,  dull ;  surface  squamose. 

Pathogenesis.  Intraperitoneal  inoculation  of  guinea  pigs  causes  in  9-20  days  a 
pseudotuberculosis  of  the  abdominal  viscera,  with  the  fungus  within  the 
tubercles.  By  subcutaneous  inoculation  only  an  affection  at  the  point  of 
inoculation  or  neighboring  lymph  glands.  Intravenous  inoculations  of 
cattle  and  sheep  cause  a  slowly  progressive  pseudotuberculosis. 

Habitat.  Associated  with  a  chronic  form  of  tuberculosis  in  the  subcutis  of  the 
intestines  and  of  the  internal  organs. 

15.    Streptothrix  aurantiaca  Rossi-Doria 

I.e.,  1891. 

Morphology.     Branched  filaments  with  aerial  hyphae  and  spores.     Grows  at 

20°,  but  not  with  the  exclusion  of  air. 
Gelatin  colonies.     Waxy,  yellow,  becoming  orange,  with  a  whitish  bloom ; 

surface  colonies  not  colored. 


368  '        BACTERIOLOGY 

Agar  slant.     Colonies,  becoming  a  warty  membrane. 

Potato.     Growth  thin,  membranous,  becoming  orange. 

Milk.     Growth  as  orange-colored  flecks,  unchanged.     Non-pathogenic. 

Habitat.     Air. 

1 6.    Streptothrix  asteroides  (Eppinger) 

Cladothrix  asteroides  Eppinger ;    Ziegler's  Beitrage,  IX. 

Oospora  asteroides  Sauvageau-Radais :   Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  VI,  242. 

Morphology.  Branched  filaments  0.2  /x  thick ;  filaments  break  up  into  short 
quadrangular-coccoid  segments,  which,  by  the  rupture  of  the  wall  of  the 
filament  at  the  apex,  allow  the  latter  to  escape. 

Agar  colonies.  Round,  yellowish  white,  with  a  finely  granular  centre  and  a 
pale  concentric  border.  Microscopically,  delicate,  stellately  branched, 
becoming  opaque  in  centre,  with  a  delicate  branched  border. 

Glucose  agar  slant.  Firm  whitish  warts,  becoming  larger  and  rugose,  ochre- 
yellow. 

Blood  serum.     As  before. 

Gelatin  slant.     Growth  orange-yellow,  rough,  rugose. 

Potato.  Growth  slow,  white,  becoming  brick-red  warts ;  later  pulverent  on 
the  surface  due  to  aerial  hyphae. 

Bouillon.     Clear ;  on  the  surface,  white  disks  which  fall  to  the  bottom. 


17.  Streptothrix  carnea  Rossi-Doria 

l.c.,  1891. 

Morphology.     Mycelium  branched  with  aerial  hyphae  and  spores.     Colonies 

characterized  on  all  media  by  their  minuteness  and  rosy  color. 
Habitat.     Air  (rare). 

1 8.  Streptothrix  madurae  Vincent 

Ann.  Pasteur  Inst.,  1894. 

Morphology.     Branched  filaments  1-1.5  A*  thick,  with  aerial  hyphas  and  spores. 

Stained  by  Gram's  method.     Optimum  temperature  37°. 
Agar  slant.     Slow  growth,  colonies  firm,  warty,  yellowish  white,  becoming 

reddish  —  bright  red.     No  growth  on  blood  serum. 
Bouillon.     Growth  scanty,  as  granules. 
Potato.      Growth   warty,   white,   becoming   red   orange,  with  whitish  aerial 

hyphae. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  369 

Milk,  Slowly  peptonized.  Good  growth  in  vegetable  infusions,  of  a  slightly 
acid  reaction,  as  hay,  potato.  Media  clear  with  brownish  flocculi,  which 
on  the  surface  are  red,  often  forming  a  membrane ;  the  reaction  becomes 
alkaline. 

Pathogenesis.     At  most  only  a  slight  local  reaction  in  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs. 

Habitat.  Associated  with  a  warty  ulcerative  affection  of  the  feet,  and  rarely 
of  the  hands. 

Madura  foot.  In  the  lesions  no  nodular  swellings,  but  in  the  periphery  of 
the  colony  a  zone  concentrically  arranged,  spindle-shaped  elements,  prob- 
ably degeneration  forms  of  the  filaments. 

CHLAMYDOBACTERIACE^:  Migula 

Filamentous  bacteria  composed  of  rod-shaped  cells,  and  surrounded  by  a  dis- 
tinct sheath.  Division  of  the  cells  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  fila- 
ments. In  Phragmidiothrix  and  Crenothrix,  however,  in  the  formation 
of  gonidia,  a  division  of  the  cells  in  three  directions  of  space  takes  place. 
Reproduction  by  means  of  gonidia,  which  are  either  motile  or  non-motile. 

I.  Cell  contents  without  sulphur  granules. 

A.  Filaments  unbranched. 

1 .  Cell  division  takes  place  only  in  one  direction  of  space.    Leptothrix. 

2.  Cell  division,  before  the  formation  of  gonidia,  takes  place  in  three 

directions  of  space. 

a.  Filaments  surrounded  by  a  delicate,  scarcely  discernible  sheath. 

Phragmidioth  rix. 

b.  Filaments  surrounded  by  a  plainly  discernible  sheath.     Creno- 

thrix. 

B.  Filaments  show  false  branchings.     Cladothrix. 

II.  Cell  contents  contain  sulphur  granules.     Thiothrix. 

LEPTOTHRIX  Kiitzing 

Phycologia  Generalis,  1843,  198. 

Streptothrix  Migula:  Die  Naturlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1895. 

Filaments  unbranched,  non-motile,  enclosed  in  very  delicate  or  rather  thick 
sheaths,  either  fixed  or  associated  in  slimy  masses.  The  separation  of 
the  filaments  and  the  presence  of  a  sheath  is  demonstrated  by  special 
methods  of  staining.  The  contents  of  the  filaments  become  segmented, 
forming  round  or  ovoid  gonidia,  which  escape  from  the  sheath  and  de- 
velop into  filaments.  Gonidia  non-motile. 

2B 


3/0  BACTERIOLOGY 

The  above  characters  as  given  by  Migula  are  referred  to  his  genus  Strepto- 
thrix. The  Streptothrix  of  Cohn  includes  branched  forms  entirely  dis- 
tinct from  the  Streptothrix  of  Migula.  Migula's  genus  is  certainly  more 
closely  related  to  the  Leptothrix  of  Kutsing,  and  later  described  by  Cohn. 
Furthermore,  the  rule  of  priority  would  direct  that  the  earlier  name,  Lc.p- 
tothrix,  should  be  retained. 

I.    Filaments  not  fixed,  but  associated  in  tangled  masses. 

1.  Leptothrix  hyalina  (iMigula). 

II.    Filaments  fixed  on  a  substratum. 

A.  Filaments  short. 

2.  Leptothrix  epiphytic  a  (Migula). 

B.  Filaments  long. 

3.  Leptothrix fluitans  (Migula). 

4.  Leptothrix gigantea  Miller. 

5.  Leptothrix  innominat a  Miller. 

6.  Leptcthrix  buccalis  Miller. 

i.    Leptothrix  hyalina  (Migula) 

Streptothrix  hyalina  Migula:  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1895. 

Filaments  0.6 //.  in  diameter,  forming  tangled  masses.      A  sheath  is  demon- 
strated with  iodine. 
Habitat.     Water. 

2.    Leptothrix  epiphytica  (Migula) 

Streptothrix  epiphytica  Migula  :  I.e. 

P'ilaments  short,  colorless,  fixed  to  algae,  etc.,  with  a  thick  gelatinous  sheath. 
Produce  ovoid  gonidia. 

3.    Leptothrix  fluitans  (Migula) 

Streptothrix  fluitans  Migula  :  I.e. 

Very  slender  filaments  10  mm.  long,  with  a  delicate  sheath.  Produce  spher- 
ical gonidia,  which  generally  remain  glued  to  the  filaments.  Found 
attached  to  the  stems  of  water  plants  and  wet  wood. 

The  following  species  are  not  sufficiently  described  as  regards  their  morphol- 
ogy to  determine  whether  they  are  true  species  of  this  genus,  or  whether 
they  belong  to  the  Bacteriaceae. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   BACTERIA  371 

4.    Leptothrix  gigantea  Miller 

Ber.  deutsche  bot.  Gesellsch.,  1883,  Heft  5. 

•Occurs  as  tufts  of  filaments  of  considerable  length  and  of  variable  thickness, 
either  straight,  irregular,  or  spirally  bent ;  composed  of  long  and  short 
rods  and  cocci.  In  a  certain  stage  a  sheath  is  observed,  from  which  the 
rods  and  coccoid  forms  escape. 

Habitat.     In  mucus  from  human  teeth. 

5.    Leptothrix  innominata  Miller 

Die  Bakt.  der  Mundhohle,  II  Auf.,  Berlin,  1894. 

Leptothrix  buccalis  (?)  Robin:  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Vegetaux  parasites,  1853. 

Filaments  0.5-0.8  //.  in  diameter,  unsegmented,  somewhat  undulate.     Stain  a 

faint  yellow  with  iodine.     Not  cultivated. 
Jiabitat.     From  the  teeth  of  man. 

6.    Leptothrix  buccalis  Miller 

Leptothrix  buccalis-maximus  Miller:  I.e. 

Filaments  1-1.3  :  3°~1S°  Pi  occur  singly,  or  in  parallel  bundles.     Stain  brown 
—  violet  with  iodine,  and  composed  of  segmented  rods.     Not  cultivated. 
Habitat.     From  the  teeth  of  man. 


PHRAGMIDIOTHRIX  Engler 

Bot.  Verein  der  Provinz  Brandenburg,  1882,  19. 

Filaments  with  a  very  delicate  sheath,  only  visible  in  old  filaments.  The 
filaments  consist  at  first  of  groups  of  cells  in  one  plane,  which  later  divide 
in  three  directions  of  space,  forming  Sarcina-like  packets.  Later,  the 
single  cells  assume  a  spherical  form,  and  become  free. 

i.    Phragmidiothrix  multiseptata  Engler 


Filaments  3-12  /x  broad  by  100  /x  long.      Found  attached  to  the  bodies  of 
crustaceae,  Gammarus  locust  a. 


3/2  BACTERIOLOGY 

CRENOTHRIX  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  1875,  130. 

Filaments  fixed  to  a  substratum,  usually  thinner  at  the  base  than  at  the  apexr 
with  thick  sheaths.  Cells  cylindrical  to  flat,  one-half  the  breadth  of  the 
filament.  Gonidia  of  two  kinds  :  microgonidia,  formed  by  a  segmentation 
of  the  vegetating  cells,  producing  small  spherical  elements ;  and  macro- 
gonidia,  produced  by  the  vegetating  cells  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
apex  of  the  filament  breaking  up  into  larger  oval  elements.  The  gonidia 
may  either  escape  or  germinate  within  the  filaments. 

i.    Crenothrix  polyspora  Cohn 

I.e. 

Long,  stiff,  unbranched  filaments,  composed  of  cells ;  in  the  young  filaments 
a  thin,  and  in  the  older  filaments  a  thick  sheath.  There  is  often  a  depo- 
sition of  oxide  of  iron  in  the  sheath,  which  stains  the  latter  brown.  Fila- 
ments 1.5-5.2  /JL  broad.  Vegetating  cells  one-half  to  four  times  the  breadth 
of  the  filaments.  Gonidia  formation  as  already  described.  Cultures  on 
artificial  media  not  successful.  According  to  Rb'ssler,  organisms  grow  in 
spring  water  containing  fragments  of  sterilized  briclc,  previously  boiled  in 
water  containing  sulphate  of  iron. 

Habitat.  Found  in  stagnant  and  running  water,  containing  organic  matter 
and  iron  salts,  as  thick  masses  of  a  brownish  or  greenish  color. 

CLADOTHRIX  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  1875. 

Filaments  generally  with  delicate  sheaths,  often  fixed  and  forming  tufts.  Cells 
cylindrical.  By  intercalary  growth  a  cell  may  break  through  the  sheath 
laterally,  and  by  continuous  growth  produce  a  false  dichotomous  branch- 
ing. Reproduction  by  motile  gonidia  (swarm  spores),  which  bear  a  little 
laterally  to  a  pole,  a  bundle  of  flagella. 
I.  Filaments  surrounded  by  thick  gelatinous  sheaths. 

1.  Cladothrix natan s  (Kutzing)  Migula. 
II.    Filaments  with  a  delicate,  or  with  a  scarcely  evident  sheath. 

A.    A  ferruginous  species,  with  an  accumulation  of  hydrated  oxide  of  iron 
in  tfae  sheath.     Do  not  grow  in  ordinary  culture  media. 

2.  Cladothrix  ochracea  (Kutzing)  Winogradsky. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  373 

J3.    Not  as  above  specified.     Grow  more  or  less  readily  on  culture  media. 

1.  Gelatin  liquefied. 

a.  Growth  on  gelatin  or  agar  pinkish  —  reddish. 

3.  Cladothrix  rufula  Wright. 

b.  Growth  on  gelatin  whitish. 

*   Gelatin  stained  brownish  by  the  growth  of  the  organism. 

4.  Cladothrix  dichotoma  Cohn. 

5 .  Cladothrix  profundus  Ravenel. 

6.  Cladothrix  intestinalis  Ravenel. 
**    Gelatin  not  stained  brownish. 

f   Colonies  on  agar  distinctly  stellate  in  form. 

7.  Cladothrix  invulnerabilis  Acosta-Grande-Rossi. 
ft    Colonies  on  gelatin  floccose  —  filamentous. 

8.  Cladothrix fungiformis  Ravenel. 

9.  Cladothrix  intrica  Russell. 

2.  Gelatin  not  liquefied. 

10.    Cladothrix  non-liquefaciens  Ravenel. 

i.    Cladothrix  natans  (Kiitzing)  Migula 

Sphcerotilus  natans  Kiitzing:  Linnaea.  VIII,  1833,  385. 

Cladoihrix  natans  Migula:  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfam.,  1895,  46. 

Filaments  composed  of  rod-like  elements,  surrounded  by  a  thick  gelatinous 
sheath.  Show  false  branching  like  Cladothrix  dichotoma.  Eventually 
round  strongly  refracting  bodies  form  within  the  rods,  which  germinate 
either  outside  or  within  the  mother  cells. 

Habitat.     Found  as  slimy  particles  in  factory  water. 

2.     Cladothrix  ochracea  (Kiitzing)  Winogradsky 

Leptothrtx  ochracea  Kiitzing:  Species  Algarum,  147. 
.    Cladothrix  ochracea  Winogradsky. 

In  morphology  like  Cladothrix  dichotoma ;  distinguished  from  the  latter  by  the 
accumulation  in  the  sheath  of  hydrated  oxide  of  iron.  Does  not  grow  in 
ordinary  culture  media. 

3.     Cladothrix  rufula  Wright 

I.e.,  433- 

Filaments  long  slender  branched,  which  in  stained  preparations  are  seen  to 
be  composed  of  rather  long  undulate  segments,  separated  by  a  clear 
interval.  In  the  mature  condition,  deeply  stained  bodies  of  a  diameter 
2-3  times  the  width  of  the  filament  are  seen. 


374  BACTERIOLOGY 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  round,  reddish,  granular,  border  slightly  uneven,, 
dense  or  densely  floccose.  Surface:  in  4  days,  round,  with  pale  ill- 
defined  margins,  about  2  mm.,  slightly  sunken;  microscopically,  densely 
floccose  in  centre,  and  of  a  reddish  color,  thinner  and  lighter  in  color 
toward  the  border. 

Gelatin  slant.  A  narrow  dense  reddish  stripe,  beneath  which  the  gelatin  is. 
slowly  liquefied. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  slight  growth;  on  the  surface,  growth  round  thin, 
flat  pinkish,  below  which  is  a  slowly  liquefying  funnel. 

Acid  gelatin.     No  growth. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  thin,  translucent,  glistening,  limited,  slightly  pinkish,, 
usually  of  discrete  colonies. 

Bouillon.     Medium  clear;  no  membrane,  and  with  a  pinkish  sediment. 

Potato.     Growth  elevated,  pink  —  pale  reddish,  limited,  rather  rough. 

Litmus  milk.     No  change  in  2  weeks. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.     No  growth  in  depth. 

Pepton  rosolic  acid.     Unchanged.     Indol  slight.     Grows  at  36°  C. 

Habitat.     Water. 

Houston,  27th  Report  Loc.  Gov.  Board,  England,  Supplement,  1897-98,  289,, 
notes  a  species  of  Cladothrix  which  liquefies  gelatin  and  produces  an; 
orange-pink  pigment. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

4.    Cladothrix  dichotoma  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  3,  1875,  185.     . 

Filaments  0.4  /x  thick,  composed  of  rod-like  segments  surrounded  by  a  delicate 

sheath.'   Short  motile  gonidia  are  set  free  at  the  apex  of  a  filament. 

Filaments  may  assume  spiral  forms  and  exhibit  the  false  dichotomous 

branching.     According    to    Mace  (Compt.  rend.  CVI,   1888,  1622)  the 

organism  shows  the  following  cultural  characters  :  — 
Gelatin  colonies.     In  4-5  days,  small  yellowish  dots;  later  a   brownish  button 

with  a  whitish  bloom  ;  later  depressed,  due  to  a  slow  liquefaction  of   the 

surrounding  gelatin  ;   medium  stained  brown. 
Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface  growth  thin,  grayish  ;  gelatin  slowly  liquefied ; 

medium  remains  clear,  but  is  stained  a  deep  brown. 
Agar  slant.      At  35°,  a  thick  glistening  layer,  very  adherent,   with   often  a 

whitish  bloom.     The  agar  is  stained  brown. 
Bouillon.     Whitish  radiate  flakes ;    medium  clear,  but  stained  brown.     All 

cultures  have  a  strong  mouldy  odor.     A  species  named  Cl.  dichotoma  was 

isolated   by   Ravenel  (I.e.,    15),  with   the   following   characters:     forms- 


THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    BACTERIA  375 

long  chains  and  filaments,  with  characteristic  false  branching;  rods  of 
variable  length  ;  many  clavate  and  spiral  forms. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  2  days,  minute,  white,  0.5  mm. ;  microscopically,  dense  in 
centre,  brown,  with  a  similar  staining  of  the  surrounding  gelatin.  In  5 
days  the  colonies  may  be  3  mm. ;  the  brownish  discoloration  extends  far 
into  the  gelatin.  Each  colony  lies  in  a  crateriform  depression,  with  a 
thick  brown  skin  on  the  surface  of  the  liquefied  gelatin ;  microscopically, 
with  dense  brownish  centres  and  filamentous  borders. 

Agar  slant.  A  whitish  line  ;  agar  stained  brown  ;  growth  becomes  wrinkled, 
gristly,  and  adherent. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth  a  slight  growth,  and  later  outgrowths  ;  on  the  surface, 
a  button,  which  rapidly  sinks  ;  gelatin  a  clear  brown  ;  in  7  days  a  crateri- 
form liquefaction,  becoming  stratiform. 

Potato.    Growth  thick,  rough,  grayish,  wrinkled  ;  medium  stained  a  deep  brown. 

Bouillon.  Growth  at  the  bottom  as  dirty  white  flocculi ;  the  medium  becomes 
the  color  of  brandy. 

Litmus  milk.     Becomes  a  deeper  blue,  and  in  6  weeks  cherry-red  ;  apparently 

peptonized. 

.  Glucose  gelatin  stab.  No  gas  or  growth  in  depth.  Indol  produced.  Grow  at 
36°. 

Habitat.     Water  and  soil. 

The  Bismarck  brown  Cladothrix  Houston  (I.e.)  is  probably  a  variety  of  the 
above. 

Habitat.     Soil.' 

5.     Cladothrix  profundus  Ravenel 

I.e.,  17. 
>ng  chains  and  filaments  with  false  branching. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep:  in  2  days,  radiate,  filamentous.  Surface:  in  2  days,, 
minute  round  whitish  dots  in  saucers  of  liquefied  gelatin,  brownish ; 
microscopically  with  brownish  centres  and  radiately  filamentous  borders, 
becoming  concentric.  A  whitish,  radially  folded  membrane  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  liquefied  gelatin  ;  the  medium  is  stained  brownish. 

igar  slant.  A  tenacious  leathery  membrane,  finely  wrinkled,  with  a  thinner 
undulate  edge  ;  bluish  gray,  with  a  metallic  lustre  ;  growth  adherent. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  a  slightly  arborescent  growth  ;  on  the  surface  lique- 
faction crateriform,  with  vertical  sides,  becoming  stratiform ;  liquefaction 
slow  ;  liquefied  gelatin  a  clear  brown. 

°otato.  A  finely  wrinkled  colorless  stripe,  becoming  grayish,  spreading, 
rough,  rugose,  becoming  thin,  dry,  brownish,  and  less  rugose ;  medium 
stained  brownish. 


3/6  BACTERIOLOGY 

Bouillon.     Growth  mostly  at  the  bottom,  with  a  few  grayish  flakes  at  the  sur- 
face and  around  the  edges.    The  medium  becomes  a  sherry  wine  color. 

Litmus  milk.      Becomes  violet  —  plum-colored,  alkaline,  and  is  apparently 
peptonized. 

Glucose  gelatin  stab.     No  gas;  growth  in  the  upper 'part  of  the  stab  and  on 
the  surface.     Indol  negative.     Grows  at  36°. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

6.    Cladothrix  intestinalis  Ravenel 

I.e.,  18. 
Morphology.     Long  filaments,  with  false  branching,  which  become  segmented 

into  rods  of  various  lengths.     The  filaments  have  buds  on  them  here  anc 

there  which  are  almost  spherical. 
Gelatin   colonies.      Deep :    radiately   arborescent.      Surface :    minute    white 

dots;    microscopically,    they    show    grayish    densely    floccose    centres, 

outside  of  which  is  a  filamentous  zone  and  outside  of  this  a  corona  of 

coarse   spear  points    or   arborescent  outgrowths.      The  surface  growth 

becomes  white  and  mouldy  ;  the  gelatin  is  slowly  liquefied  and  takes  on  a 

brownish  color. 
Agar  slant.      A  narrow  rough  wrinkled  stripe,  adherent,  friable ;  agar  bat 

little  discolored. 
Gelatin  stab.     In  depth  growth  arborescent ;  on  the  surface  a  whitish  mouldy 

growth,  radially  folded ;  gelatin  slowly  liquefied  to  a  depth  of  20  mm.  ; 

a  slight  brownish  discoloration  of  the  medium. 
Potato.     Growth  thin,  white,  wrinkled,  becoming  thicker  and  more  rugose 

and  finally  dry,  white,  mouldy;  medium,  but  slightly  discolored. 
Bouillon.     Whitish  flocculi  at  the  bottom  ;  the  medium  the  color  of  dark 

sherry  wine. 
Litmus  milk.     A  lighter  blue ;  a  thick  pellicle  on  the  surface  and  a  dirty 

brown  ring  around  the  tube.     In  7  days  medium  violet,  color  slowly 

discharged,  alkaline,  and  apparently  peptonized. 
Glucose  gelatin  stab.      No  gas,  growth  as  in  plain  gelatin.     Indol  probably 

present ;  discoloration  of  medium  interferes  with  the  reaction.     Grows  at 

36°. 
Habitat.     Soil. 

7.    Cladothrix  invulnerabilis  Acosta-Grande-Rossi 

Centralblatt  f.  Bakteriol.,  XIV,  1893,  X4- 

Morphology.     Not  described. 

On  Agar.     Small  round  dirty  white  colonies,  very  adherent,  becoming  silvery: 

white,  later  yellowish,  and  in  14  days  distinctly  stellate  in  form,  umbili- 

cate  in  centre. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF    BACTERIA  377 

Gelatin  stab.     On  the  surface  a  slimy  white  colony,  umbilicate  in  centre ; 

gelatin  slowly  liquefied. 
Potato.     A  broad  band  composed  of  confluent  chalk-like  colonies,  with  the 

odor  of  damp  soil.     The  medium  becomes  blackish. 
Bouillon.     Turbid.     In  sterilized  water  an  abundant  cloudy  growth.     Grows 

in  the  absence  of  air. 
Habitat.     Water. 

8.    Cladothrix  fungiformis  Ravenel 

I.e.,  19. 

Morphology.  Long  chains  and  filaments  with  false  branching,  not  always 
easily  made  out. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep :  radiately  arborescent.  Surface :  white,  minute, 
which  microscopically  were  densely  floccose  in  the  centre  with  gray, 
radiately  arborescent  borders.  In  7  days  the  colonies  are  mouldy  and 
sunken  in  the  gelatin.  Medium  not  discolored. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  white,  mouldy,  adherent,  becoming  fissured,  and  show- 
ing a  dark  brown  substratum.  Gives  off  a  strong  odor  of  rotten  wood. 
In  3-4  weeks  the  agar  becomes  slightly  darker. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  growth  arborescent ;  on  the  surface,  a  white  button, 
under  which  a  slow  crateriform  liquefaction  takes  place ;  sides  of  crater 
vertical.  In  8  days  the  liquefaction  has  reached  the  sides  of  the  tube. 
There  is  no  discoloration  of  the  medium. 

Potato.  A  scanty,  nearly  colorless,  streak ;  potato  distinctly  whiter  along 
each  border,  becoming  pale  yellowish. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

9.    Cladothrix  intrica  Russell 

Morphology.  On  gelatin,  long  slender  cells  united  into  long  filaments.  On 
potato,  cells  shorter  with  rounded  ends,  becoming  segmented  into  short, 
plump  individuals  containing  spores.  A  false  branching  is  seen  in 
gelatin  cultures. 

Gelatin  colonies.  In  24-36  hours  small  white  dull  mould-like  colonies  which 
rapidly  liquefy  the  gelatin  and  which  microscopically  are  floccose  in  centre 
and  filamentous  at  the  border. 

Gelatin  stab.     In  depth,  growth  arborescent;  gelatin  rapidly  liquefied. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  thin,  dull,  white,  from  which  filaments  extend  into  the 
medium. 

Potato.     Growth  irregular,  dull,  white. 

Bouillon  (made  with  sea  water).     An  abundant  friable  sediment. 

Habitat.     Isolated  from  sea  water  and  sea  mud. 


3/8  BACTERIOLOGY 

10.    Cladothrix  non-liquefaciens  Ravenel 

I.e.,  16. 

Morphology.  Long  chains  and  filaments  with  false  branching.  No  spiral 
or  coccoid  forms.  Filaments  segmented  into  rods  of  various  lengths 
which  have  square  ends. 

Gelatin  colonies.  Deep  :  in  2  days  arborescent  —  radiate  ;  in  7  days  colonies 
show  reddish  yellow  centres  and  radiately  arborescent  borders.  Surface  : 
in  2  days  minute,  whitish  —  yellowish  ;  centres  grayish,  dense,  opaque, 
yellow,  borders  of  interlacing  coarse  filaments  and  spear  points. 

Agar  slant.  Growth  thin,  whitish,  with  smooth  edges  marked  by  yellowish 
points ;  later  an  elevated  yellowish  salmon-colored  band,  with  a  whitish 
bloom  on  the  surface.  Many  offshoots  from  the  lower  side  of  the 
growth  into  the  agar. 

Gelatin  stab.  In  depth,  an  arborescent  growth  ;  on  the  surface,  after  7  days, 
a  white  dry  button.  A  slight  brownish  discoloration  of  the  medium  at 
the  surface. 

Potato.  Growth  yellowish,  rough,  dry,  rugose,  later  with  a  pinkish  tinge  ;  not 
abundant. 

Bouillon.  On  the  surface  a  thin  pulverent  film;  medium  clear;  a  whitish, 
flocculent  sediment. 

Habitat.     Soil. 

THIOTHRIX  Winogradsky 

Bot.  Zeitung,  1887. 

Filaments  fixed,  of  unequal  diameter,  surrounded  by  a  delicate  difficultly  dis- 
cernible sheath,  non-motile.  Sulphur  granules  enclosed  in  the  plasma. 
The  filaments  produce  at  their  ends  rod-shaped  gonidia,  which  become 
detached,  and,  fixing  themselves  to  some  substratum,  develop  into  new 
filaments. 

I.    Filaments  very  slender. 

i.    Thiothrix  tenuissima  Winogradsky 

I.e. 

Filaments  not  exceeding  0.5  /x  broad. 
Habitat.     Found  in  sulphur  water. 

II.    Filaments  thicker. 


THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF   BACTERIA  379 

2.    Thiothrix  nivea   (Rabenhorst)  Winogradsky 

Beggiatoa  nivea  Rabenhorst :  Kryptogamen  flora,  I. 
Thiotrix  nivea  Winogradsky  :  I.e. 

Filaments  with  a  thin  sheath,  2-2.5  M  broad  at  the  base,  and  1.4-1.5  /*  broad 
at  the  apex;  often  100  /x,  long,  segmented  at  the  apex,  producing  motile 
gonidia  8-9  /JL  long. 

Habitat.     Found  in  sulphur  and  stagnant  water. 

3.    Thiothrix  term  is  Winogradsky 

Filaments  very  long,  and  about  i  .o  in  diameter. 
Habitat.     Found  in  sulphur  water. 


BEGGIATOACE.E  Migula 

Filamentous  bacteria.  Filaments  without  sheaths,  but  with  motility  like  Os- 
cillatoria  by  means  of  an  undulating  membrane.  The  cell  contents  show 
the  presence  of  sulphur  granules.  The  formation  of  gonidia  not  known. 


BEGGIATOA  Trevisan 

Prospetto  della  Flora  Euganea,  1842,  76. 

Filaments  apparently  not  segmented  except  when  stained  with  iodine.     Color- 
less, or  faintly  rose-colored. 
I.    Filaments  colorless. 

A.  Filaments  3-4  microns  thick. 

1.  Beggiatoa  alba  (Vaucher)  Trevisan. 

B.  Filaments  7  microns  thick. 

2.  Beggiatoa  arachnoidea  (Agardh)  Regensburger. 

C.  Filaments  16  microns  thick. 

3.  Beggiatoa  mirabilis  Cohn. 
[I.    Filaments  colored  reddish-violet. 

4.  Beggiatoa  roseopersicina  Cohn. 

i.    Beggiatoa  alba  (Vaucher)  Trevisan 

Flora  Euganea,  1842. 

'ilaments  long,  3-4  ju.  thick,  containing  numerous  strongly  refracting  granules 
of  sulphur.  Filaments  break  up  into  short  segments,  which  then  grow 
out  into  longer  threads.  Sulphates  reduced  to  H2S  and  to  free  sulphur. 


380  BACTERIOLOGY 

Habitat,  Found  in  dirty  water,  drain  water  from  sugar  factories,  sulphur 
springs,  etc.  The  filaments  are  attached  to  decayed  plants,  etc.,  pro- 
ducing slimy  flakes. 

2.     Beggiatoa  arachnoidea  (Agardh)   Rabenhorst 

Flora,  1827,  634. 
Found  in  swamp  water,  also  in  sea  water.     Filaments  7  microns  thick. 

3.    Beggiatoa  mirabilis  Cohn 

Hedwigia,  1865,  81. 

Filaments  16  /x  thick.  Found  in  sea  water,  forming  white  growths  on  dead 
algae,  etc. 

4.    Beggiatoa  roseopersicina  Cohn 

Beitrage  Biol.,  I,  3,  1875,  X57- 

Filaments  like  (i),  but  colored  as  above.  Found  in  stagnant  water,  forming 
a  surface  growth  of  a  red  violet  color. 


GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS    USED    OR    USEFUL 
IN    DESCRIPTIVE    BACTERIOLOGY 

Abnormal,  differing  from  usual  form. 
Aborescent,  branched,  or  treelike. 

Achromatic,  not  readily  colored  by  the  usual  staining  methods. 
Acrogenous,  produced  at  the  summit. 

Actinomorphic,  symmetrical ;  capable  of  bisection  by  planes  into  halves  identi- 
cal in  form. 

Aculeate,  beset  with  sharp  points  or  prickles. 
Acute,  ending  in  a  distinct  angle. 
Aerobia,  organisms  which  grow  in  the  presence  of  air  or  free  oxygen. 

Agglomerated,  )    . 

>  clustered  or  growing  together,  but  not  cohering. 
Aggregated,      ) 

Alveolate,  pitted  so  as  to  resemble  a  honey  comb.     Fig.  12,  C. 
Ameboid,  assuming  various  shapes,  like  Amoeba.     Fig.  io,  B. 
Amorphous,  without  any  definite  structure. 

Anaerobia,  organisms  which  will  not  grow  in  the  presence  of  air  or  free  oxygen. 
Anaerobiotic,  the  property  of  not  growing  in  the  presence  of  air  or  free  oxygen. 
Anastomosing,  connected  by  transverse  branches,  forming  a  more  or  less  per- 
fect net  work. 

Antizymotic,  preventing  or  checking  fermentation. 
Applanate,  flattened,  or  horizontally  expanded. 
Arcuate,  curved  like  a  bow. 

Areola  (pi.  areolae),  an  area  or  small  space  with  more  or  less  definite  boundaries. 
Areolate,  divided  into  areolae. 
Aromatic,  having  a  pleasant  odor,  spicy,  alcoholic. 
Aseptic,  not  liable  to  putrefaction. 
Auriculate,  having  auricles,  earlike  lobes  or  appendages.     Fig.  13,  e. 

Biogenous,  growing,  living  organisms. 

Bion,  an  individual  morphologically  and  physiologically  independent. 

Brunneus,  deep  brown. 

Bullate,  blistered,  rising  in  convex  prominences. 

Butyrous,  translucent  and  yellow. 

Calcareous,  of  a  dull,  chalk-white  color. 
Canescent,  hoary  or  gray. 


382  GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

Capitate,  furnished  with  a  head  ;  a  semi-spherical  colony. 

Capsule,  the  gelatinous  envelope  surrounding  a  bacterium.     Fig.  2. 

Carneus,  flesh  colored,  pale  red. 

Cartilaginous,  firm  and  tough,  like  cartilage. 

Ceraceous,  waxy,  waxlike  in  appearance. 

Chartaceous.  of  the  texture  of  paper. 

Chromatic,  capable  of  being  colored  by  staining  agents. 

Cineraceous,  a  little  paler  than  cinerous.      / 

Cinerous,  ash  gray. 

Clavate,  club-shaped. 

Clouded,  having  a  pale  ground,  with  ill-defined  patches  of  a  darker  tint  grad- 
ually shading  into  it.  Fig.  12,  f. 

Cochleate,  shaped  like  a  shell,  spirally  turbinate.     Fig.  10,  A. 

Coerulescent,  bluish,  lighter  than  coeruleus. 

Coeruleus,  light  blue,  sky^juer/ 

Concatenate,  linked  together  In  chains. 

Concentric,  having  a  common  centre,  the  ringed  structure  of  many  colonies. 

Conglobate,  clustered  together  into  a  ball. 

Conglomerate,  clustered  together.     Fig.  12,  A. 

Conidium,  a  propagative  cell,  naked  or  with  a  membrane,  produced  asexually, 
separating  from  the  parent  and  capable  of  developing  into  a  bion. 

Continuous,  not  divided  into  septa. 

Contoured,  an  irregular  but  smoothly  undulating  surfa'ce. 

Convex,  surface  the  segment  of  a  circle,  but  flatly  convex. 

Coriaceous,  leathery  in  texture. 

Corrugated,  in  long  folds  or  wrinkles. 

Crateriform,  disk-shaped.     Fig.  9,  i. 

Crenate,  edged  with  rounded  teeth. 

Cretaceous,  opaque  and  white,  chalky. 

Cuneate,'  wedge-shaped. 

Cyaneus,  pure  blue. 

Dentate,  with  broad  acute  teeth. 
Dichotomous,  forked,  bifurcated. 
Discrete,  separate,  not  confluent. 

Echinate,  beset  with  short  prickles. 

Ectogenic,  capable  of  living  outside  the  animal  body,  said  of  disease  produc- 
ing organisms. 

Effused,  spread  out  over  the  medium  as  a  thin,  veily  layer. 
Elliptical,  shape  of  an  ellipse. 

Endemic,  occurring  in  the  one  limited  locality  or  region. 
Endogenous,  produced  within  another  body. 
Endophytal,  growing  within  plants. 


GLOSSARY    OF   TERMS  383 

Endophyte,  a  plant  which  grows  within  another. 

Entire,  having  a  margin  destitute  of  teeth  or  notches. 

Epizoic,  growing  upon  living  animals,  either  parasitic  or  not. 

Erose,  gnawed  as  if  bitten  irregularly.     Fig.  13,  i. 

Excretion,  the  separation  of  unassimilable  matter  from  an  organism. 

Faculative,  occasional,  incidental. 

False  dichotomy,  any  dichotomous  appearance  which  does  not  arise  from  a 

terminal  division  of  the  main  axis. 

Farinose,  as  if  covered  with  a  white,  mealy  powder,  mealy. 
Ferruginous,  color  of  iron  rust,  brownish  red. 
Filamentous,  threadlike,  or  composed  of  filaments.     Fig.  n,  E. 
Filiform,  threadlike. 

Fimbriate,  fringed,  bordered  by  slender  processes  larger  than  hairs.    Fig.  13,  G. 
Flavus,  pure,  pale  yellow,  lemon  yellow. 
Flexuose,  wavy,  winding. 

Floccose,  composed  of  matted,  woolly  hairs,  denser  than  filamentous. 
Floculent,  as  light  feathery  particles. 
Fuliginous,  dark  brown,  sooty  or  smoky. 
Fuscescent,  slightly  brown. 
Fuscous,  grayish  brown. 
Fusiform,  spindle-shaped,  tapering  towards  each  end. 

Gelatinous,  consistency  of  jelly. 
Globose,  spherical,  shape  of  a  globe. 
Gregarious,  growing  in  groups  or  clusters. 
Grumous,  clotted  in  clustered  grains.     Fig.  12,  D. 
Gyrose,  marked  with  wavy  lines.     Fig.  12,  I. 


Habitat,  the  situation,  locus,  or  mode  of  occurrence  of  an  organism. 

Heterosporous,  having  asexually  produced  spores  of  more  than  one  kind. 

Homochromous,  of  uniform  color. 

Homogeneous,  of  a  uniform  structure  throughout. 

Hyaline,  clear  or  colorless,  like  glass  or  water. 

Immarginate,  without  a  distinctly  defined  rim  or  border. 

Infectious,  includes  contagious  as  already  defined,  but  applies  also  to  diseases 
originating  from  germs  which  are  to  vegetate  for  a  time  at  least  outside  of 
the  affected  animal  or  plant.  In  a  strict  sense  infectious  applies  only  to 
diseases  produced  by  organisms  which  have  their  natural  home  outside 
the  infected  body. 

Infundibuliform,  shape  of  a  funnel  conical. 


384  GLOSSARY    OF   TERMS 

Lacerate,  having  the  margin  deeply  cut  into  irregular  segments  as  if  torn. 

Fig-  13.  f- 
Laciniate,  deeply  cut   into   incisions  or   lobes,  slashed;    more  irregular  and 

coarser  than  fimbriate. 

Lenticular,  in  the  form  of  a  double  convex  lens. 
Ligulate,  with  narrow,  tongue-shaped  extensions. 
Linear,  long  and  narrow,  with  the  sides  parallel. 
Lobate,  border  broadly  rounded  with  equally  broad  sinuses. 
Lobulate,  having  small  lobes. 

Marginate,  with  a  distinct  margin. 

Marmorate,  marbled,  covered  with  faint,  irregular  stripes,  or  traced  with  vein- 
like  markings  like  marble. 

Membranous,  thin  and  soft  and  usually  translucent,  like  a  membrane. 

Moniliform,  neckless-shaped,  cylindrical  and  contracted  at  regular  intervals  so 
as  to  resemble  a  string  of  beads. 

Moruloid,  like  a  morula,  segmented. 

Mycelioid,  referring  to  colonies  with  the  radiate  filamentous  appearance  of 
mould  colonies. 

Nacreous,  translucent,  grayish  white,  with  pearly  lustre. 
Napiform,  form  of  a  turnip.     Fig.  9,  2. 
Nodose,  knotted,  swollen  at  intervals. 
Nodulose,  diminutive  of  nodose. 

Ochraceous,  brownish  yellow. 

Oleaginous,  transparent  and  yellow,  olive  to  linseed  oil  colored. 

Olivaceous,  dusky  green. 

Ovate,  outline  of  an  egg. 

Papilla  (pi.  papillae),  a  teat-shaped  protuberance. 

Papillate,  having  papillae. 

Parasite,  an  organism  which  grows  upon  or  within  another  from  which  it 

derives  its  nourishment. 
Patelliform,  shape  of  a  watch  crystal  or  shallow  saucer ;  more  shallow  than 

crateriform. 

Pathogenic,  producing  disease. 
Pellucid,  translucent. 
Penicillate,  like  a  brush. 

Plasmolysis,  the  contraction  of  the  protoplasm  under  the  influence  of  reagents. 
Plumose,  like  a  plume  or  feather,  feathery. 
Polymorphism,  having  a  variety  of  forms  under  different  conditions  of  growth 

or  environment. 
Pulverulent,  as  if  covered  with  dust. 


GLOSSARY    OF   TERMS  385. 

Pulvinate,  in  the  form  of  a  cushion,  decidedly  convex.   • 
Punctate,  dotted  as  if  by  punctures,  like  pin  pricks. 
Punctiform,  in  the  form  of  a  dot  or  point. 
Pyriform,  pear-shaped. 

Radiate,  spreading  from  centre,  with  irregular  rays  or  lobes. 

Raised,  growth  thick,  with  abrupt  terraced  edges. 

Repand,  lijce  the  r/brder  of  an  open  umbrella. 

Resinous,  transparent  and  brown,  varnish  or  resin-colored. 

Reticulate,  in  the  form  of  a  network,  as  the  veins  of  a  leaf. 

Rhizoid,  of  an  irregular  branched,  root-like  character.     Fig.  10,  C. 

Rimose,  abounding  in  chinks,  clefts,  or  cracks. 

Rivulose,  marked  with  lines  like  the  rivers  of  a  map. 

Rosulate,  shaped  like  a  rosette,  more  regular  than  radiate. 

Rudimentary,  but  slightly  developed. 

Rugose,  irregularly  wrinkled. 

Saccate,  shaped  like  an  elongated  sack,  tubular,  cylindrical.     Fig.  9,  3. 

Saprophytic,  living  upon  dead  organic  matter. 

Sebaceous,  translucent,  yellowish  or  grayish  white. 

Sinuate,  with  a  wavy  outline. 

Sinuous,  flexuose,  curving  back  and  forth. 

Solitary,  riot  closely  associated  with  others. 

Sporogenous,  producing  spores. 

Squamose,  scaly,  covered  with  scales. 

Squamulose,  diminutive  of  squamose. 

Stratiform,  a  layer,  with  upper  and  lower  sides  parallel. 

Tetrad,  a  group  of  four  ceils. 

Toruloid,  budding  like  the  yeast  plant. 

Torulose,  swollen  at  intervals. 

Trophotrophism,  variations  produced  in  the  organism  through  the  influence  of 

the  chemical  nature  of  the  medium. 
Truncate,  terminating  abruptly  as  if  cut  off  at  the  end,  flattened. 

Umbilicate,  having  an  umbilicus  or  central  depression. 
Umbonate,  having  a  central  projecting  elevation. 
Umbonulate,  diminutive  of  umbonate. 
Uncinate,  hooked  or  abruptly  curved  at  the  end. 

Vernicose,  with  a  varnish-like  lustre. 
Verrucose,  wart-like,  or  bearing  wart-like  prominences. 
Verruculose,  slightly  verrucose. 

Versicolor,  changeable  in  color  or  appearance  of  different  colors  from  different 
points  of  view. 

2C 


386 


GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


Vesicular,  bearing  or  containing  numerous  vesicles. 
Viable,  capable  of  growing  or  manifesting  life. 
Villous,  beset  with  hair-like  extensions. 
Virescent,  greenish,  or  becoming  green. 
Viscid,  sticky,  adhesive,  viscous. 
Vitreous,  transparent  and  colorless. 


HV*  Y 


LIST  OF  SOME  OF  THE  MOST  IMPOR- 
TANT WORKS  ON  DESCRIPTIVE  BAC- 
TERIOLOGY, ALSO  REFERRED  TO  IN 
THE  TEXT. 

Adametz.     Die  Bakterien  der  Nutz,  u.  Trinkwasser,  Vienna,  1888. 

Billroth.     Untersuchungen   liber  die   Vegetationsformen   der    Coccobacteria 

septica,  Berlin,  1874. 

Biitschli.     Uber  den  Bau  der  Bakterien,  Heidelberg,  1890. 
Colin.     Untersuchungen  liber  Bakterien  ;  in  Beitrage  zur  Biologic  d.  Pflanzen. 

Bd.  I,  1872-75;  Bd.  II,  1877;  Bd.  Ill,  1879-80. 

Conn.     Descriptions  of  bacteria  isolated  from  milk.     Reports  of  the  Connec- 
ticut (Stores)  Ag.  Expt.  Sta.,  1893  and  1894. 
Davaine.     Article  Bacteries,  in  Dictionnaire  Encyclop  des  Sciences  Medicales, 

1868. 

De  Bary.     Gen.  Morphology  of  the  Fungii,  Myxomycetes,  and  Bacteria. 
De  Bary.     Lectures  on  Bacteria,  translated  by  Garnsey  and  Balfour,  Oxford, 

1887. 

Duclaux.     Memoire  sur  le  lait,  in  Ann.  de  1'Institut  Agronomique,  1882. 
Dujardin.     Hist.  Nat.  des  Zoophytes  infusoires,  Paris,  1841. 
Dyar.     On  certain  bacteria  from  the  Air  of  New  York  city ;  in  Report  of  the 

New  York  Acad.  of  Sci.,  VIII,  1895,  322-380. 
Ehrenberg.     Die  Infusionsthierchen  als  Vollkommene  Organismen,  Leipzig, 

1838. 

Eisenberg.     Bakteriologische  Diagnostik,  1888  and  1891. 
Fischer.     Untersuchungen  Uber  Bakterien,  Berlin,  1894. 
Fliigge.     Die  Mikroorganismen,  ist  ed.  1886,  3d  ed.  1885,  Leipzig. 
Frankland.     Microorganisms  in  Water,  London,  1894. 
T.  Freudenreich,  E.     Die  Bacteriologie  in  der  Milchwirthschaft,  Jena,  1898. 
Gessard.     De  la  pyocyanine  et  son  Microbe.     These  inaugurale  de  la  Faculte', 

de  Meddcine  de  Paris,  1882. 

Bauser.     Ueber  Faulniss-Bakterien,  Leipzig,  1885. 

Hoffmann.     Memoire  sur  les  Bacteries.     Ann.  des  Sci.  Nat.  bot.,  XI,  1869. 
Jorgensen.     Die  Mikroorganismen  der  Gahrungsindustrie.     Berlin.  1898. 
Kramer.     Die  Bakteriologie  Landwirthschaft  u.  Landw.-Technischen  Gewer- 

ben.     Wien,  1890. 

Xehmann-Neumann.     Atlas  u.  Grundriss  der  Bakteriologie,  II  Aufl.,  1899. 

387 


388  LIST    OF   MOST   IMPORTANT   WORKS 

Lustig.     Diagnostik  der  Bakterien  des  Wassers,  1893. 

Mace".     Atlas  de  Microbiologie,  Paris,  1898. 

MacFarland.     Text-book  upon  the  Pathogenic  Bacteria. 

Migula.  Schizophyta.  Lieferung  129,  in  Engler  and  Prantl.  Die  Natiirli- 
chen  Pflanzfamilien,  1895. 

Migula.     System  der  Bakterien,  2  vols.,  Jena,  1897-1900. 

Miiller.     Vermium  terrestrium  et  fluviatilium  historia,  1773. 

Passet.  Ueber  Mikroorganismen  der  Eitrigen  Zellgewebsentzlindung  des 
Menschen.  Fortschritte  d.  Medezin,  1885,  No.  2. 

Prazmowski.  Untersuchungen  liber  die  Entwickelungsgeschichte  u.  Fer- 
mentwirkung  einiger  Bakteriumarten,  Leipzig,  1880. 

Rabenhorst.  Kryptogamenflora  yon  Deutschland,  Oesterreich  u.  der  Schweiz, 
Erster  Band,  Pilze,  von  Dr.  Geo.  Winter,  Leipzig,  1884. 

Ravenel.     Memoires  National  Academy  of  Science,  VIII,  1896. 

Rosenbach.  Mikroorganismen  bei  d.  Wundinfectionskrankheiten  des  Men- 
schen, Wiesbaden,  1884. 

Schroeter.  Die  Pilze  von  Schlesien,  in  Cohn's  Kryptogamenflora  von  Schle- 
sien,  1885. 

Steinberg.     A  Manual  of  Bacteriology,  1st  ed.  1893,  2d  ed.  1896.     New  York. 

Trevisan-de-Toni.  Schizomycetaceae  in  Sylloge  Fungorum  by  P.  A.  Sac- 
cardo.  Vol.  VIII,  1889. 

Winter.  Die  Pilze,  in  Rabenhorsfs  Kryptogamenflora  von  Deutschland, 
Oesterreich  u.  des  Schweiz,  Bd.  I,  i  Abth.  Leipzig,  1884. 

Wright.  Report  on  the  Results  of  an  Examination  of  the  Water  Supply  of 
Philadelphia.  Memoires  of  the  National  Acad.  of  Sciences,  VII,  1895. 

Zimmerman.  Die  Bakterien  unserer  Trink  und  Nutzwasser  insbes.  des  Was- 
sers der  Chemnitzer  Wasserleitung,  Chemnitz,  1891. 

Zopf.     Die  Spaltpilze.     ist  ed.  Leipzig,  1882,  2d  ed.  1884,  3d  ed.  1885. 


INDEX 


Abortion  contagious  of  cows,  B.  of,  Bang, 

121. 

Acid  production  by  bacteria,  36. 
Acne  contagiosa  of  horses,  B.  of,  Diecker- 

hoff,  154. 

Actinomycosis,  Streptothrix,  361. 
Adametz  Bacillus 

No.  12,  157. 

No.  14,  194. 

No.  15,  195. 

No.  16,  195. 

No.  17,  194. 

No.  19,  147. 

Agar,  nutrient,  preparation  of,  28. 
Ammonia  production  by  bacteria,  36. 

Bacteriopurpurin,  44. 
Bacterium 

abortivum,  121. 

aceti,  126. 

accti,  45,  126. 

aceticum,  127. 

aceticum,  128. 

acetigenum,  127. 

acetosum,  127. 

acidiformans,  150. 

acidi-lactici,  149. 

acidum,  146. 

acuminatum,  119. 

.^Egyptium,  121. 

aeris-minutissimum,  168. 
,    aerogenes,  128.  • 

aerophilum,  191. 

agrigena,  143. 

allii,  180. 

amabilis,  170. 

ambiguum,  160. 

amethystinum,  179. 

amylovorum,  176. 

anaerobicum,  198. 

anaerogenes,  135. 

anthracis,  4,  n,  13,  190. 

anthracoides,  191. 

aphthosum,  145. 

aquatilis,  160. 

arborescens,  164. 


389 


Bacterium 

aromafaciens,  148. 

aromaticum,  158. 

astheniae,  150. 

avium,  138. 

Beckii,  142. 

Bienstockii,  144. 

Bordonii,  152. 

Bossonis,  153. 

bovisepticum,  137. 

brassicae,  189. 

breve,  172. 

bucallis,  167. 

cadaveris,  184. 

cancrosi,  120. 

canis,  198. 

capsulatum,  129. 

caudatum,  166. 

chinense,  129. 

chlorinum,  44. 

cholerae,  135. 

cholerce-gattinarum,  135. 

citreum,  167. 

coccoideum,  147. 

Colomatii,  186. 

columbarum,  141. 

conjunctivitidis,  120. 

Connii,  146. 

constrictum,  172. 

convolutum,  161. 

crassum,  151. 

crinatum,  192. 

crystaloides,  191. 

cuniculi,  141. 

cuniculicida,  140. 

cuniculicida  var.  immobile,  139. 

Czaplewskii,  153. 

delta,  175. 

desidiosum,  164. 

diphtherias,  141. 

domesticum,  170. 

dormitor,  168. 

dubium,  142. 

dysenteriae,  145. 

emphysematosum,  183. 

endometriditis,  151. 


390 


INDEX 


Bacterium 

epsilon,  175. 
erythematis,  186. 
erythrogenes,  174. 
eta,  165. 
exiguum,  175. 
felis,  142. 

fermentalionis,  130. 
ferrugineum,  177. 
filefaciens,  146. 
filiforme,  194. 
finitimum,  177. 
Fischen,  165. 
flexuosum,  160. 
fulvum,  165. 
fuscesens,  179. 
fuscum,  172. 
gallinarum,  135. 
gangliforme,  192. 
geniculatum,  195. 
Giardii,  182. 
glaucum,  179. 
gracile,  198. 
granulatum,  189. 
granulosum,  194. 
graveolum,  180. 
Grawitzii,  154. 
haematoides,  176. 
haemorrhagicum,  144. 
Hansenianum,  126. 
Havaniensis,  178. 
helvolum,  166. 
immobile,  180. 
incannum,  157. 
indigonaceum,  180. 
infecundum,  184. 
influenzae,  119. 
inocuum,  138. 
insidiosum,  155. 
iris,  182. 

Javaniensis,  170. 
Kralii,  166. 
Kutzingianum,  126. 
lacticum,  151. 
lactis,  148. 
lacunatum,  170. 
latericeum,  178. 
laxae,  187. 
Lepierrei,  182. 
limhatum,  134. 
limbatum  acidi-lactici,  134. 
lineola,  2. 
Lumnitzeri,  120. 
luteum,  171. 
Mansfieldii,  196. 
maratimum,  189. 


Bacterium 

Markusfeldii,  191. 
Martizeni,  140. 
methylicum,  159. 
Middletownii,  147. 
Miquelii,  186. 
mycoides,  189. 
nasalis,  134. 
nephritidis,  145. 
nitrovorum,  146. 
nubilum,  159. 
orchiticum,  157. 
ovale,  171. 
ovatum,  177. 
oxydans,  127. 
oxylaticum,  i,  2,  164. 
ozasnae,  132. 
palidor,  170. 
pallescens,  130. 
panis,  196. 
parvum,  199. 
Pasteuiianum,  2,  4,  126. 
Petersi,  127. 
Pflugeri,  182. 
phosphorescens,  181. 
plicatum,  166. 
pneumonias,  4,  131. 
pneumonicum,  158. 
pneumopecurium,  137. 
proteum,  194. 

pseudoconjunctivitidis,  167. 
pseudoinfluenzae,  119. 
punctatum,  147. 
purpurum,  143. 
putidum,  140. 
pyocinnabareum,  174. 
pyogenes,  184. 
pyogenes-anaerobium,  184. 
radiatum,  162. 
refractans,  139. 
.    rhinosclermatis,  152. 
rhodochroum,  178. 
rodonatum,  139. 
rubidum,  165,  177. 
rugosum,  194. 
saiivae,  145. 
salmoneum,  178. 
salmonica.  156. 
sanguinarium,  137. 
sanguinis,  155. 
Schottelii,  197. 
septicum,  143. 
sessile,  n,  12,  190. 
simile,  197. 
smargadinum,  181. 
solare,  136. 


INDEX 


391 


Bacterium 

spiniferum,  169. 

sputi,  189. 

sputigenum,  133. 

striatum,  171. 

subochrageum,  169. 

subtiliforme,  197. 

subviscorum,  154. 

suicida,  136. 

tenue,  154. 

terrae,  198. 

thermophilum  Rabinowitsch 

I,  185. 

II,  186. 

III,  185. 

IV,  186. 

VI,  185. 

VII,  185. 

VIII,  186. 
tiogense,  139. 
Trambusti,  159. 
Trichomii,  191. 
truncatum,  157. 
truncatum,  195. 
turgidum,  195. 
ureae,  153. 
vaginae,  120. 
varicosum,  158. 
velenosum,  144. 
vermiculare,  193. 
vermiculosum,  157. 
verticillatum,  192. 
viride,  3,  44. 
virens,  3,  44. 
viscosum,  128,  199. 
viscosum-cerevisc£,  128. 
vitulinum,  143. 
\\telchii,  183. 
Wrightii,  133. 
xylinum,  45,  127. 
zeta,  175. 
zurnianum,  140. 

Bacteria 

arrangement  of,  9. 

forms  of,  7. 

scheme  for  study  of,  41. 

vegetating  growth  of,  9. 
Bacillus 

accidentalis,  229. 

accidentalis-tetam,  229. 

aceticus- Peter  si,  127. 

acidi-butyrici,  298. 

acidi-lactici,  129. 

acnes-contagiostB,  154. 

aeris,  260. 

aerobius,  221. 


Bacillus 

aerogenes,  227. 
aerogenes-capsulatus,  269. 
aerogenes-mengitidis,  241.  *^ 
aerogenes-sputigenus-capsulatus,  133.  *"" 
aerogenes-vesicce,  227.  . 
Afanassieffi,  283. 
agilis,  226. 
albus,  223. 
albus-cadaveris,  246. 
albus-putidus,  237. 
alcaligenes,  218. 
"allantoides,  249. 
alpha,  270. 
alvei,  287. 
amethystinus,  262. 
amethystinus-mobilis,  262. 
amylobacter,  298. 
amylozyma,  294. 
anaerobius-liquefaciens,  198. 
anindolicum,  207. 
antenniformis,  234. 
anthracis-symptomatici,  296. 
apicum,  305. 
aquatilis,  242. 

aquatilis-sulcatus-quattus,  216. 
arborescens,  249. 
arbor escen s-non-liquefacien s ,  249. 
aromaticus,  276. 
auranticus,  255. 
aurescens,  251. 
aureus,  269. 
avicidus,  135. 
avisepticus,  220. 
avium,  220. 
Baccarinii,  289. 
Berolinensis,  305. 
Berolinensis-mdicus,  319. 
beta,  270. 
Billingsi,  214. 
botulinus,  297. 
brassicae,  208. 
Breslaviensis,  210. 
buccalis,  234. 
buccalis-fortuitus ,  234. 
buccalis-minutus,  167. 
butyricus,  2,  12,  297. 
cadaveris,  300. 
canalis-parvus,  143. 
capillaceus,  279. 
capsulatus-chinensis,  129. 
capsulatus-mucosus,  132. 
capsulatus-septicus,  152. 
carbon  is,  296. 
caris,  293. 
carneus,  259. 


392 


INDEX 


Bacillus 

carnicolor,  259. 
carotarum,  13. 
catenula,  290. 
centropunctatus,  225. 
cereus,  278. 
cholera-suum,  210. 
cholerce-columbarum,  141. 
chologenes,  207. 
chromo-aromaticus,  264. 
cinctus,  289. 
circulans,  236,  279. 
•citreus,  250. 
citre us-cadaver is,  167. 
Cladoi,  283. 
cloacae,  232. 
coccineus,  286. 
coeruieus,  318. 
coli,  205." 

coli-anaerogenest  135*-- 
coli-colorabilis,  2287    / 
coli-communis,  205. \r 
coh-dysentericum,  205. 
coli-imtnobilis,  130. 
coli-mobilis,  308. 
colorabilis,  228. 
columbarum,  209. 
conjunctivitidis,  121. 
coprocinus,  197. 
coprogenes-fcetidus,  197. 
crassus-sputigenus,  151. 
cremoris,  274. 
crinatus,  281. 
cuneatus,  299,  303. 
cuniculi,  222. 
cuniculicida,  135. 
c  un  iculicida  -  Havaniensis  ,228. 
cuniculicida-thermophilus,  140. 
cuniculi-pneumonicus,  142. 
cuticularis,  251,  285. 
cuticularis-albus,  285. 
cyano-fuscus,  260. 
cycwogenes,  324. 
cygneus,  221. 
Danteci,  305. 
delictatulus,  236. 
dendriticus,  248. 
denitrificans,  274. 
detrudens,  274. 
devorans,  242. 
dianthi,  253. 
diffusus,  242. 
diptherice-avium,  220. 
diptherice-columbarum,  141. 
dipthenat-cuniculi,  141. 
dubius,  237. 


Bacillus 

dubius-pneumonice,  142. 
Duclauxi,  289. 
dysenteriae,  246. 
dysentericz-liquefaciens,  246. 
dysenterice-vitulorum,  145. 
Ellenbachensis,  278. 
Ellingtonii,  264. 
endocarditis,  229. 
endocarditis-griseus,  229. 
enteritidis,  207. 
enter  itidis-sporogenes,  303. 
erodens,  288. 
erysipelatus-suis,  352. 
exanthematicus,  229. 
fsecalis  I  Kruse,  197. 
faecalis  II  Kruse,  197. 
felis-septicus,  142. 
fermentationis,  233. 
ferrugineus,  261. 
Feseri,  296. 
figurans,  189. 
fiiiformis,  290. 
filiformis-Havanicnsis,  184. 
finitimus-ruber,  177. 
fissuratus,  269. 
flavescens,  256. 
flavescens,  254. 
flavus,  255. 
Fliiggei,  281. 
fluorescens,  2gg. 
fluorescens-aureus,  255. 
fluorescens-capsulatus,  322.   «• 
fluorescens-cotivexus,  325. 
fluorescens-crassus  ,  182.  .    ** 
fluorescens-foliaceus,  324. 
fluorescens-immobUls,  180. 
fluorescens-incognitus,  323. 
fluorescens-liquefaciens,  323. 
fluorescens  non-liqtiefaciens,  180. 
fluorescens-nivalis,  323. 
fluorescens-ovalis,  325.     j 
fluorescens-putidus,  326. 
fiuorescens-Schuylkilliensis,  320. 


foetid  us,  298. 
fa:tidus-liquefaciens,  233. 
formosus,  233. 
Foutini,  285. 
Freudenreichii,  269. 
Friedbergensis,  219. 
fuchsinus,  258. 
fuscus,  261. 

fuscus-limbatus,  179,  261. 
fuscus-liquefaciens,  166. 
fuscus-palidor  ,  171. 


INDEX 


393 


Bacillus 

gamma,  254. 
gangrsense,  275. 
gangr  fence-pulp  ce,  275. 
gasoformans,  237. 
geminus,  216. 
ge  minus-major,  217. 
geminus-minor ,  216. 
ginglymus,  284. 
gliscrogenus,  223. 
glutinosus,  281. 
.gonatoides,  196. 
graciiis-cadaveris,  140. 
granulatus,  223. 
gummosus,  273. 
guttatus,  239. 

hcemorrhagicus-nephritidis,  145 . 
hcemorrhagicus-septicus,  143* 
hcemorrhagicus-velenosus,  144. 
halophilus,  238. 
Hartlebii,  226. 
Havaniensis,  243. 
Havaniensis-liquefaciens,  243. 
helvolus,  264. 
Hudson!,  253. 
Hueppei,  276. 
hyalinus,  240. 
hydrophilus,  235. 
hydrophilus-fuscus,  235. 
icterogenes,  208. 
implexus,  189. 
indicus,  257. 
indicus-ruber,  257. 
inflatus,  288. 
intestinalis,  213. 
inunctus,  239. 
invisibilis,  224. 
Kedrowskii,  298. 
Kornii,  252. 
Koubrcoffii,  282. 
Kralii,  238. 
Krameri,  282. 
lacteus,  291. 
lactis,  238. 

lactis  No.  i  Fliigge,  281. 
lactis  No.  2  Fliigge,  271. 
lactis  No.  4  Fliigge,  273. 
lactis  No.  7  Fliigge,  275. 
lactis  No.  8  Fliigge,  276. 
lactis  No.  9  Fliigge,  274. 
lactis  No.  10  Fliigge,  274. 
lactis  No.  ii  Fliigge,  276. 
lactis  No.  12  Fliigge,  291. 
lactis-aerogenes,  128. 
lactis-albus,  275. 
lactis-inocuust  138. 


Bacillus 

lactis-peptonans,  271.  r__ 

lactis-pituitosi,  148. 
lactis-viscosus,  154. 
larvicida,  247. 
leporalis,  243. 
leporalis-lethalis,  243. 
leptosporus,  13,  277. 
Lesagei,  263. 
lethalis,  249. 
leucaemia,  264. 
leucaemia-cants,  264. 
levans,  211. 
licheniformis,  287. 
limosus,  280. 
liodermos,  272. 
liquefaciens,  235. 
liquefaciens-bovis,  158. 
liquefaciens-parvus,  199. 
litoralis,  239. 
lividus,  262. 
.  longus,  303. 
loxiacida,  211. 
Lubinskii,  303. 
Lustigi,  304. 
Lutetiensis,  306. 
Madoxi,  243,  269. 
magnus,  276. 
maidis,  275. 
marinus,  342. 
Marsiliensis,  205. 
Matazooni,  236. 
megatherium,  277. 
megatherium,  var  Ravenellii,  .271. 
meleagris,  220. 
meningitidis,  213. 
mesentericus,  272. 
mesentericus-aureus,  256. 
mesentericus-niger,  306. 
mesentericus-panis-viscosus,  196. 
mesentericus-ruber,  286. 
mesentericus-vulgatus,  271. 
mirabilis,  245. 
monachce,  222. 
morbificans,  212. 
mucosus-ozaence,  132. 
murium,  212,  224. 
muripestifer,  227. 
murisepticus,  247. 
murisepticus-pleomorphus,  247. 
muscoides,  294. 
muscoides-colorabilis,  303. 
navicula,  298. 
Neapalitanus,  205. 
niger,  306. 
nitrificans,  239. 


394 


INDEX 


Bacillus 

oedematis,  292. 
cedematis-ae  robins,  221. 
cedematis-maligni,  292. 
aedematis-thermophilus,  265. 
Pammelii,  270. 
Pansini,  246. 
paradoxus,  214. 
Pasteuri,  269. 
peptonans,  271. 
pestifer,  240. 
pestis,  215. 
pestis-bubonicce,  215. 
phasiani,  219. 
phasiani-septicus,  219. 
phosphorescens,  333. 
phosphor  escens-Giardi,  182. 
phosphorescens-indicus,  333. 
phosphorescens-indigenus,  333. 
pinatus,  217. 
piscatorus,  257. 
plicatus,  275. 

pneumonice-crouposce,  131. 
pneumonicus-liquefaciens,  158. 
pneumosepticus,  222. 
Poelsii,  209. 
polypiformis,  301. 
Praussnitzii,  268. 
primus-Fullest^  216. 
prodigiosus,  258. 
proteus,  244. 
proteustfiuorescens,  263. 
proteus-sept.icus,  245. 
pseudo-anthracis,  280. 
pscudo-butyncus,  276. 
pseudo-conjunctivitidis,  167. 
pseudo-gedematis,  293. 
pseudo-cedematis-maligni,  221. 
pseudo-tetano  bacillus,  304. 
pseudo-tetanicus,  302. 
pseudo-tetanicus-aerobius,  303. 
ps  eu  do-tub  erculosis-murium,  355. 
pseudo-tuucrculosis-ovis,  355. 
pseiida=iyphosus,  214. 
punctiformis,  284. 
putidus,  237. 
putrificus,  291. 
putnfir.us-coli,  291. 
pyogenes-fcetidus,  205. 
pyogenes-minutissimus,  154. 
pyogenes  ,var  liquefaciens,  235. 
radiatus,  241,  293. 
ramosus,  189. 
ramosus-liquefaciens ',  268. 
Raveneli,  217. 
reticularis,  241. 


Bacillus 

Rheni,  251. 

rhusiopathi(E-suis}  352. 

roseus-vini,  327. 

rubefaciens,  259. 

ruber-aquatilis,  257. 

ruber-ovatus ,  177. 

ruber-sardiHce,  257. 

rubescens,  260. 

rubus,  257. 

rudis,  279. 

rugosus,  220. 

saccharobutyricus,  301. 

sanguinis-typhi,  155. 

sarcemphysematis,  296. 

Salmoni,  210. 

Sanfelecei,  301. 

saprogenes,  289. 

saprogenes-vini  No.  VI  Kramer,  289. 

Schafferi,  219. 

Scheurleni,  272. 

Schirokikhi,  252. 

septicus,  245. 

septicus-acuminatus,  119. 

septictts-agrigenus,  143. 

septicus-cuniculi,  222. 

septicus-hominis,  143. 

septicus-putidus,^  237. 

septicus-vesicce,  283. 

Shigae,  228. 

siccus,  284. 

Silberschmidii,  212. 

smaragdinus,  263. 

smaragdinus-fcetidus,  263. 

smaragdinus-phosphorescens,  18 1. 

Solanacearum   ->T8. 

soiidus,  294. 

solitarius,  215. 

spinosus,  299. 

sporogenes,  290 

sputi,  280. 

sputigcnes-tenuii 

stellatus,  274. 

stolonatus,  223. 

stoloniferus,  234 

Strassmanni,  246. 

Stutzeri,  225. 

subflavus,  254. 

sublanatus,  291. 
subtilis,  9,,  1 1,  276. 

subtilis-similis,  278. 

suisepticus,  136. 

sulcatus,  243. 

sulcatus-lique/aciens,  243. 

sulphureus,  245. 

superficialis,  240. 


INDEX 


395 


Bacillus 

tachytonus,  237. 

tardus,  294. 

tartaricus,  238. 

Taveli,  304. 

tenuis,  273. 

tetani,  302. 

tetraonis,  221. 

thalassophilus,  293. 

thermophilus,  265. 

theta,  253. 

toxigenus,  208. 

tracheiphilus,  217. 

tremelloides,  252. 

tumescens,  n,  13,  273. 

tumidus,  265. 

typhi-murium,  212. 

typhosus,  4,  213: 

ulcens-cancrost,  120. 

urinae,  263. 

urocephalus,  290. 

vaculatus,  281. 

vaculosus,  280. 

varicosus-conjunctivcB,  158. 

venenosus,  223. 

vencnosus-invisibilis,  224. 

violaceus,  262. 

violaceus,  317. 

violaceus-Berolinensis,  305. 

violaceus-laurentius,  262. 

violaceus-Lutetiensis,  306. 

violaceus-sacchan,  260. 

viridis,  263. 

viridescens-liquefaciens,  328. 

viscosus,  286. 

viscosus,  323. 

vitalis,  286. 

vulgaris,  244. 

vulgatus,  271. 

Wardii,  206. 

Weichselbaumii,  218. 

Weigmanni,  300. 

Wesenbergii,  247. 

Winkleri,  256. 

Zenkeri,  248. 

Zopfi,  248. 
Beggiatoa 

alba,  379. 

arachnoidea,  380. 

mirabilis,  380. 

roseopersicina,  45,  380. 
Bienstock,  Bacillus  aus  Fasces 

I,i97.  111,144. 

11,197.  IV.  291. 

Bitter  milk  Bacillus,  Weigmann,  300. 


Blutfleckenkrankheit,  idiopathischen,  B.  of, 

Kolb,  144. 

Bouillon,  preparation  of,  28. 
Briska-button,  Micrococcus,  91. 
Bronchitis  infectious,  Micrococcus,  73. 
Bronchitis,  putrid,  B.  of,  120. 
Buffalo  plague,  B.  of,  137. 
Buttersaure  Bacillus,  Kedrowski,  298. 

Calf  diarrhoea,  Bacillus,  Jensen,  145. 
Canal  water  Bacillus,  Mori,  132. 
Canary  bird  Septicaemia,  Bacillus,  220. 
Capsule  Bacillus  of  Dungern,  132. 
Capsule  Bacillus  of  Kockel,  132. 
Capsule  Bacillus  of  Malory-Wright,  133. 
Capsule  Bacillus  of  Mandry,  132. 
Capsule  Bacillus  of  Nicolaier,  133. 
Capsule  Bacillus  of  Pfeiffer,  129. 
Capsules  of  bacteria,  3. 
Cattle  plague,  American,  B.  of,  205. 
Central  body  of  the  bacterial  cell,  i. 
Chancre  soft,  B.  of,  120. 
Cholera,  B.  of,  335. 
Cholera-nostras,  B.  of,  338. 
Cholera  of  fowls,  B.  of,  135. 
Cholera  of  pigeons,  B.  of,  209. 
Cholera,  pseudo,  B.  of,  335. 
Chromatium 
Okenii,  3. 
Cladothrix 

Bismarck  brown  Cladothrix,  Houston,  375. 
dichotoma,  5,  15,  374. 
fungiformis,  377. 
intestinalis,  376.  * 
intrica,  377. 
invulnerabilis,  376. 
liqnefaciens,  365. 
natans,  373. 

non-liquefaciens,  378.  * 

ochracea,  373. 
profundus,  375. 
rufula,  373. 

Classification  of  bacteria,  43. 
Coccaceae,  55. 
Conn,  milk  bacteria  of 
No.  2,  101. 
No.  16,  147. 
No.  18,  197. 
No.  21,  264. 
No.  23,  284. 
No.  25,  284. 
No.  34,  92. 
No.  40,  loo. 
No.  41,  148. 
No.  43,  88. 
No.  44,  90. 


396, 


INDEX 


Conn,  milk  bacteria  of 
No.  46,  236. 
No.  47,  90. 
No.  49,  104. 
No.  51,  195. 

No.  52y  67. 

No.  53,  147. 

No.  55,  146. 

No.  56,  146. 

Cornstalk  disease,  B.  of,  214. 
Crenothrix 

Kiihniana,  15. 
polyspora,  372. 

Cultural  characters  of  bacteria,  19. 
Culture  media,  25. 
Cyanophyceae,  44. 
Cyanophycin,  44. 

Darm  diphtheria  des  Kaninchens,  B.  of,  Rib- 

bert,  141. 

Diarrhoea  of  calves,  B.  of,  Jensen,  145. 
Diastatic  ferments,  production  of,  40. 
Diphtheria,  B.  of,  354. 
Diphtheria,  intestinal,  of  rabbits,  B.  of,  Rib- 

bert,  141. 

Diphtheria  of  pigeons,  B.  of,  Loftier,  141. 
Druse  der  Pferde,  B.  of,  Sand-Jensen,  68. 
Dysentery  in  turkeys,  B.  of,  Lucet,  135. 
Dysentery,  Japanese,  B.  of,  Ogata,  246. 
Dysentery,  Japanese,  B.  of,  Shiga,  228. 

Emmerich's  Bacillus,  205. 

Endospores  of  bacteria,  u. 

Enteritis  infections  of  fowls,  B.  of,  135. 

Erythema  nodosum,  B.  of,  Demme,  45,  186. 

Farcy,  B.  of,  367. 

Ferret  disea'se,  B.  of,  Ebert-Schimmelbusch, 

205. 

Flagella  of  bacteria,  5. 
Flagella,  staining  of,  6. 
Flagellata,  relationsliips,  43. 
Foutin 

Bacillus  D,  285. 

Micrococcus  ft,  87. 
Fraenkel's  Pneumococcus,  63. 

Gangrene  senile,  B.  of,  Trichomi,  191. 
Gasphlegmon,  B.  of,  Fraenkel,  183. 
Gelatin,  nutrient,  preparation,  28. 
Glanders,  B.  of,  353. 
Gonidia,  formation  of,  14. 
Granulose  reaction,  2. 
Grass  Bacillus,  Moeller,  358. 
Groups  of  bacteria,  arrangement  of,  50. 


Guillebeau 

Bacillus  a,  129. 
Bacillus  b,  238. 

Hog  cholera,  B.  of,  210. 
Hundestaupe,  B.  of,  Brunno-Galli,  198. 

Indol  production  and  tests,  33. 
Influenza  Bacillus,  119,  351. 
Invertin  ferments,  41. 

Keratomalacia  infantum,  B.  of,  133. 

Leprosy  Bacillus,  351. 
Leptothrix. 

buccalis,  371. 

buccalis-maximus,  371. 

buccalis  Robin,  371. 

epiphytica,  370. 

fluitans,  370. 

gigantea,  371. 

hyalina,  370. 

innominata,  371. 

Leucemia  nel  cane  e  nel  bue,  59. 
Lumnitzer,  B.  of,  120. 
Lung  plague  of  cattle,  B.  of,  Poels-Nolen,  68. 

Marseilles  swine  plague,  B.  of,  205. 

Mastitis  epidemica,  B.  of,  Guillebeau,  68. 

Mastitis  gangrenous  of  sheep,  76. 

Mastitis  of  cows,  B.  of,  Nocard,  Mollereau,  68. 

Maul  u.  Klauenseuche,  B.  of,  70. 

Meat  poisoning,  B.  of,  Silberschmidt,  212. 

Meat  poisoning,  B.  of,  v.  Ermenghem,  210. 

Meat  poisoning,  B.  of,  Wesenberg,  247. 

Metachromatic  granules,  1-2. 

Micrococcus 

acidi-lactici,  88. 

acidi-lactis,  78. 

aerius,  104. 

aerogenes,  81. 

aethebius,  77. 

agilis-citreus,  115. 

albicans,  80. 

albicans-amplus,  80. 

albicans-tardissimus,  85. 

albicans-tardus,  86. 

albus,  97. 

albus-liquefaciens,  n,  78,  81. 
"alpha,  Foutin,  93. 

alvi,  81. 

aqualilis,  88. 

aquatilis-invisibilis,  88. 

ascoformans,  80. 

auranticacus,  103. 

aureus,  99. 

beta  Foutin,  87. 


INDEX 


397 


Micrococcus 

botryogenus,  80. 

bovis,  73. 

candicans,  90. 

candidus,  85. 

carneus,  108. 

catarrhalis,  73. 

cerasinus,  108. 

cerasinus-siccus,  108. 

cereus,  204. 

cereus-ftavus,  104. 

cerevisiae,  88. 

cinnabareus,  107. 

citreus,  94. 

citreus,  103. 

citreus-conglomeratus ,  100. 

citreus-liquefaciens,  101. 

concentricus,  86. 

conglomeratus,  100. 

coralinus,  106. 

coronatus,  77. 

cremfarbiger  Micrococcus,  94. 

cremoides,  93. 

cremoides-aureus,  99. 

cumulatus,  87. 

cumulatus-tenuis,  87. 

cyaneus,  109. 

Dantecii,  106. 

Demmei,  74. 

descidens,  93. 

dissimilis,  80. 

eczemoe,  86. 

endocarditis,  74. 

endocarditis-rugatus,  74. 

epidermis,  97. 

epidermis-albus,  76. 

expositionis,  92. 

fervidosus,  89. 

Finlayensis,  92. 

Fischel  No.  2,  59. 
flava-varians,  102. 

flavus,  99,  100. 
flavus-liquefaciens ',  97,  99,  loo. 

foetidus,  81. 

Freire,  Micrococcus  of,  79. 

Freudenreichii,  79. 

fuscus,  108. 

gonococcus,  72. 

gonorrhceae,  72. 

Gray  white  micrococcus  Bumm,  80. 

haemorrhagicus,  91. 

Heydenreichii,  91. 

Jongdii,  95. 

Kefersteinii,  107. 

lactericeus,  107. 

lactis,  90. 


Micrococcus 

lactis-viscosus,  62. 

liquefaciens,  78. 

luteus,  99. 

magnus,  85. 

mastitis,  76. 

Mendozae,  84. 

Milk-white  Micrococcus  Bumm,  85. 

nivalis,  90.  \ 

ovalis,  89;- 

orbicularis,  101. 

orbicular  is-flavus,  101. 

orbiculatus,  104. 

plumosus,  94. 

polymyositis,  77. 

pyogenes  var  albus,  75. 

pyogenes  var  aureus,  90. 
pyogenes-bovis,  95. 

pyrosepticus,  75. 

quadrige minus,  98. 

radiatus,  79. 

Rheni,  82. 

Rhine  water  Micrococcus  Burri,  82. 

rosettaceus,  89. 

roseus,  105. 

rubescens,  105. 

rugosus,  101. 

salivarius,  97. 

sahvarius-pyogenes,  98. 

salivarius-septicus,  87. 

simplex,  78. 

Sornthali,  86. 
stellatus,  84. 
sub  flavus,  96. 
tardigradus,  95. 
tardissimus,  85. 
tenacatis,  88. 
tetragenus,  84. 
tetragenus-mobilis,  84. 
tetragenus-mobilis-ventriculi,  1 15. 
tetragenus-palhdus,  93. 
tetragenus-sub flavus,  96. 
tetragenus-versatilis,  102. 
tetragenus-vividus,  102. 
Tommasoli,  101. 
urece-liquefaciens,  77. 
Uruguce,  100. 
varians,  102. 
versatilis,  102. 
versicolor,  95. 
Vincenzii,  103. 
viridis,  95. 
viticulosus,  83. 
xanthogenicus,79. 
Microspira 

aquatilis,  339. 


398 


INDEX 


Microspira. 

Berolinensis,  337. 

choleroides,  340. 

cloaca,  348. 

comma,  335. 

danubica,  337. 

dentrificans,  340. 

Fischer! ,  333. 

Gindha,  339. 

Lissabonensis,  10. 

luminosa,  334. 

maase'i,  338. 

marina,  342. 

Metschnikovi,  334. 

phosphorescens,  333. 

protea,  338. 

saprophile,  341. 

Schuylkilliensis,  334. 

terrigena,  339. 

tyrogena,  339. 

Weibeli,  340. 

Milk  as  a  culture  medium,  29. 
Milk  red,  Micrococcus  of,  107. 
Mist  Bacillus  of  Moeller,  358. 
Morphology  of  bacteria,  i. 
Mouse-plague,  B.  of  Laser,  227. 
Mouse-septicaemia,  B.  of,  353. 
Mouth  plague  of  man,  B.  of  Seigel,  145. 
Mycobacterium 

avium,  356. 

butyri,  357. 

diptheriae,  354. 

Elmassiani,  352. 

friburgensis,  359. 

graminis,  358. 

hastilis,  356. 

influenzae,  351. 

lactis,  353. 

leprae,  351. 

malei,  353. 

Moelleri,  358. 

murisepticum,  353. 

pseudodipthericum,  355. 

pseudotuberculosis,  355. 

rhusiopathae,  352. 

sntiegmatis,  357. 

syphilidis,  351. 

tuberculosis,  356. 

Neapeler  Bacillus,  Emmerich,  205. 
Nomenclature  of  Species,  48. 

Pansini  Bacilli 
No.  4,  189. 
No.  5,  281. 
No.  6,  280. 


Pansini  Bacilli 

No.  7,  245. 

No.  8,  189. 

No.  9,  246. 
Pest  Bacillus,  215. 
Pheasant  disease,  B.  of,  219. 
Phemphigusacuta,  Micrococcus,  Demme,74. 
Phenol  production  and  tests  for,  33. 
Photobacterium 

Fischeri,  333. 

indicum,  333. 

luminosum,  334. 
Phycocyanin,  44. 
Phycochrome,  44. 
Pigeon  cholera,  B.  of,  209. 
Pigeon  disease,  B.  of  Leclainche, 
Phragmidiothrix. 

multiseptata,  371. 
Planococcus. 

agilis,  115 

citreus,  115. 

tetragenus,  115. 
Planosarcina 

agilis,  116. 

mobilis,  116. 

Samesi,  116. 

Pneumococcus  Fraenkel,  63. 
Pneumococcus  Friedlander,  131. 
Pneumonia  sporadic  of  cattle,  B.  of,  137. 
Pneumo-pericarditis   of    turkeys,    MacFad- 

yean,  220. 

Potato  as  a  culture  medium,  30. 
Potato  Bacillus,  271. 
Potato  rot,  B.  of,  Kramer,  282. 
Proteolytic  enzymes  in  cultures,  40. 
Pseudo  diphtheria  Bacillus,  Loftier,  355. 
Pseudomonas 

ambigua,  308. 

annulata,  315. 

Berolineusis,  319. 

campestris,  316. 

capsulata,  322. 

catarrhalis,  308. 

centrifugans,  312. 

coadunata,  310. 

coerulea,  318. 

cohaerea,  312. 

convexa.  325. 

delabens,  314. 

erythrospora,  326. 

Europaea,  329. 

Fairmontensis,  311. 

fimbriata,  313. 

fluorescens,  323. 

foliacea,  324. 

geniculata,  313. 


INDEX 


399 


Pseudomonas 

incognita,  323. 

indigofera,  319. 

janthina,  317. 

Javanensis,  329. 

liquida,  311. 

monadilormis,  308. 

multistriata,  310. 

nebulosa,  311. 

nexibilis,  309. 

ochracea,  316. 

Okenii,  329. 

ovalis,  325. 

pullulans,  315. 

punctata,  313. 

putida,  326. 

pyocyanea,  321. 

rosea,  327,  329. 

rugosa,  323. 

Schuylkilliensis,  320. 

sinuosa,  307. 

Smithii,  318. 

striata,  325. 

syncyanea,  324. 

Tromelschlagel,  327. 

turcosa,  317. 

undulata,  328. 

viridescens,  328. 
Purpura  haemorrhagica   Bacillus  of  Babes, 

143- 
Pus,  B.  of  red,  Ferchmin,  174. 

Rabbit,  intestinal  diphtheria  of,  B.  of,  Ribbert, 

141. 

Rabbit  septicaemia,  B.  of,  Ebert-Mandry,  205. 
Rabbit  septicaemia,  B.  of,  Lucet,  140. 
Rabbit  septicaemia,  B.  of,  Koch,  135. 
Rat  plague,  B.  of,  Issatschenko,  224. 
Rauschbrand  Bacillus,  296. 
Reaction  of  culture  media,  25. 
Red  potato  Bacillus,  Vogel,  286. 
Reduction  of  nitrates  to  nitrites,  34. 
Rhabdochromatium  fusiforme,  3. 
Rhinoscleroma  Bacillus  of  Frisch,  152. 
Rinderseuche  Amerikanische,  Caneva,  205. 
Rotzdiagnose,  B.  of,  157. 
Roup  of  fowls,  B.  of,  Moore,  138. 

Saccharine  bouillon  preparation,  30. 
Sanfelice  anaerobic 

I,  265. 

II,3oi. 

V,  296. 

VI,  293. 

VII,  293. 

II 1 1,  296. 


Sarcina. 

alba,  in. 

aurantiaca,  113. 

canescens,  in. 

cerevina,  113. 

equi,  112. 

erythromyxa,  114. 

flava,  in. 

fusca, 114. 

lactis,  in. 

livido-lutescens,  112. 

lutea,  ii2. 

lutescens,  112. 

pulmonum,  no. 

rosea,  114. 

subflava,  in. 

Scheiden  Bacillus,  Doderlein,  120. 
Schweinerotlauf,  B.  of,  352. 
Schweineseuche  Amerikanische,  Frosch,  210, 
Schweineseuche  deutsche,  B.  of,  136. 
Seal  septicaemia,  B.  of,  Bosso,  143. 
Septicaemia  haemorrhagica  of  cattle,  B.  of, 

Bosso,  153. 

Slimy  milk  Bacillus,  Loftier,  148. 
Smegma,  357. 
Sour  dough  Bacillus,  127. 
Spirillum 

cholerce-asiaticce,  335. 

concentricum,  345. 

endoparagogicum,  n,  13. 

jenense,  346. 

Kutscher,  Spirillum  I,  344. 

Massauah,  343. 

pseudocholerce,  336. 

rubrum,  345. 

rufum,  347. 

rugula,  346. 

sanguineum,  347. 

serpens,  344. 

sputigenum,  346. 

tenerrimum,  344. 

tenue,  345. 

undula,  344. 

volutans,  343. 
Spirochaeta 

anserina,  348. 

dentium.348. 

febris,  347. 

Obermeieri,  347. 

plicatilis,  348. 
Spirosoma 

aurea,  331. 

flava,  331. 

flavescens,  331. 

linguale,  330. 

nasale,  331. 


400 


INDEX 


Spore  germination  of  bacteria,  n. 

Staining  of  bacteria,  30. 

Strangles  of  horses,  B.  of,  Sand-Jensen,  68. 

Streptococcus 

acidi-lactici,  65. 

acidi-lactici,  67. 

agalactise,  68. 

albus.  61^ 

aurantiacus,  69. 

aurantiacus-sorghi,  69. 

Bonome,  Streptococcus  of,  64. 

Bonvincini,  59. 

Brightii,  58. 

cadaveris,  66. 

Cappelletti,  57. 

capsulatus,  4,  57. 

carnis,  60. 

coli,  60. 

coli-gracilis,  60. 

conglomeratus,  65. 

enteritidis,  59. 

enteritis,  56. 

enteritis  var  Libmanii,  66. 

equi,  66. 

equi,  57. 

erysipelatos,  65. 

Fisefieli,  59. 

Fleischbeschau  Diplococcus,  60. 

fluorescens,  70. 

fliiorescens-fcetidus,  70. 

giganteusj  56. 

giganteus-UrethrcB,  56. 

Grotenfeldtii,  67.' 

intracellularfs-ineningitidis,  64. 

involutus,  70. 

Kirchneri,  57. 

lactis,  62. 

lactis-viscosus,  62. 

lanceolatus,  63. 

liquefaciens,  61. 

Mannaberg,  Streptococcus,  66. 

mastitis-epidemica,  Guillebeau,  68. 

mastitis-sporadica,  68. 

mesenterioides,  4,  5,  71. 

mirabilis,  65.  * 

morbus-Brightii,  58. 

ochroleucus,  69. 

phytophthorus,  67. 

pneumonise,  63. 

ptierperalis,  65. 

pyogenes  Rosenbach,  65. 

salivaris,  61. 

sanguinis,  64. 

sanguinis-caiiis,  64. 

septicus,  61. 

septic  us,  61. 


Streptococcus 

septicus-liquefaciens,  61. 

vermiformis,  69. 

violaceus,  70. 

Weichselbaumii,  64. 

Weisii,  68. 

Wurmformiger  Streptococcus,  69. 
Streptothrix 

alba,  365. 

albido,  365. 

Almquist,  I-II,  365. 

asteroides,  368. 

aurantiaca,  367. 

bovis,  14,  361. 

carnea, 368. 

chromogena,  14,  365. 

cuniculi,  364. 

farcinica,  367. 

flava,  362. 

Fcersteri,  365. 

Hofmanni,  363. 

invulnerabilis,  365. 

Isralli,  363. 

Krausei,  364. 

madurae,  368. 

necrophorus,  364. 

nigra,  365. 

Rosenbachii,  364; 

rubra,  367. 

violacea,  366. 

Swan  septicaemia  Bacillus,  Fiorentini,  221. 
Swine  fever  and  plague,  B.  of,  Klein,  210. 
Swinepest,  B.  of,  Bang-Selander,  210. 
Swine  plague,  B.  of  Billings,  205. 
Swine  plague,  B.  of,  Frosch,  210. 
Swine  plague,  B.  of,  Salmon-Smith,  136. 
Symptomatic  anthrax,  B.  of,  296. 
Syphilis,  B.  of,  351. 

Terminology   of    Descriptive    Bacteriology, 

17- 

Texas  fever,  Bacillus,  Billings,  205. 
Thiothrix 

nivea,  379. 

tenuis,  379. 

tenuissima,  378. 
Tils'  fleichfarbiger  Bacillus,  259. 
Timothy  grass  Bacillus,  Moeller,  358. 
Trichorrhexisnodosa  Markusfeld,  192. 
Trout  plague,  B.  of,  Emmerich- Weibel,  156. 
Tuberculosis,  B.  of,  356. 
Tuberculosis  of  birds,  B.  of,  356. 
Tuberkelahnlicher    Bacillus,    Rabinowitsch, 

357- 

Typhoid  fever,  B.  of,  213. 
Typhus-ahnlicher  Bacillus,  214. 


INDEX 


4OI 


Typhus    exanthematique,     B.    of,     Babes- 
Oprescu,  229. 

Vibrio 

bugula,  2. 
cholera,  335. 
choleroides,  337. 
helicogenes,  339. 
Ivanoff,  337. 
Lissabonensis,  339. 
sapropkiles,  Weibel,  340,  341. 


Vignal  Bacillus  j,  234. 

Whooping  Cough  Bacillus,  Afanassieff,  283. 
Whooping  Cough  Bacillus,  Czaplewski,  153. 
Wild  u.  Rinderseuche,  B.  of,  137. 

Yellow  atrophy  of  the  liver,  B.  of,  Guarnieri, 
208. 

Xerose  Bacillus,  Neisser,  355. 


2D 


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C 


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